The 1970s were a period of renaissance for the crafts in Britain, often referred to as a craft revival. The creation of national organisations and infrastructures to support craft, and define its identity, played a crucial role in this. The received craft revival narrative focuses on the Crafts Council of England and Wales, with its emphasis on raising the status of craft and promoting it as fine art, largely through the efforts the Minister for the Arts, Lord David Eccles. The narrative in Scotland was very different, and is a story that until now remains untold. Scotland had its own national agencies with responsibility for the crafts. But instead of having a focus on the arts, they were tasked with addressing Scotland’s economic decline, and saw an opportunity to develop Scottish craft as both an industry and a product. The emphasis was not on promoting craft as fine art as in England and Wales, but rather on developing craft as commodity. Borrowing from Adamson’s thesis that as a form of cultural production, ‘craft is itself a modern invention’ (Adamson 2013 p. xiii), this thesis will analyse how Scottish development organisations in the 1970s attempted to promote and invent Scottish craft as an industry and product, and how those involved in the making of Scottish craft responded to this. In order to do this, it will examine the origins of the 1970s craft revival in Britain, the legacy of the invention of modern Scottish craft, and the two development agencies tasked with its invention in the 1970s: the Highlands and Islands Development Board, and the Scottish Development Agency. This thesis makes an original contribution by telling the Scottish side of the 1970s craft revival story. It also addresses wider issues that have received little critical attention in craft history, namely the relationship between craft and commodification, and the tension between modernity and tradition in the invention of modern craft.

Este trabalho apresenta uma investigação sobre a fotografia produzida por artistas nos anos 1960 e 1970, a partir de uma análise discursiva dos textos que os próprios artistas escreveram na época. Proponho que a especificidade da concepção de fotografia dos anos 1960 e 1970 é resultado de um processo complexo: habitando uma exterioridade selvagem da disciplina das artes visuais naquele momento, a fotografia é escolhida por artistas como uma estratégia importante em uma disputa discursiva pelas definições de arte que resulta na sua formação como objeto para a disciplina das artes visuais. Esta investigação se desdobra em três capítulos: As Fontes de Pesquisa; A Fotografia-Qualquer; Fotografia e Práticas Artísticas – os Discursos dos Artistas nos Anos 1960 e 1970. No primeiro capítulo desenvolvo uma discussão sobre o texto de artista e sua relevância para a compreensão da arte produzida nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, pela análise comparativa de quatro livros que reúnem textos de artistas da época, com o intuito de explicitar o modo como estes escritos são incluídos no campo teórico das artes visuais, pela sua republicação, que se coloca como uma reapresentação (com um consequente deslocamento de seus contextos originais, edição e, muitas vezes, recortes), o que interfere em sua existência e significado para o conhecimento artístico. Nos capítulos 2 e 3, apresento o resultado de uma investigação que teve como objetivo extrair dos discursos dos artistas, datados dos anos 1960 e 1970, qual o papel que a fotografia desempenhava em suas práticas artísticas no contexto maior da arte daquele período. Persigo a ideia da fotografia como um dispositivo de despersonalização do artista como gênio criador, como figura especial que produz objetos especiais e, portanto, distingue-se das outras pessoas. Esta qualidade da fotografia-qualquer é enfatizada em textos de artistas dos referidos anos em uma celebração da possibilidade da anti-arte que resultava da utilização da fotografia como medium, na apropriação do que havia de menos especial em termos de técnica e material para a produção de imagens e se contrapunha à arte que eles chamavam de tradicional ou convencional. Ainda centralizo minha atenção, nos textos dos artistas, no modo como eles abordam seus trabalhos, a fim de destilar daí três papéis que a fotografia pode desempenhar em suas práticas artísticas: a fotografia como documento; a fotografia integrada à prática artística; a fotografia como trabalho de arte. Enquanto tendências extraídas dos modos de apropriação da fotografia como medium para a produção, esses agrupamentos têm a função de organizar, por semelhança e diferença, as abordagens discursivas dos artistas sobre suas práticas, a partir de como eles elaboraram seu fazer e determinaram o lócus de seu trabalho – em outras palavras, o que, para cada um deles, constitui o trabalho de arte propriamente dito em meio aos vários elementos que compõem sua prática artística. A fotografia na arte existe em virtude do discurso – tanto visual quanto textual – que a toma como objeto, e, neste sentido, estava sendo inventada para aquele momento, nos escritos e trabalhos dos artistas. A presença da fotografia na prática artística das décadas de 1960 e 1970, abordada a partir dos discursos dos artistas, revelou-se como um processo complexo de estabelecimento da fotografia como um objeto para o saber artístico, do qual se pode falar e para o qual se forma um vocabulário específico, possibilitando que ela se coloque como mais um medium para a produção artística, entre outros e em relação a eles. / This thesis presents an investigation into the photography produced by artists in the 1960s and 1970s, based on a discursive analysis of texts that the artists themselves wrote at the time. I propose that the specificity of the conception of photography from the 1960s and 1970s is the outcome of a complex process: inhabiting a wild exteriority of the visual arts discipline at that moment, photography is chosen by artists as an important strategy in a discursive dispute for definitions of art which results in its constitution as an object to the visual arts discipline. This investigation unfolds in three chapters: Sources of Research; The Photography-Whatever; Photography and Artistic Practices – Discourses of Artists in the Years 1960 and 1970. In the first chapter I carry out a discussion on the artist’s text and its relevance for understanding the art produced in the 1960s and 1970s, by means of a comparative analysis of four books that gather texts of artists of the time, in order to clarify how these writings are included in the theoretical field of visual arts, through their republication, which arises as a re-presentation (with a consequent displacement from their original contexts, editing, and often cuts), and so interferes with their existence and meaning for the artistic knowledge. In chapters 2 and 3, I present the result of a research that seeks to extract, from speeches of artists dating from the 1960s and 1970s, the role played by photography in their artistic practices in the larger context of art of that period. I pursue the idea of photography as a device of depersonalization of the artist as creative genius, as a special character who produces special objects and therefore distinguishes himself from other people. Such quality of the photography-whatever is stressed in texts of artists from those years in a celebration of the possibility of anti-art that resulted from the usage of photography as a medium, through an appropriation of the least special techniques and materials available at that time for the production of pictures and was opposed to the art that they called traditional or conventional. I also focus my attention, in the artists’ texts, in how they approach their own work, in order to withdraw three roles that photography can play in their artistic practices: the photograph as a document; the photograph integrated into the artistic practice; the photograph as an art work. While trends drawn from the ways of appropriation of photography as a medium for production, these groups have the task of organizing, by similarity and difference, the discursive approaches of the artists about their practices, based on how they developed their doing and determined the locus of their work – in other words, that which, for each of them, constitutes the work of art itself among the various elements that comprise his artistic practice. Photography in the arts exists by virtue of the discourse – both visual and textual – that takes it as an object, and in this sense it was being invented for that time, in the writings and works of the artists. The presence of photography in the artistic practice in the 1960s and 1970s, approached by means of a research into the discourses of artists, has shown itself as a complex establishment process of photography as an object to the artistic knowledge, an object of which one can speak and for which a specific vocabulary is formed, enabling it to place itself as a new medium among others (and in relation to them) for artistic production.

Au cours des années 1970, l’Italie fut confrontée à une violence politique et sociale d’intensité particulière. Pendant cette période, le monde de la justice fut exposé à plus d’un titre. Non seulement magistrats et avocats furent impliqués dans les procédures judiciaires visant les protagonistes de la violence mais leur action fut également au cœur de controverses, les uns étant accusés d’être au service d’un État autoritaire ou répressif quand les autres étaient mis en cause pour d’éventuelles complicités avec les militants incriminés. Dans le même temps, de nombreux groupes de la gauche révolutionnaire décidèrent d'occuper le soutien de l'anti-répression et du soutien aux prisonniers politiques. Parmi ces organismes politiques, le Soccorso Rosso s'est imposé comme le principal, de par sa longévité, sa présence diffuse sur le territoire italien et l'implication de différents univers et couches sociales en son sein. De l'engagement d'intellectuels et de nombreux "avocats-militants" à la politisation des procès, en passant par les problématiques d'une lutte contre la prison ou d'une solidarité avec les détenus issus de la lutte armée, la trajectoire du Soccorso Rosso nous permet de traverser cette décennie d'une histoire encore en chantier afin de relire la période à travers la question de la répression pour comprendre la nature et la signification de la crise que connut l’Italie au cours de ces années. / During the '70s, Italy was confronted by a particulary intense violent politics. In this period, the justice system was severly exposed. Not only magistrates and lawyers were implicated in the law processes aiming violent protagonists but also their actions were deeply controversial. One part of the magistrates and the lawyers were accused of serving an autoritarian and repressive state, while the others were incriminated for having possible complicities with the militants. At the same time, numerous groups of the revolutionary left decided to occupy the ground of the anti-repression and the support to the political prisoners. Among these political groups, Soccorso Rosso stood out as the main thing, due to its longevity, its presence spreads on the Italian territory and the implication of various universes and sectors of society within it. The commitment of intellectuals and numerous "militant-lawyer" in the politicization of the trials, including the problems of a fight against the prison or a solidarity with the prisoners stemming from the armed struggle, the trajectory of Soccorso Rosso allows us to cross this decade of a still under construction history to reread the period through the question of the repression to understand a nature of the crisis which shook Italy during this years.

This dissertation discusses Gayl Jones’s and Toni Morrison’s characterisation of black women’s journeying towards empowered subjectivity and agency. Through comparative analysis of eight fictional works, I explore the writers’ idea of female freedom and emancipation, the structures of power affecting the transition from oppressed towards liberated subject positions, and the literary techniques through which the authors facilitate these seminal trajectories. My research addresses a corpus comprised of three novels and one book-long poem by Gayl Jones, as well as four novels by Toni Morrison. These two writers emerge in the US literary scene during the 1970s, one of the decades of the second black women’s renaissance (1970s, 1980s). This period witnessed unprecedented developments in US black literature and feminist theorising. In the domain of African American letters, it witnessed the emergence of a host of black women writers such as Gayl Jones and Toni Morrison. This period also marks a turning point in the reconfiguration of African American literature, as several unknown or misplaced literary works by pioneering black women writers were discovered, shifting the chronology of African American literature. Moreover, the second black women's renaissance marks a paradigmatic development in black feminist theorising on womanhood and subjectivity. Many black feminist scholars and activists challenged what they perceived to be the homogenising female subject conceptualised by US white middle-class feminism and the androcentricity of the subject proclaimed by the Black Aesthetic Movement. They claimed that, in focusing solely on gender and patriarchal oppression, white feminism had overlooked the salience of the race/class nexus, while focus by the Black Aesthetic Movement on racism had overlooked the salience of gender and heterosexual discrimination. In this dissertation, I discuss the works of Gayl Jones and Toni Morrison in the context of seminal debates on the nature of the female subject and the racial and gender politics affecting the construction of empowered subjectivities in black women's fiction. Through the metaphor of journeying towards female empowerment, I show how Gayl Jones and Toni Morrison engage in imaginative returns to the past in an attempt to relocate black women as literary subjects of primary importance. I also show how, in the works selected for discussion, a complex idea of modern female subjectivities emerges from the writers' re-examination of the oppressive material and psychological circumstances under which pioneering black women lived, the common practice of sexual exploitation with which they had to contend, and the struggle to assert the dignity of their womanhood beyond the parameters of the white-defined “ideological discourse of true womanhood” (Carby, 1987: 25).

La tesi analizza le collaborazioni di alcuni protagonisti della ricerca artistica contemporanea con la Rai tra gli anni Sessanta e Settanta. Dopo un capitolo introduttivo che ripercorre nelle sue linee principali le origini del dibattito critico italiano intorno al tema dei rapporti fra artisti e televisione, lo studio si concentra sul periodo 1968-1975, quando da un lato la Rai si apre maggiormente all’attualità artistica, dall’altro gli sviluppi dell’arte in direzione ambientale e performativa e le prime sperimentazioni video creano le premesse per interventi negli spazi della televisione pubblica. Il dialogo aperto da queste collaborazioni è particolarmente significativo perché rovescia la prospettiva con cui la Rai ha prevalentemente guardato l’arte contemporanea. La ricerca artistica si insinua nella programmazione ordinaria, oltre i confini del programma specialistico sull’arte, innescando riflessioni che vanno sempre al di là di un contributo “decorativo”, scenografico, educativo o divulgativo. Gli interventi artistici pensati per gli schermi Rai sono specchio di un contesto culturale assai più ampio e la loro analisi permette uno sguardo trasversale sul panorama artistico a cavallo dei due decenni, aprendo direzioni di riflessione nelle storie dell’arte più note di quegli anni e nella storia della televisione culturale italiana. / This thesis investigates the collaboration between leading figures of contemporary art and Italian public broadcaster Rai in the 1960s and 1970s. The opening chapter provides an overview of the early debates in Italian art criticism on the relationship between artists and television. The study then focuses on the period 1968-1975. On the one hand, Rai was increasingly opening up to contemporary art during this time; on the other, the emergence of environment and performance art and the early experimentations with video were creating the conditions for artists to work in the space of public television. The exchanges arising from these collaborations are particularly significant because they reverse Rai’s prevalent approach to contemporary art. By going beyond specialist cultural programming and creeping into ordinary programmes, art makes a contribution which always transcends a merely ‘decorative’, scenographic or educational purpose. Artists’ work for Rai reflects a much wider cultural context, and its analysis offers a broad view of the art scene at the turn of the decades, providing new directions for exploration of the more well-known art histories of those years and of the history of cultural television programming in Italy.

Este trabalho apresenta uma investigação sobre a fotografia produzida por artistas nos anos 1960 e 1970, a partir de uma análise discursiva dos textos que os próprios artistas escreveram na época. Proponho que a especificidade da concepção de fotografia dos anos 1960 e 1970 é resultado de um processo complexo: habitando uma exterioridade selvagem da disciplina das artes visuais naquele momento, a fotografia é escolhida por artistas como uma estratégia importante em uma disputa discursiva pelas definições de arte que resulta na sua formação como objeto para a disciplina das artes visuais. Esta investigação se desdobra em três capítulos: As Fontes de Pesquisa; A Fotografia-Qualquer; Fotografia e Práticas Artísticas – os Discursos dos Artistas nos Anos 1960 e 1970. No primeiro capítulo desenvolvo uma discussão sobre o texto de artista e sua relevância para a compreensão da arte produzida nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, pela análise comparativa de quatro livros que reúnem textos de artistas da época, com o intuito de explicitar o modo como estes escritos são incluídos no campo teórico das artes visuais, pela sua republicação, que se coloca como uma reapresentação (com um consequente deslocamento de seus contextos originais, edição e, muitas vezes, recortes), o que interfere em sua existência e significado para o conhecimento artístico. Nos capítulos 2 e 3, apresento o resultado de uma investigação que teve como objetivo extrair dos discursos dos artistas, datados dos anos 1960 e 1970, qual o papel que a fotografia desempenhava em suas práticas artísticas no contexto maior da arte daquele período. Persigo a ideia da fotografia como um dispositivo de despersonalização do artista como gênio criador, como figura especial que produz objetos especiais e, portanto, distingue-se das outras pessoas. Esta qualidade da fotografia-qualquer é enfatizada em textos de artistas dos referidos anos em uma celebração da possibilidade da anti-arte que resultava da utilização da fotografia como medium, na apropriação do que havia de menos especial em termos de técnica e material para a produção de imagens e se contrapunha à arte que eles chamavam de tradicional ou convencional. Ainda centralizo minha atenção, nos textos dos artistas, no modo como eles abordam seus trabalhos, a fim de destilar daí três papéis que a fotografia pode desempenhar em suas práticas artísticas: a fotografia como documento; a fotografia integrada à prática artística; a fotografia como trabalho de arte. Enquanto tendências extraídas dos modos de apropriação da fotografia como medium para a produção, esses agrupamentos têm a função de organizar, por semelhança e diferença, as abordagens discursivas dos artistas sobre suas práticas, a partir de como eles elaboraram seu fazer e determinaram o lócus de seu trabalho – em outras palavras, o que, para cada um deles, constitui o trabalho de arte propriamente dito em meio aos vários elementos que compõem sua prática artística. A fotografia na arte existe em virtude do discurso – tanto visual quanto textual – que a toma como objeto, e, neste sentido, estava sendo inventada para aquele momento, nos escritos e trabalhos dos artistas. A presença da fotografia na prática artística das décadas de 1960 e 1970, abordada a partir dos discursos dos artistas, revelou-se como um processo complexo de estabelecimento da fotografia como um objeto para o saber artístico, do qual se pode falar e para o qual se forma um vocabulário específico, possibilitando que ela se coloque como mais um medium para a produção artística, entre outros e em relação a eles. / This thesis presents an investigation into the photography produced by artists in the 1960s and 1970s, based on a discursive analysis of texts that the artists themselves wrote at the time. I propose that the specificity of the conception of photography from the 1960s and 1970s is the outcome of a complex process: inhabiting a wild exteriority of the visual arts discipline at that moment, photography is chosen by artists as an important strategy in a discursive dispute for definitions of art which results in its constitution as an object to the visual arts discipline. This investigation unfolds in three chapters: Sources of Research; The Photography-Whatever; Photography and Artistic Practices – Discourses of Artists in the Years 1960 and 1970. In the first chapter I carry out a discussion on the artist’s text and its relevance for understanding the art produced in the 1960s and 1970s, by means of a comparative analysis of four books that gather texts of artists of the time, in order to clarify how these writings are included in the theoretical field of visual arts, through their republication, which arises as a re-presentation (with a consequent displacement from their original contexts, editing, and often cuts), and so interferes with their existence and meaning for the artistic knowledge. In chapters 2 and 3, I present the result of a research that seeks to extract, from speeches of artists dating from the 1960s and 1970s, the role played by photography in their artistic practices in the larger context of art of that period. I pursue the idea of photography as a device of depersonalization of the artist as creative genius, as a special character who produces special objects and therefore distinguishes himself from other people. Such quality of the photography-whatever is stressed in texts of artists from those years in a celebration of the possibility of anti-art that resulted from the usage of photography as a medium, through an appropriation of the least special techniques and materials available at that time for the production of pictures and was opposed to the art that they called traditional or conventional. I also focus my attention, in the artists’ texts, in how they approach their own work, in order to withdraw three roles that photography can play in their artistic practices: the photograph as a document; the photograph integrated into the artistic practice; the photograph as an art work. While trends drawn from the ways of appropriation of photography as a medium for production, these groups have the task of organizing, by similarity and difference, the discursive approaches of the artists about their practices, based on how they developed their doing and determined the locus of their work – in other words, that which, for each of them, constitutes the work of art itself among the various elements that comprise his artistic practice. Photography in the arts exists by virtue of the discourse – both visual and textual – that takes it as an object, and in this sense it was being invented for that time, in the writings and works of the artists. The presence of photography in the artistic practice in the 1960s and 1970s, approached by means of a research into the discourses of artists, has shown itself as a complex establishment process of photography as an object to the artistic knowledge, an object of which one can speak and for which a specific vocabulary is formed, enabling it to place itself as a new medium among others (and in relation to them) for artistic production.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:57:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RicardoFA_DISSERT_1-253.pdf: 4578350 bytes, checksum: 2bed649e08a9a0151968db863ecc3796 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-19 / In the mid-1980s, the magazine Projeto published the Actual Brazilian Architecture catalogue presenting texts by Hugo Segawa and Ruth Verde Zein with a corpus of works and engaged architects of the 1960s and 1970s. To comprehend the Brazilian architectural production post-1964, in those years of the 1980s, became a significant mission to reactivate the Brazilian architectural debate weakened by the military dictatorship. In his doctoral thesis Spadoni (2003) deals with the different ways which characterizes the Brazilian architectural production of the 1970s. Marked by inventiveness, this production was in tune with the modern thinking and in the transition period between the 1970s and the 1980s it synchronized with the international debate about post-modern architecture. Considering Spadoni s doctoral thesis, this work deals with the modern experience observed in the one-family-houses built in the seventies in Jo?o Pessoa. Some modern experiences were not clear outside, to observe it, it was necessary to search for the type of experience into the spatial disposition and of the know-how constructive, because into the appearance some houses not make explicit the use of the modern language. Other observed experiences allude to the repertoire of the Brazilian period in the years 1940s-1960s, to the experience of the modern architecture in S?o Paulo of the 1960s, to the experiences in which the climate of the Northeastern region strongly influenced the architectural conception. We can also find in a reduced number of houses a particular experience: it refers to experiences that expose the constructive doing, which leave the material apparent and apply to the residential type the experience of the industrial pre-fabricated buildings / Em meados da d?cada de 1980, a Revista Projeto publicava o cat?logo Arquitetura Brasileira Atual, com textos de apresenta??o de Hugo Segawa e Ruth Verde Zein, o qual apresentava um corpus de obras e arquitetos atuantes nas d?cadas de 60 e 70. Naqueles anos 1980, compreender a produ??o arquitet?nica brasileira p?s-64 tornava-se uma miss?o significativa para reacender o debate arquitet?nico brasileiro enfraquecido pela ditadura militar. Em sua tese de doutoramento Spadoni (2003) tratou das trajet?rias que caracterizaram a produ??o arquitet?nica brasileira dos anos 1970. Marcada pela inventividade, esta produ??o mantinha-se alinhada com o pensamento moderno e somente na passagem dos anos 1970 para os anos 1980 sintonizava o debate internacional envolto com uma chamada arquitetura p?s-moderna . Tomando como base a tese de Spadoni, este trabalho trata da experi?ncia moderna observada nas habita??es unifamiliares constru?das em Jo?o Pessoa nos anos 1970. Em alguns casos a experi?ncia moderna apresenta-se oculta e para observ?-la ? necess?rio buscar em sua ess?ncia o tipo de experi?ncia, pois na apar?ncia elas n?o se apropriam do vocabul?rio moderno. Outras experi?ncias observadas remetem ao repert?rio do Movimento Moderno do per?odo ?ureo brasileiro dos anos 1940-1960, a express?o do concreto bruto aparente da arquitetura moderna paulista dos anos 60, ou a experi?ncias em que o clima quente e ?mido da Regi?o Nordeste influ?ncia fortemente a concep??o arquitet?nica. Mas tamb?m vamos encontrar um n?mero restrito de casas em que a experi?ncia moderna se distingue das demais. Trata de experi?ncias que exp?e o fazer construtivo, deixando o material aparente e aplicando ao tipo residencial a experi?ncia da pr?-fabrica??o industrial

Este trabalho apresenta uma investigação sobre a fotografia produzida por artistas nos anos 1960 e 1970, a partir de uma análise discursiva dos textos que os próprios artistas escreveram na época. Proponho que a especificidade da concepção de fotografia dos anos 1960 e 1970 é resultado de um processo complexo: habitando uma exterioridade selvagem da disciplina das artes visuais naquele momento, a fotografia é escolhida por artistas como uma estratégia importante em uma disputa discursiva pelas definições de arte que resulta na sua formação como objeto para a disciplina das artes visuais. Esta investigação se desdobra em três capítulos: As Fontes de Pesquisa; A Fotografia-Qualquer; Fotografia e Práticas Artísticas – os Discursos dos Artistas nos Anos 1960 e 1970. No primeiro capítulo desenvolvo uma discussão sobre o texto de artista e sua relevância para a compreensão da arte produzida nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, pela análise comparativa de quatro livros que reúnem textos de artistas da época, com o intuito de explicitar o modo como estes escritos são incluídos no campo teórico das artes visuais, pela sua republicação, que se coloca como uma reapresentação (com um consequente deslocamento de seus contextos originais, edição e, muitas vezes, recortes), o que interfere em sua existência e significado para o conhecimento artístico. Nos capítulos 2 e 3, apresento o resultado de uma investigação que teve como objetivo extrair dos discursos dos artistas, datados dos anos 1960 e 1970, qual o papel que a fotografia desempenhava em suas práticas artísticas no contexto maior da arte daquele período. Persigo a ideia da fotografia como um dispositivo de despersonalização do artista como gênio criador, como figura especial que produz objetos especiais e, portanto, distingue-se das outras pessoas. Esta qualidade da fotografia-qualquer é enfatizada em textos de artistas dos referidos anos em uma celebração da possibilidade da anti-arte que resultava da utilização da fotografia como medium, na apropriação do que havia de menos especial em termos de técnica e material para a produção de imagens e se contrapunha à arte que eles chamavam de tradicional ou convencional. Ainda centralizo minha atenção, nos textos dos artistas, no modo como eles abordam seus trabalhos, a fim de destilar daí três papéis que a fotografia pode desempenhar em suas práticas artísticas: a fotografia como documento; a fotografia integrada à prática artística; a fotografia como trabalho de arte. Enquanto tendências extraídas dos modos de apropriação da fotografia como medium para a produção, esses agrupamentos têm a função de organizar, por semelhança e diferença, as abordagens discursivas dos artistas sobre suas práticas, a partir de como eles elaboraram seu fazer e determinaram o lócus de seu trabalho – em outras palavras, o que, para cada um deles, constitui o trabalho de arte propriamente dito em meio aos vários elementos que compõem sua prática artística. A fotografia na arte existe em virtude do discurso – tanto visual quanto textual – que a toma como objeto, e, neste sentido, estava sendo inventada para aquele momento, nos escritos e trabalhos dos artistas. A presença da fotografia na prática artística das décadas de 1960 e 1970, abordada a partir dos discursos dos artistas, revelou-se como um processo complexo de estabelecimento da fotografia como um objeto para o saber artístico, do qual se pode falar e para o qual se forma um vocabulário específico, possibilitando que ela se coloque como mais um medium para a produção artística, entre outros e em relação a eles. / This thesis presents an investigation into the photography produced by artists in the 1960s and 1970s, based on a discursive analysis of texts that the artists themselves wrote at the time. I propose that the specificity of the conception of photography from the 1960s and 1970s is the outcome of a complex process: inhabiting a wild exteriority of the visual arts discipline at that moment, photography is chosen by artists as an important strategy in a discursive dispute for definitions of art which results in its constitution as an object to the visual arts discipline. This investigation unfolds in three chapters: Sources of Research; The Photography-Whatever; Photography and Artistic Practices – Discourses of Artists in the Years 1960 and 1970. In the first chapter I carry out a discussion on the artist’s text and its relevance for understanding the art produced in the 1960s and 1970s, by means of a comparative analysis of four books that gather texts of artists of the time, in order to clarify how these writings are included in the theoretical field of visual arts, through their republication, which arises as a re-presentation (with a consequent displacement from their original contexts, editing, and often cuts), and so interferes with their existence and meaning for the artistic knowledge. In chapters 2 and 3, I present the result of a research that seeks to extract, from speeches of artists dating from the 1960s and 1970s, the role played by photography in their artistic practices in the larger context of art of that period. I pursue the idea of photography as a device of depersonalization of the artist as creative genius, as a special character who produces special objects and therefore distinguishes himself from other people. Such quality of the photography-whatever is stressed in texts of artists from those years in a celebration of the possibility of anti-art that resulted from the usage of photography as a medium, through an appropriation of the least special techniques and materials available at that time for the production of pictures and was opposed to the art that they called traditional or conventional. I also focus my attention, in the artists’ texts, in how they approach their own work, in order to withdraw three roles that photography can play in their artistic practices: the photograph as a document; the photograph integrated into the artistic practice; the photograph as an art work. While trends drawn from the ways of appropriation of photography as a medium for production, these groups have the task of organizing, by similarity and difference, the discursive approaches of the artists about their practices, based on how they developed their doing and determined the locus of their work – in other words, that which, for each of them, constitutes the work of art itself among the various elements that comprise his artistic practice. Photography in the arts exists by virtue of the discourse – both visual and textual – that takes it as an object, and in this sense it was being invented for that time, in the writings and works of the artists. The presence of photography in the artistic practice in the 1960s and 1970s, approached by means of a research into the discourses of artists, has shown itself as a complex establishment process of photography as an object to the artistic knowledge, an object of which one can speak and for which a specific vocabulary is formed, enabling it to place itself as a new medium among others (and in relation to them) for artistic production.

Diploma thesis Journalistic reflexion of selected films by Jiří Hubač is focused on the reflexion of Hubač's work coming from the 1970's Czech media. Jiří Hubač was the important figure in original work produced by Czechoslovak (ČST) and Czech TV. He was scriptwriter and dramaturgist, he has also written theatre scripts and is the author of two books. From his numerous work, I can name Ikarův pád, Babí léto,Nezralé maliny or famous serie Sanitka.This diploma thesis is focused on 1970 media and the way they reflected Hubač's work after its TV premiere. I chose following movies: Dlouhý podzimní den, Pozdní léto, Lístek do památníku and Ikarův pád. Analyzed journalistic reflexions were chosen from print media as was Rudé právo, Mladá fronta, Zemědělské noviny, Práce, Tvorba or Československá televize. The time period, 1970's, was chosen because of various factors - Hubač had to leave the ČST, but on the other hand the received multiple awards for this work. The analyzed media were choose for its availabilityand the focus their employees were standing for.

Submitted by Anaclaudia Mattos Villalba (anaclaudiamattosvillalba@gmail.com) on 2016-05-08T00:14:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Régis Garcia.pdf: 1076338 bytes, checksum: 3eccb8f0baf2af9b95c17eb8b5871a39 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gilmar Barros (gilmargomesdebarros@gmail.com) on 2016-05-11T14:56:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Régis Garcia.pdf: 1076338 bytes, checksum: 3eccb8f0baf2af9b95c17eb8b5871a39 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-11T14:56:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Régis Garcia.pdf: 1076338 bytes, checksum: 3eccb8f0baf2af9b95c17eb8b5871a39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Na década de 1970, o mundo passava por mudanças bastante significativas em termos culturais, especialmente devido à da ascensão da contracultura e de outros movimentos sociais que emergiam no complexo cenário pós-guerra da América do Norte. O sujeito norte-americano experimentava a possibilidade de engajar-se politicamente para oferecer um direcionamento diferente ao seu universo. Da mesma maneira, o indivíduo poderia optar pelo escapismo e pela construção de uma narrativa que o distanciasse dos problemas e os projetasse em Outro. Assim, a partir da observação da relação do sujeito eurocêntrico com a natureza selvagem e com o espaço do Outro, representados no romance Gone Indian (1973), de Robert Kroetsch, serão analisadas características que possam evidenciar a maneira pela qual o subtexto do silêncio e sua construção na narrativa subvertem as narrativas tradicionais e oferecem a possibilidade de uma leitura plural da história oficial a partir de fragmentos de estórias. Com base nas teorias propostas pelos Estudos Culturais e em teóricos como Gayatri Spivak, Homi K. Bhabha, Bill Ashcroft, Margaret Atwood, e outros, a análise tem como foco principal o discurso das personagens Jeremy Sadness e Mark Madham, ou ainda a ausência do discurso na figura da própria imensidão branca. / During the 1970s, the world was undergoing quite significant changes in cultural terms, especially given the rise of the counterculture and other social movements that emerged in the complex postwar scene in North America. While some Americans were experiencing the possibility of being politically engaged in order to offer a different perspective to their universe, other individuals were interested in the idea of escapism and in the construction of a narrative that could keep them away from all the possible problems. Considering the relationship of the Eurocentric subject with the wilderness and the space of the Other represented in the writing of Robert Kroetsch’s Gone Indian (1973), some characteristics might be analyzed based on Cultural Studies theories and scholars such as Gayatri Spivak, Homi K. Bhabha, Bill Ashcroft, Margaret Atwood, among others. Such characteristics will help to understand the subtext of silence and its construction in the narrative and discourse of the characters Mark Madham and Jeremy Sadness – or in the absence of speech in the figure of the great whiteness itself – undermining the traditional narratives through the exercise of a plural reading of the official history.