Vårt syfte med studien var att undersöka om det fanns en skillnad mellan mänoch kvinnor i deras beslutsprocess (absoluta- eller relativa process) under envittneskonfrontation, samt att kontrollera om det fanns en skillnad mellan mänoch kvinnor till ett korrekt utpekande. Våra hypoteser var att 1) kvinnor i störreutsträckning skulle använda sig av svar som beskriver en absolut beslutsprocess,2) kvinnor skulle göra fler korrekta utpekanden vid vittneskonfrontationer och 3)det fanns ett samband mellan absoluta beslutsprocessen och ett korrektutpekande. Vi genomförde en enkätundersökning som publicerades på webbensom sammanlagt besvarades av 451 personer. I enlighet med vår hypotes visaderesultaten att kvinnor använder sig av absoluta beslutsprocesser i högreutsträckning och gjorde fler korrekta utpekande än män. Resultaten diskuteradesutifrån teori och tidigare forskning. / Our purpose of the study was to investigate whether there are differences betweenmen and women in their decision-making process (absolute identification orrelative judgment) during a witness confrontation, as well as to check whetherthere are differences between men and women in identification accuracy. Ourhypotheses were: 1) women would be more likely to use answers that describe anabsolute identification, 2) women would make more correct identification inwitness confrontations, 3) there would be an association between the absoluteidentification and the correct identification. We conducted an online survey,which was answered by 451 people. In accordance with our hypothesis, theresults showed that women made use of absolute identification to a greater extentand made more correct identification than men. The results discussed based ontheory and previous research.

The objective of this study is to develop a high-fidelity physics-based flexible tire model that can be fully integrated into multibody dynamics computer algorithms for use in on-road and off-road vehicle dynamics simulation without ad-hoc co-simulation techniques. Despite the fact detailed finite element tire models using explicit finite element software have been widely utilized for structural design of tires by tire manufactures, it is recognized in the tire industry that existing state-of-the-art explicit finite element tire models are not capable of predicting the transient tire force characteristics accurately under severe vehicle maneuvering conditions due to the numerical instability that is essentially inevitable for explicit finite element procedures for severe loading scenarios and the lack of transient (dynamic) tire friction model suited for FE tire models. Furthermore, to integrate the deformable tire models into multibody full vehicle simulation, co-simulation technique could be an option for commercial software. However, there exist various challenges in co-simulation for the transient vehicle maneuvering simulation in terms of numerical stability and computational efficiency. The transient tire dynamics involves rapid changes in contact forces due to the abrupt braking and steering input, thus use of co-simulation requires very small step size to ensure the numerical stability and energy balance between two separate simulation using different solvers. In order to address these essential and challenging issues on the high-fidelity flexible tire model suited for multibody vehicle dynamics simulation, a physics-based tire model using the flexible multibody dynamics approach is proposed in this study. To this end, a continuum mechanics based shear deformable laminated composite shell element is developed based on the finite element absolute nodal coordinate formulation for modeling the complex fiber reinforced rubber tire structure. The assumed natural strain (ANS) and enhanced assumed strain (EAS) approaches are introduced for alleviating element lockings exhibited in the element. Use of the concept of the absolute nodal coordinate formulation leads to various advantages for tire dynamics simulation in that (1) constant mass matrix can be obtained for fully nonlinear dynamics simulation; (2) exact modeling of rigid body motion is ensured when strains are zero; and (3) non-incremental solution procedure utilized in the general multibody dynamics computer algorithm can be directly applied without specialized updating schemes for finite rotations. Using the proposed shear deformable laminated composite shell element, a physics-based flexible tire model is developed. To account for the transient tire friction characteristics including the friction-induced hysteresis that appears in severe maneuvering conditions, the distributed parameter LuGre tire friction model is integrated into the flexible tire model. To this end, the contact patch predicted by the structural tire model is discretized into small strips across the tire width, and then each strip is further discretized into small elements to convert the partial differential equations of the LuGre tire friction model to the set of first-order ordinary differential equations. By doing so, the structural deformation of the flexible tire model and the LuGre tire friction force model are dynamically coupled in the final form of the equations, and these equations are integrated simultaneously forward in time at every time step. Furthermore, a systematic and automated procedure for parameter identification of LuGre tire friction model is developed. Since several fitting parameters are introduced to account for the nonlinear friction characteristics, the correlation of the model parameters with physical quantities are not clear, making the parameter identification of the LuGre tire friction model difficult. In the procedure developed in this study, friction parameters in terms of slip-dependent friction characteristics and adhesion parameter are estimated separately, and then all the parameters are identified using the nonlinear least squares fitting. Furthermore, the modified friction characteristic curve function is proposed for wet road conditions, in which the linear decay in friction is exhibited in the large slip velocity range. It is shown that use of the proposed numerical procedure leads to an accurate prediction of the LuGre model parameters for measured tire force characteristics under various loading and speed conditions. Furthermore, the fundamental tire properties including the load-deflection curve, the contact patch lengths, contact pressure distributions, and natural frequencies are validated against the test data. Several numerical examples for hard braking and cornering simulation are presented to demonstrate capabilities of the physics-based flexible tire model developed in this study. Finally, the physics-based flexible tire model is further extended for application to off-road mobility simulation. To this end, a locking-free 9-node brick element with the curvature coordinates at the center node is developed and justified for use in modeling a continuum soil with the capped Drucker-Prager failure criterion. Multiplicative finite strain plasticity theory is utilized to consider the large soil deformation exhibited in the tire/soil interaction simulation. In order to identify soil parameters including cohesion and friction angle, the triaxial soil test is conducted. Using the soil parameters identified including the plastic hardening parameters by the compression soil test, the continuum soil model developed is validated against the test data. Use of the high-fidelity physics-based tire/soil simulation model in off-road mobility simulation, however, leads to a very large computational model to consider a wide area of terrains. Thus, the computational cost dramatically increases as the size of the soil model increases. To address this issue, the component soil model is proposed such that soil elements far behind the tire can be removed from the equations of motion sequentially, and then new soil elements are added to the portion that the tire is heading to. That is, the soil behavior only in the vicinity of the rolling tire is solved in order to reduce the overall model dimensionality associated with the finite element soil model. It is shown that use of the component soil model leads to a significant reduction in computational time while ensuring the accuracy, making the use of the physics-based deformable tire/soil simulation capability feasible in off-road mobility simulation.

The GIS Industry has digitised cadastre from the best available paper maps over the last few decades, incorporating the inherent errors in those paper maps and in the digitising process. The advent of Global Positioning Systems, modern surveying instruments and advances in the computing industry has made it desirable and affordable to upgrade the placement, in terms of absolute and relative position) of these digital cadastres. The Utility Industry has used GIS software to place their assets relative to these digital cadastres, and are now finding their assets placed incorrectly when viewed against these upgraded digital cadastres. This thesis examines the processes developed in the software program called the ???Spatial Adjustment Engine???, and documents a holistic approach to semi-automating the upgrading of the digital cadastre and the subsequent upgrading of the utility assets. This thesis also documents the various pilot projects undertaken during the development of the Spatial Adjustment Engine, the topological scenarios found in each pilot, their solution, and provides a framework of definitions needed to explore this field further. The results of each pilot project are given in context, and lead to the conclusions. The conclusions indicate the processes and procedures implemented in the Spatial Adjustment Engine are a suitable mechanism for the upgrade of digital cadastre and of spatially dependant themes such as utility assets, zoning themes, annotation layers, and some road centreline themes.

Karl-Birger Blomdahl (1916-1968) and Ingvar Lidholm (1921- ) were two leading figures in modern Swedish music. While studying in Stockholm they created a study circle known as the Monday Group. Regarded as anti-romanticists, Blomdahl and Lidholm revitalized musical creation by prioritizing compositional technique (as in hantverk, i.e. craft), melodic line and Gestalt concepts such as organicism. Following a study of this shared historical, aesthetic and theoretical framework, this thesis proposes a detailed analysis of thirty works by Blomdahl and Lidholm, dating from the 1940s. Based on the initial aesthetic and theoretical context and also on the theories of Schenker and Meyer, the analytical method used enables a graphical and textual representation of the compositional coherence and dynamic of the respective works. This thesis establishes the essential melodic, tonal and organic divergences in the musical languages of Blomdahl and Lidholm. Additionally, this thesis shows that the notions of linearity, dissonance and counterpoint have a deeper significance in Blomdahl’s and Lidholm’s respective musical languages than is to be found in many texts dating from this period. Finally, this thesis highlights aesthetic and compositional components that significantly invigorate modern music in Sweden.

Large displacement and large strain problems of mechanical systems can be solved mainly by four methods. These are Floating Frame of Reference, Incremental Finite Element, Large Rotation Vector and Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulations (ANCF). Due to exact rigid body representation, simple mass matrix structure and non-incremental formulation, ANCF is more convenient in analyzing flexible multibody systems. However, it is limited to problems with regular boundaries, currently. The aim of the thesis is to improve the current ANCF in order to handle various problems with irregular boundaries. For this purpose, firstly meshfree ANCF has been developed to analyze flexible multibody systems. Verification of the developed meshfree formulation has been performed for beam type structures and accurate results have been obtained. Then, &ldquo / ANCF with Virtual Element Mapping Method&rdquo / has been proposed to overcome the boundary problems of the current formulations. The proposed method has been implemented to plane stress, plane strain, plate/shell and 3D solid finite elements. Verification of the proposed method has been performed by using the patch test problems available in the literature. Besides, it has been verified by various flexible multibody problems with large deformations. Additionally, shape function polynomials for thin plate assumption have been derived. It is observed that developed formulations and methods can be useful not only for flexible multibody systems but also for structural mechanics problems subjected to large deformations and/or rotations. The proposed methods and formulations are more efficient than the current formulations in the literature due to extended shape limits of finite elements.

This thesis compares the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf and John Gardner&amp / #8217 / s novel Grendel in terms of their generic relations within a framework of Bakhtin&amp / #8217 / s genre theory. The analysis restricts its theoretical framework to basically two essays by Mikhail M. Bakhtin, namely Epic and Novel and Discourse in the Novel included in Michael Holquist&amp / #8217 / s The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M. M. Bakhtin (1981). This study argues that Beowulf represents a monologic world, which is hierarchically distanced from the present. As Bakhtin puts it, the epic presents an already completed world placed in an absolute past, which demands a pious attitude as it is hierarchically above the reader. Gardner&amp / #8217 / s Grendel, on the other hand, is a retelling of the Beowulf story through the monster&amp / #8217 / s eye in the contemporary world. It suggests a dialogue between the elevated world of the epic hero Beowulf and the novelistic world of Grendel to achieve multiplicity in a truly Bakhtinian sense. For Gardner&amp / #8217 / s version enables the monstrous other, which is Grendel, to raise its voice. By changing the temporal order and narrative perspective, Gardner succeeds in re-writing an epic story in the novelistic zone of maximal proximity to the present. This thesis, however, argues that although Gardner&amp / #8217 / s Grendel displays all the novelistic features, basically multiplicity and contemporaneity, as put forward by Bakhtin, it still celebrates the ideal world of the epic.

This thesis deals with two theories of international trade: the theory of comparative advantage, which is connected to the name David Ricardo and is dominating current trade theory, and Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage. Both theories are compared and their assumptions are scrutinised. The former theory is rejected on theoretical and empirical grounds in favour of the latter. On the basis of the theory of absolute advantage, developments of free international trade are examined, whereby the focus is on trade between industrial and underdeveloped countries. The main conclusions are that trade patterns are determined by absolute production cost advantages and that the gap between developed and poor countries is not reduced but rather increased by free trade. / Die vorliegende Publikation vergleicht die zwei zentralen Theorien des internationalen Freihandels: die Theorie der absoluten Kostenvorteile und die Theorie der komparativen Kostenvorteile. Dieser Vergleich führt zu dem Schluss, dass die Theorie der komparativen Kostenvorteile im Gegensatz zu der Theorie der absoluten Kostenvorteile auf unrealistischen und problematischen Annahmen beruht. Im Anschluss werden auf Grundlage der Theorie der absoluten Kostenvorteile zentrale Tendenzen in der Entwicklung des internationalen Handels herausgearbeitet. Im Mittelpunkt steht hierbei die Auswirkung von Freihandel auf entwickelte und unterentwickelte Länder. Die zentralen Schlussfolgerungen dieser Arbeit sind erstens, dass die Richtung des internationalen Handels nicht durch komparative Kostenvorteile, sondern durch absolute Kostenvorteile bestimmt wird und zweitens, dass Freihandel zwar vorteilhaft für unterentwickelte Länder sein kann, aber dass durch Freihandel die Unterschiede zwischen Industrieländern und Entwicklungsländern nicht verkleinert, sondern vergrößert werden.

The research described in this dissertation deals with an open problem concerning the synthesis of controllers of xed order and structure. This problem is encountered in a variety of applications. Simply put, the problem may be put as the determination of the set, S of controller parameter vectors, K = (k1; k2; : : : ; kl), that render Hurwitz a family (indexed by F) of complex polynomials of the form fP0(s; ) + Pl i=1 Pi(s; )ki; 2 Fg, where the polynomials Pj(s; ); j = 0; : : : ; l are given data. They are specied by the plant to be controlled, the structure of the controller desired and the performance that the controllers are expected to achieve. Simple examples indicate that the set S can be non-convex and even be disconnected. While the determination of the non-emptiness of S is decidable and amenable to methods such as the quantier elimination scheme, such methods have not been computationally tractable and more importantly, do not provide a reasonable approximation for the set of controllers. Practical applications require the construction of a set of controllers that will enable a control engineer to check the satisfaction of performance criteria that may not be mathematically well characterized. The transient performance criteria often fall into this category. From the practical viewpoint of the construction of approximations for S, this dissertation is dierent from earlier work in the literature on this problem. A novel feature of the proposed algorithm is the exploitation of the interlacing property of Hurwitz polynomials to provide arbitrarily tight outer and inner approximation to S. The approximation is given in terms of the union of polyhedral sets which are constructed systematically using the Hermite-Biehler theorem and the generalizations of the Descartes' rule of signs.

In the thesis, the Wilcoxon approach to linear regression problems is combined with the fractal image compression to form a novel Wilcoxon fractal image compression. When the original image is corrupted by noise, we argue that the fractal image compression scheme should be insensitive to those outliers present in the corrupted image. This leads to the new concept of robust fractal image compression. The proposed Wilcoxon fractal image compression is the first attempt toward the design of robust fractal image compression. Four different numerical methods, i.e., steepest decent, line minimization based on quadratic interpolation, line minimization based on cubic interpolation, and least absolute deviation, will be proposed to solve the associated linear Wilcoxon regression problem. From the simulation results, it will be seen that, compared with the traditional fractal image compression, Wilcoxon fractal image compression has very good robustness against outliers caused by salt-and-pepper noise. However, it does not show great improvement of the robustness against outliers caused by Gaussian noise.

This thesis describes the design, construction and testing of a new interferometer for the absolute measurement of length standards. It is assumed that this study mainly formed of three parts. Firstly, it starts with an introduction to the subject of length standards and length measurement by interferometry. The design of the new interferometer is given in detail, including the stable lasers used as light sources, fiber, optical and opto-mechanical components. In the second part of this study, the mechanical construction of the interferometer chamber is presented with temperature stabilization and controlling system. The temperature variations inside the chamber at different points in air and along the surface of the length standard are given. After that, the techniques for measurement of the refractive index of the air inside the interferometer chamber are summarized. In the last part of the thesis, a review of fringe analysis techniques is given, with an emphasis on 5 position phase-stepping algorithms. The data processing of images digitized in the interferometer is described, including the techniques developed for discontinuity removal and surface fitting. The measurement of the variation in length and flatness of the measuring faces of the length standards is described and the experimental results are given. The automated method of multiple wavelength-exact fractions is used to combine phase measurements at three wavelengths to allow accurate calculation of the length of the length standards. The experimental results are given for length standards. The uncertainty budget of whole system is calculated and presented in a table.