Rönnbyskolan and Rönnby förskola is a school area situated in the city of Västerås, Sweden that consist of a total of five buildings. The main buildings are built in 1973 which makes their energy use of interest. Due to the individual goals for Sweden to lower its energy use by 2020, the city of Västerås has begun an energy efficiency process to reduce energy use in potential buildings. In this degree project, a survey of the buildings’ energy consumption has been reviewed and possible energy reduction methods have been presented. This was made by studying the surveys of the buildings ventilation systems, the heating systems, the envelope and the buildings application by taking measurements. The results from the measurements have been studied and confirmed with the literature study and suggestions of energy effective solutions are presented based on energy calculations. Based on the results, four different technological installations and four building engineering actions have been evaluated. The calculations were supplemented with a model built and simulated in the simulation tool IDA ICE. Economical aspects were taken into account, which shows the connection between energy savings and economic profit. Due to high investment costs, only a few actions were cost effective. The result of the study showed that the buildings can reduce their energy consumption by 17 % or 34 kWh/ m2, year using the measures that turned out profitable.

The thesis "Biblical motifs in Czech pop music of the 1960s and the 1970s of the twentieth century: The function and using of biblical motifs for pop music lyrics with the original biblical background and message" introduces the academic framework of the topic within the first chapter: the definition of the terms, the criteria and method for selecting the motifs and lyrics used. Then, the position of Czech pop music in the cultural and political context of the period is explained, which is a relevant part of the topic itself. Also an outline of the academic reflection of the related topic is referred to as well as the function of biblical motifs in other styles of music (rock, folk and underground music) with the emphasis on the projection of the stylistic differences into using these topics for the lyrics. The following four chapters are probes into the pop music and biblical motifs issue.They are meant as the reflection of the the inner dynamics of the genre as well: in the second and third chapters the selected biblical motifs (general motifs, prayers, biblicisms and biblical characters) are enlisted and the anylysis of their funcion and using for various lyrics is provided in comparison with their biblical message and introducing the original loci in the B ible. The fourth chapter is focused on...

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I detta kandidatarbete undersöker jag hur ett tidstypiskt seriehus från 1970-talet kan transformeras, genom renovering, till att inneha fler arkitektoniska kvaliteter samt en tidlös karaktär. Min mening är att kombinationen går att uppnå genom återskapande av arkitektoniska karaktärsdrag från 70-talet tillsammans med samtida lösningar, material och rumsorganisationer.  För att genomföra min studie har jag utfört tre fallstudier där jag har utgått från ett huvudobjekt, seriehuset villa Åhus, samt två referensobjekt, villa Färlöv och villa Hässleholm, där de två sistnämnda är arkitektritade villor vilka jag anser har goda arkitektoniska kvaliteter. De tre villorna är alla från 1970-talet, villa Åhus och villa Färlöv ligger i Kristianstad kommun och villa Hässleholm ligger i grannkommunen, dessa parametrar har varit viktiga för mig då närliggande områden och samma tidsperiod gör att jämförelsen blir mer rättvis. För att studien inte ska vara subjektiv med enbart mina personliga åsikter om god arkitektur har jag valt att analysera de tre villorna med hjälp av en kvalitativ forskningsteori inom ämnet. Teorin utgår från sju egenskapsfält som beskriver omätbara arkitektoniska värden. Jag har även haft möjlighet att besöka alla villorna samt haft fotografier och bygglovshandlingar till mitt förfogande, vilket har varit en stor tillgång. En kvalitativ semistrukturerad intervju med en av ägarna av huvudobjektet har även genomförts och varit till stor hjälp då jag har fått en annan förståelse för bostaden, som till exempel de boendes upplevelse av bostaden med dess positiva och negativa aspekter.  Forskningsteorin tillsammans med analyserna av de tre fallstudierna används sedan för att diskutera fram olika gestaltningsförslag i gestaltningsprocessen för hur villa Åhus kan transformeras. Gestaltningsprocessen kommer mynna ut i ett förslag över hur villan hade kunnat gestaltas för att innehålla tydligare arkitektoniska kvaliteter samt förena bevarandet och återskapandet av vissa karaktärsdrag från 1970-talet tillsammans med mer samtida val vilket tar villan in i 2020-talet utan att förlora den ursprungliga karaktären för mycket, helt enkelt 70-talsvillan i ny tappning. / In this thesis, I investigate how a period-typical serial house from the 1970s can be transformed, through renovation, to possess more architectural qualities and timeless character. My opinion is that the combination can be obtained by recreating architectural features from the 1970s together with contemporary solutions, materials and spatial organization. In order to carry out my study, I have conducted three case studies where I have started from a main object, the serial house villa Åhus, as well as two reference objects, villa Färlöv and villa Hässleholm, where the two latter are architect-designed villas which I consider having good architectural qualities. The three villas are all from the 1970s, villa Åhus and villa Färlöv are located in Kristianstad municipality and villa Hässleholm is located in the neighboring municipality, these parameters have been important to me as nearby areas and the same time period make the comparison more just. For the study to not be subjective with only my personal opinions about good architecture, I have chosen to analyze the three villas using a qualitative research theory within the subject. The theory is based on seven characteristic fields that describe immeasurable architectural values. I have also had the opportunity to visit all the villas and have photographs and building permit documents at my disposal, which has been a great asset. A qualitative semi-structured interview with one of the owners of the main object has also been carried out and has been very helpful as I have gained a different understanding of the home, such as the residents' experience of the home with its positive and negative aspects. The research theory together with the analyzes of the three case studies is then used to discuss various design proposals in the design process for how villa Åhus can be transformed. The design process will culminate in a proposal for how the villa could be designed to incorporate more evident architectural qualities, and combine the preservation and recreation of certain character traits from the 1970s together with more contemporary choices, which will take the villa into the 2020s without losing the original character too much. Simply put, the villa in a new costume.

This study aims to highlight the art critic Stig Johansson's position during two historical moments: 1962-63 and 1972. The theoretical and methodological framework is mainly derived from Pierre Bourdieu’s understanding of the art field and the art critic's role and mission within that specific field. Art criticism is an important text source for expanded knowledge of how the discussion of contemporary art has been conducted. In the first chapter of the thesis, I describe some of the investments that preceded Johansson’s role as art critic. These efforts are to be regarded as field-specific as they were preparing Johansson with the kind of social capital that won recognition in the art field. In the second part of the essay, I distinguish between the art critical genre and mission. Instead of limiting the study to art reviews, which is usually associated with the genre of art criticism, the thesis also include material such as debate articles and notices. The study of these different text types contribute to an increased understanding of how art criticism practice actually worked, and what was to be included in such practices during these historical periods. The third chapter is based on an empirical study and focus on three selected themes: the new, the political and the art critic role. The fourth part consists of a text analysis based on Malcolm Gee’s strategies for persuasion in art criticism. A presentation and discussion of the art critical material, and hence the position Johansson takes, contributes to an increased understanding of the negotiations that characterized the art field during the periods in question. The thesis contributes to a nuanced perspective on the production of meaning through problematizing positions and values in the Swedish art field during two important historical moments.

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This dissertation deals with how science fiction reflects the shift in cultural paradigms that occurred in the Soviet Union between the 1960s and the 1970s. Interest was displaced from the rational to the irrational, from a scientific-technologically oriented optimism about the future to art, religion, philosophy and metaphysics. Concomitant with this shift in interests was a shift from the future to an elsewhere or, reformulated in exclusively spatial terms, from utopia to heterotopia. The dissertation consists of an analysis of three novels by the Strugatsky brothers (Arkady, 1925-1991 and Boris 1933-2012): Inspector Glebsky’s Puzzle (Otel’ U pogibšego al’pinista, 1970), The Kid (Malyš, 1971) and Roadside Picnic (Piknik na obočine, 1972) and two films Dead Mountaineer’s Hotel (Hukkunud alpinisti hotell/ Otel’ U pogibšego al’pinista, Kromanov, 1979) and Stalker (Tarkovsky, 1980).  The three novels, allegedly treatments of the theme of contact with an extraterrestrial intelligence, were intended to be published in one volume with the title Unexpected Encounters. The films are based on two of the novels. In the novels an earlier Marxist utopia has given way to a considerably more ambiguous heterotopia, largely envisioned as versions of the West. An indication of how the authors here seem to look back towards history rather than forward towards the future is to be found in the persistent strain of literary Gothic that runs through the novels. This particular trait resurfaces in the films as well.  The films reflect how tendencies only discernable in the novels have developed throughout the decade, such as the budding Soviet consumer culture and the religious sensibilities of the artistic community.

RésuméCette thèse a pour but de contribuer à l'histoire des communautés européennes et à la compréhension du processus de prise de décision au sein de cette coopération. Elle a pour objectif de clarifier l'importance du choc pétrolier pour la coopération européenne. Plus particulièrement, elle vise à comprendre quels effets immédiats et à court terme cette crise eut sur le développement d'une politique énergétique commune : La crise pétrolière fut-elle un levier ou une barrière au développement d'une politique énergétique commune? D'un côté, il se peut que le choc pétrolier ait accéléré le processus de prise de décision parce qu'il créa une urgence à traiter les problèmes d'approvisionnement du moment et à changer la dépendance européenne envers le pétrole du Moyen-Orient sur le long terme. D'un autre côté, il se peut que le choc pétrolier ait ralenti l'évolution d'une politique énergétique commune en intensifiant une confrontation entre les perspectives divergentes des Neuf, bloquant ainsi tout compromis. Dans ce contexte, des questions se posent quant aux raisons pour lesquelles les états membres recherchaient une coopération dans le domaine énergétique sans chercher de compromis au niveau de leurs intérêts divergents.Cette thèse a donné un aperçu sur différents aspects du processus de prise de décision dans les communautés européennes. La Commission européenne apparait dans cette recherche comme intervenant activement dans le développement d'une politique énergétique commune après la fusion de l'exécutif des communautés en 1967. L'échec de consensus en mai 1973 prouve toutefois que le besoin d'une coopération énergétique commune des gouvernements nationaux ait été moins fort que les différences d'intérêt mutuelles. En outre, on peut en conclure que les Neuf jugèrent l'OCDE comme un organisme plus approprié pour faire face aux tensions du moment du marché pétrolier.Après le début du choc pétrolier la coopération au niveau supranational fut considérablement minimisée. Il est certain que la Commission ne resta pas apathique face aux problèmes pétroliers lors du choc pétrolier. L'institution réagit vivement aux déclarations des pays producteurs de pétrole par des propositions de juridiction sur une politique pétrolière à court terme et des lettres insistant sur une position commune face aux problèmes d'approvisionnement en pétrole. Au sein de la Commission plusieurs comités et groupes furent créés, ou se rencontrèrent plus fréquemment, et se concentrèrent sur différents aspects du choc pétrolier.Le choc pétrolier ne fut pas un accélérateur du traitement des juridictions au niveau commun. Toutefois, il y a quelques remarques à faire. Il convient de mentionner que le Groupe de l'énergie du Conseil permit, curieusement, un forum pour la discussion d'actions communes possibles pour traiter les problèmes pétroliers du moment. En outre, la création du Comité de l'énergie signifiait un changement important dans le processus européen de prise décision. Troisièmement, l'OCDE a eu un rôle plus important que constaté avant en tant qu'acteur important du processus de prise de décision européen au niveau de l'énergie.Lors du choc pétrolier il ne fut pas donné à la Commission européenne de rôle d'élaboration de politique concernant les problèmes pétroliers du moment. Dans une première phase, le Conseil refusa ce rôle à la Commission à cause des mesures arabes sur les réductions de production et par crainte d'aggraver la situation. Mais même si cet argument n'était plus valable, les propositions pour des politiques à court termes de la Commission ne furent pas acceptées. Par contre, à cette époque, il fut confié à la Commission la tâche d'élaborer un programme à moyen et long terme pour une politique énergétique commune jusqu'en 1985. À cet égard, le choc pétrolier semble avoir été le catalyseur d'une politique énergétique commune. / This thesis aims to contribute to the history of the European communities and to the understanding of the decision-making process within this cooperation. More specifically, it seeks an answer to the question of what immediate and short-term effects he oil shock had on the development of a common energy policy: Was the oil crisis a lever or a barrier for the development of a common European energy policy? On the one hand, the oil shock may have possibly accelerated the decision-making process because it created an urgency to deal with the current supply problems and to change the European dependency on Middle Eastern oil on the longer term. On the other hand, the oil shock may have slowed down the development of a common energy policy by escalating a confrontation between the diverging perspectives of the Nine, blocking, in this way, a compromise. In this context, questions arise about the reasons why member states were searching for cooperation in the field of energy without searching for a compromise for their diverging interests.This thesis gives insight into different aspects of the decision-making process at the European communities. The European Commission emerges from the research as an active actor in the development towards a common energy policy after the merger of the communities' executives in 1967. The failure to reach consensus in May 1973 shows, however, that the need from national governments for a joint energy cooperation was less significant than the mutual differences of interest. Moreover, it might be concluded that the Nine deemed the OECD a more appropriate body to face the current tensions in the oil market. Two weeks after the Energy Council, they had committed themselves to the consumer cooperation at the OECD, just like the other member countries of this organisation. The idea for such a closer cooperation had been pushed by the United States since 1972. Within the OECD's Oil Committee, the theme of a worldwide apportionment scheme was being discussed as well as the danger of outbidding prices. The most important questions of the time were thus already discussed within this forum which maintained the large advantage of including the United States.After the start of the oil shock, cooperation at supranational level was significantly minimised, although the Commission did certainly not remain apathetic towards the oil problems. The institution swiftly reacted to the oil producer countries' announcements with new proposals for jurisdiction on short-term oil policy and letters insisting on a joint position faced with the oil supply problems. Within the Commission several committees and groups were created, and existing committees met more regularly, and focused on different aspects of the oil shock. The oil shock was not an accelerator for the processing of jurisdiction at common level. Noteworthy is the fact, however, that the Energy Group of the Council surprisingly provided a forum for the discussion of possible common actions to counter the current oil problems. Moreover, the creation of this Energy Committee signified an important change within the European decision-making process. Thirdly, the OECD had a more important role than assumed in other studies in this field, as an actor in the European decision-making process on energy.During the oil shock the European Commission was not attributed a role in the policy making concerning the current oil problems. In a first phase, the Council refused to such a role for the Commission because of the Arab measures on production cuts and a fear to aggravate the situation. But even when this argument no longer applied the proposals for jurisdiction of the Commission were not accepted. By contrast, at that time the Commission was given the assignment of elaborating a mid- and long-term programme for a common energy policy until 1985. In that respect, the oil shock seems to have been a catalyst for a common energy policy.

Cette thèse de doctorat analyse un objet culturel spécifique, la chanson d’auteur en Italie, entre 1958 et 1980. L’approche méthodologique choisie, la cantologie, consiste à croiser des analyses de texte, de musique et d’interprétation. L’étude s’intéresse également aux liens entre les chansons et le contexte culturel et social italien, ainsi qu’aux influences d’autres cultures, à travers les chansons francophones et anglophones.La première partie apporte une série de repères. Retracer l’émergence du néologisme « cantautore » et de l’expression « chanson d’auteur » permet de définir précisément le champ de l’étude. Une mise en perspective historique est complétée par des éléments géographiques et biographiques sur les auteurs du corpus. La deuxième partie rassemble des réflexions d’ordre méthodologique et esthétique, en proposant une synthèse d’approches innovantes et pluridisciplinaires qui permettent de ne pas réduire l’étude de la chanson à celle de son texte, et d’éviter ainsi l’assimilation encore trop fréquente avec la poésie. Une analyse comparée de traductions chantables et non-chantables démontre que l’écriture musicale conditionne profondément l’écriture textuelle. La troisième partie analyse les principales innovations introduites par les cantautori : l’évolution des contenus thématiques est d’abord mise au regard des évolutions législatives italiennes, pour aller ensuite vers une focalisation sur l’intérieur de la forme chanson, complétée par une étude de l’agencement des chansons entre elles. Ce cheminement débouche sur l’analyse d’interactions du genre chanson avec d’autres langages, à travers des formes incluant l’image, comme le cinéma ou l’opéra rock. / This doctoral thesis analyzes a specific cultural object, the songs by singer-songwriters in Italy, between 1958 and 1980. The chosen methodological approach, cantology, consists in crossing analysis of text, music and interpretation. The study also looks at links between songs and Italian cultural and social context in which they were created, as well as and influences from other cultures, with francophone and anglophone songs.The first part provides a series of benchmarks to seize this object. Redrawing emergence of the neologism "cantautore" and expression "canzone d’autore" allows to precisely define the field. Historical perspective is given, as well as geographical and biographical elements regarding the authors of the corpus. The second part gathers methodological and aesthetic reflections, by offering a synthesis of innovative and multidisciplinary approaches which allow not to reduce the study of the song to that of its text, thus avoiding yet too frequent assimilation with poetry. An analysis comparing singable and non-singable translations shows how writing music deeply affects writing texts. The third part analyzes the major innovations introduced in the song in these two decades : at first considering thematic content changes with regard to the Italian legislative changes, then focusing inside of the song, and finally studying the layout of these songs. This path leads to the study of song genre interactions with other languages, through forms including image, such as film or rock opera.