Varlam Chalámov, escritor russo, nasceu em 1907 e passou dezessete anos como prisioneiro em campos de trabalho stalinistas. Em Kolimá, um dos piores campos do que ficou conhecido como Gulag, conheceu o trabalho fatal nas minas de ouro e carvão, onde quase perdeu a vida por diversas vezes. Em Contos de Kolimá, sua principal obra, transformou sua experiênciaem seis ciclos de contos de prosa concisa e poética. Para marcar sua posição literária, Chalámov cria o que chama de nova prosa, a prosa possível para os tempos depois de Auschwitz, Hiroshima, Kolimá. Em Sobre a prosa, ensaio-manifesto de 1965, e Sobre a minha prosa, de 1971, Chalámov pensa sua obra no contexto da tradição literária e da literatura de sua época. Descreve também seus objetivos e métodos artísticos. Reflete sobre o papel da literatura na cultura, sobre a relação entre verdade e ficção, sobre o significado da memória em sua prosa. O presente trabalho visa realizar uma leitura de sua obra à luz dos pressupostos do autor, no diálogo e na fricção com outros teóricos e escritores, com destaque para o papel da memória em sua produção. Traz ainda a tradução dos dois ensaios. / Russian writer, Varlam Chalámov (born 1907), spent seventeen years as a prisoner in Stalinist labor camps. Much of this time was spent in Kolimá working within the precarious gold and coal mines within Gulag, where he endured several near death experiences. He transformed these years of personal tragedy and acute observation of others into a six series of poetic short stories, which were later published as Tales of Kolimá. Within these iconic works, Chalámov creates what he referred to as new prose; the possible prose after events such as Auschwitz, Hiroshima and Kolimá. In his essays On Prose, 1965 and On my Prose, 1971, Chalámov reflects on his body of work in the context of the literary traditions of his time. He considers the role of literature in culture, the relationship of truth to fiction, and the role of memory in his prose. This paper applies the ideas in Chalámovs essays to a reading of his prose and in doing so discusses the authors opinions, with particular emphasis on his understanding of memory.

There have been monumental advances in the study of the social dimensions of knowledge in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. But it has been common within a wide variety of fields--including social philosophy, cognitive science, epistemology, and the philosophy of science--to approach the social dimensions of knowledge as simply another resource to be utilized or controlled. I call this view, in which other people's epistemic significance are only of instrumental value, manipulationism. I identify manipulationism, trace its manifestations in the aforementioned fields, and explain how to move beyond it. The principal strategy that I employ for moving beyond manipulationism consists of synthesizing enactivism and neo-Kuhnian social epistemology. Specifically, I expand the enactivist concept of participatory sense-making by linking it to recent conceptual innovations in social epistemology, such as the concept of immanent cogent argumentation.

The use of protective testimonial aids by the child witness has been advocated for as research indicates that it decreases witness stress and suggestibility; however, the use of such aids has also been attacked as incompatible with the defendant’s confrontational right and the fact-finding function of the jury. The present study examines the effects of testimony modality, as well as empathy-inducing closing arguments, on juror perceptions of the child witness, perceptions of the defendant, and ultimate judgments of guilt. In this between-subjects factorial study, workers on Amazon Mechanical Turk were invited to participate in an online simulated sexual assault case survey. Participants read all trial stimuli, which consisted of written juror instructions, case facts, testimonies, closing arguments, and legal definitions. In addition, participants were exposed to photographs depicting the child witness testifying under one of three possible conditions (direct, shielded, CCTV) and either read the prosecutor’s closing argument that contained a specific empathy-inducing portion or did not. Results indicated that regardless of testimony modality and empathy-inducing closing arguments, jurors did not exhibit a pro-prosecution or pro-defense bias.

Testimony flows from a story that originates long before the opportunity to be a witness about human atrocities occurs. And, ironically, testimony – the voice that is suppressed during times of state sanctioned terror – continues to flow long after the perpetrators fade from power. It is this ethereal and enduring paradox that raises the questions of what testimonial forms are, how they communicate, and whether they positively impact social justice as evidenced by enhanced communicative freedoms. The testimonial forms of this study are narratives about human rights atrocities which emerged from the 17-year military junta in Chile led by Augusto Pinochet. This project examines the development and uses of official and unofficial testimony surrounding times of transitional justice using a multi-modal analysis incorporating narrative and historical analysis, communication ethics, and critical theory which yields a meta-analysis of testimony and the context in which it functions. This research concludes that a life cycle of testimony exists that is organic and evolving. Furthermore, due to the unique circumstances of transitional justice periods, a theory of testimony ethics is called for to increase individual communicative freedoms that lead to enhanced social justice as well as to increase the success of truth commission communication processes.

Memoria (Licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales) / Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento

Neste texto que evoca as percepções de muit@s, narradas e tramadas a partir da ambiência entre os diferentes caminhantes que se propuseram o desafio de caminhar em direção à Campanha gaúcha, busco traçar os caminhos desde os primeiros humanos que se estabeleceram no que hoje se constitui o sudoeste sul-riograndense e seu encontro com as paisagens do Pampa, até @s errantes que ainda buscam caminhos nos tempos atuais nesses pagos. Os caminhos e olhares que hoje traçamos estão retratados pelas percepções da ambiência estabelecida nas atividades de campo pelos atores que elegeram estudar os areais e o processo de sua gênese, a arenização, em suas pesquisas de pós-graduação e pela atenção dispensada aos jovens e professoras de uma unidade federal de ensino, CEFET, que traduziram sua visão e conceito de paisagem por imagens fotográficas, desenhos e comentários destas. Parte do caminho é narrada pelo autor, mesmo procurando respostas as questões da dinâmica ecológica estabelecida sobre os areais e por vezes encontrando material para reflexão sobre as mesmas, continua buscando respostas para perguntas ainda não formuladas, no intuito de encontrar novos motivos de reflexão onde não se tinha buscado. / This text that evokes the perceptions of many, narrated and made from the environment between the different walkers which proposed the challenge of moving towards the Campanha Gaúcha, I track the paths since the first humans who have settled in the Southwest South-Rio-Grandense and their ways towards Pampa's landscapes, until those who still seek ways in current times those pagos. The roads and looks that we traced today are portrayed by the perceptions of the environment established in field activities by stakeholders who elected to study the sand and the process of its genesis, the sandiness in their search for Graduate degree and the attention given by young people and teachers of a federal unit of instruction, CEFET, who translated its vision and concept of landscape by photographic images, drawings and comments. Part of the path is narrated by the author, even looking for answer the questions of ecological dynamics established on the sand and sometimes finding material for reflection on them, still seeking answers to questions not made yet, in order to find new reasons for reflection where no one had sought.

Neste texto que evoca as percepções de muit@s, narradas e tramadas a partir da ambiência entre os diferentes caminhantes que se propuseram o desafio de caminhar em direção à Campanha gaúcha, busco traçar os caminhos desde os primeiros humanos que se estabeleceram no que hoje se constitui o sudoeste sul-riograndense e seu encontro com as paisagens do Pampa, até @s errantes que ainda buscam caminhos nos tempos atuais nesses pagos. Os caminhos e olhares que hoje traçamos estão retratados pelas percepções da ambiência estabelecida nas atividades de campo pelos atores que elegeram estudar os areais e o processo de sua gênese, a arenização, em suas pesquisas de pós-graduação e pela atenção dispensada aos jovens e professoras de uma unidade federal de ensino, CEFET, que traduziram sua visão e conceito de paisagem por imagens fotográficas, desenhos e comentários destas. Parte do caminho é narrada pelo autor, mesmo procurando respostas as questões da dinâmica ecológica estabelecida sobre os areais e por vezes encontrando material para reflexão sobre as mesmas, continua buscando respostas para perguntas ainda não formuladas, no intuito de encontrar novos motivos de reflexão onde não se tinha buscado. / This text that evokes the perceptions of many, narrated and made from the environment between the different walkers which proposed the challenge of moving towards the Campanha Gaúcha, I track the paths since the first humans who have settled in the Southwest South-Rio-Grandense and their ways towards Pampa's landscapes, until those who still seek ways in current times those pagos. The roads and looks that we traced today are portrayed by the perceptions of the environment established in field activities by stakeholders who elected to study the sand and the process of its genesis, the sandiness in their search for Graduate degree and the attention given by young people and teachers of a federal unit of instruction, CEFET, who translated its vision and concept of landscape by photographic images, drawings and comments. Part of the path is narrated by the author, even looking for answer the questions of ecological dynamics established on the sand and sometimes finding material for reflection on them, still seeking answers to questions not made yet, in order to find new reasons for reflection where no one had sought.

Epistemic injustice is a relatively new philosophical term for a rather old phenomenon. A situation is said to be epistemically unjust when someone is wronged in his capacity to possess or convey knowledge. While anyone can be the victim of a testimonial injustice, the epistemic injustice that occurs in an exchange of testimony, people with marginalized identities systematically suffer from this kind of injustice. By relying on negative identity prejudices, a person in a position of power consciously or subconsciously undermines a marginalized individual’s capacity for knowledge. In this paper, I argue that persistent testimonial injustice can inhibit the formation of one’s identity. Then I explore the role that communities may play in ameliorating this harm. I suggest that communities are conceptualized differently depending on their purpose (e.g. psychological melioration or political resistance). In the final part of this paper, I examine two conceptions of communities put forth by María Lugones and Iris Marion Young and determine whether they can provide both psychological and political resources for resistance.

Neste texto que evoca as percepções de muit@s, narradas e tramadas a partir da ambiência entre os diferentes caminhantes que se propuseram o desafio de caminhar em direção à Campanha gaúcha, busco traçar os caminhos desde os primeiros humanos que se estabeleceram no que hoje se constitui o sudoeste sul-riograndense e seu encontro com as paisagens do Pampa, até @s errantes que ainda buscam caminhos nos tempos atuais nesses pagos. Os caminhos e olhares que hoje traçamos estão retratados pelas percepções da ambiência estabelecida nas atividades de campo pelos atores que elegeram estudar os areais e o processo de sua gênese, a arenização, em suas pesquisas de pós-graduação e pela atenção dispensada aos jovens e professoras de uma unidade federal de ensino, CEFET, que traduziram sua visão e conceito de paisagem por imagens fotográficas, desenhos e comentários destas. Parte do caminho é narrada pelo autor, mesmo procurando respostas as questões da dinâmica ecológica estabelecida sobre os areais e por vezes encontrando material para reflexão sobre as mesmas, continua buscando respostas para perguntas ainda não formuladas, no intuito de encontrar novos motivos de reflexão onde não se tinha buscado. / This text that evokes the perceptions of many, narrated and made from the environment between the different walkers which proposed the challenge of moving towards the Campanha Gaúcha, I track the paths since the first humans who have settled in the Southwest South-Rio-Grandense and their ways towards Pampa's landscapes, until those who still seek ways in current times those pagos. The roads and looks that we traced today are portrayed by the perceptions of the environment established in field activities by stakeholders who elected to study the sand and the process of its genesis, the sandiness in their search for Graduate degree and the attention given by young people and teachers of a federal unit of instruction, CEFET, who translated its vision and concept of landscape by photographic images, drawings and comments. Part of the path is narrated by the author, even looking for answer the questions of ecological dynamics established on the sand and sometimes finding material for reflection on them, still seeking answers to questions not made yet, in order to find new reasons for reflection where no one had sought.

Varlam Chalámov, escritor russo, nasceu em 1907 e passou dezessete anos como prisioneiro em campos de trabalho stalinistas. Em Kolimá, um dos piores campos do que ficou conhecido como Gulag, conheceu o trabalho fatal nas minas de ouro e carvão, onde quase perdeu a vida por diversas vezes. Em Contos de Kolimá, sua principal obra, transformou sua experiênciaem seis ciclos de contos de prosa concisa e poética. Para marcar sua posição literária, Chalámov cria o que chama de nova prosa, a prosa possível para os tempos depois de Auschwitz, Hiroshima, Kolimá. Em Sobre a prosa, ensaio-manifesto de 1965, e Sobre a minha prosa, de 1971, Chalámov pensa sua obra no contexto da tradição literária e da literatura de sua época. Descreve também seus objetivos e métodos artísticos. Reflete sobre o papel da literatura na cultura, sobre a relação entre verdade e ficção, sobre o significado da memória em sua prosa. O presente trabalho visa realizar uma leitura de sua obra à luz dos pressupostos do autor, no diálogo e na fricção com outros teóricos e escritores, com destaque para o papel da memória em sua produção. Traz ainda a tradução dos dois ensaios. / Russian writer, Varlam Chalámov (born 1907), spent seventeen years as a prisoner in Stalinist labor camps. Much of this time was spent in Kolimá working within the precarious gold and coal mines within Gulag, where he endured several near death experiences. He transformed these years of personal tragedy and acute observation of others into a six series of poetic short stories, which were later published as Tales of Kolimá. Within these iconic works, Chalámov creates what he referred to as new prose; the possible prose after events such as Auschwitz, Hiroshima and Kolimá. In his essays On Prose, 1965 and On my Prose, 1971, Chalámov reflects on his body of work in the context of the literary traditions of his time. He considers the role of literature in culture, the relationship of truth to fiction, and the role of memory in his prose. This paper applies the ideas in Chalámovs essays to a reading of his prose and in doing so discusses the authors opinions, with particular emphasis on his understanding of memory.