In view of the current situation of fluctuating high crude oil prices, it is now more important than ever for petroleum refineries to operate at an optimal level in the present dynamic global economy. Acknowledging the shortcomings of deterministic models, this work proposes a hybrid of stochastic programming formulations for an optimal midterm refinery planning that addresses three factors of uncertainties, namely price of crude oil and saleable products, product demand, and production yields. An explicit stochastic programming technique is utilized by employing compensating slack variables to account for violations of constraints in order to increase model tractability. Four approaches are considered to ensure both solution and model robustness: (1) the Markowitz???s mean???variance (MV) model to handle randomness in the objective coefficients of prices by minimizing variance of the expected value of the random coefficients; (2) the two-stage stochastic programming with fixed recourse approach via scenario analysis to model randomness in the right-hand side and left-hand side coefficients by minimizing the expected recourse penalty costs due to constraints??? violations; (3) incorporation of the MV model within the framework developed in Approach 2 to minimize both the expectation and variance of the recourse costs; and (4) reformulation of the model in Approach 3 by adopting mean-absolute deviation (MAD) as the risk metric imposed by the recourse costs for a novel application to the petroleum refining industry. A representative numerical example is illustrated with the resulting outcome of higher net profits and increased robustness in solutions proposed by the stochastic models.

The GIS Industry has digitised cadastre from the best available paper maps over the last few decades, incorporating the inherent errors in those paper maps and in the digitising process. The advent of Global Positioning Systems, modern surveying instruments and advances in the computing industry has made it desirable and affordable to upgrade the placement, in terms of absolute and relative position) of these digital cadastres. The Utility Industry has used GIS software to place their assets relative to these digital cadastres, and are now finding their assets placed incorrectly when viewed against these upgraded digital cadastres. This thesis examines the processes developed in the software program called the ???Spatial Adjustment Engine???, and documents a holistic approach to semi-automating the upgrading of the digital cadastre and the subsequent upgrading of the utility assets. This thesis also documents the various pilot projects undertaken during the development of the Spatial Adjustment Engine, the topological scenarios found in each pilot, their solution, and provides a framework of definitions needed to explore this field further. The results of each pilot project are given in context, and lead to the conclusions. The conclusions indicate the processes and procedures implemented in the Spatial Adjustment Engine are a suitable mechanism for the upgrade of digital cadastre and of spatially dependant themes such as utility assets, zoning themes, annotation layers, and some road centreline themes.

Zugl.: Regensburg, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2007

This work was developed in a polygonal area that was established in an experimental place of Farm Liberdade, which is located in Tupantuba, a district of Santiago, RS. This research comprised a survey of a polygonal area including a GPS receptor of simple frequency in absolute mode, which aims at determining the coordinates of the vertices of an experimental area by using the code with and without corrections due to the propagation of signal through the atmosphere (troposphere and ionosphere). The different strategies of the processing of the code, which involved or not the corrections of ionosphere, used in this research were: I0 (without correction of ionosphere); I1 (with correction of ionosphere from the pseudo-distances PL1 and PL2); and I2 (with correction of ionosphere by the Klobuchar model). The different strategies of the processing of the code, which involved or not the corrections of troposphere, used in this research were: T0 (without correction of troposphere); T1 (with correction of troposphere by the Hopfield model); T2 (with correction of troposphere by Saastamoinen model); and T3 (with correction of ionosphere by Marini model). The values of the coordinates of the vertices from the polygonal area, which were obtained in the absolute positioning mode, considering different ways of correction of the ionospheric and tropospheric errors, were compared to the values of the coordinates of the vertices from the polygonal area obtained by the processing in the relative mode and considering the bearer phase (testimony) as being observable. In order to accomplish this comparison, it was realized the analysis of the regression among the values of the coordinates from the polygonal waypoints, which were obtained through different procedures that aimed at achieving the correlation coefficient (r), the Wilmont index of concordance (c) and the level of development of the strategy that was taken into consideration. Due to the analysis of the results, it was possible to conclude that there was no difference in the performance of the different strategies of corrections of errors. Furthermore, the positioning error is about 5m due to the propagation of the signal through the atmosphere when the absolute positioning mode is used. / O trabalho foi desenvolvido em uma poligonal implantada em área experimental situada na Fazenda Liberdade, distrito de Tupantuba, município de Santiago-RS. A pesquisa envolveu o levantamento de uma poligonal envolvendo um receptor GPS de simples freqüência, no modo absoluto, com o objetivo de determinar as coordenadas dos vértices de uma área experimental, utilizando como observável o código sem e com correções devido à propagação do sinal na atmosfera (troposfera e ionosfera). As diferentes estratégias de processamento do código envolvendo ou não as correções da ionosfera utilizadas neste trabalho foram I0 (sem correção da ionosfera), I1 (com correção da ionosfera a partir das pseudodistâncias PL1 e PL2) e I2 (com correção da ionosfera pelo modelo de Klobuchar). As diferentes estratégias de processamento do código envolvendo ou não as correções da troposfera utilizadas foram T0 (sem correção da troposfera), T1 (com correção da troposfera pelo modelo de Hopfield), T2 (com correção da troposfera pelo modelo de Saastamoinen) e T3 (com correção da ionosfera pelo modelo de Marini). Os valores das coordenadas dos vértices da poligonal obtidos no modo de posicionamento absoluto e tendo como observável o código e considerando diferentes formas de correção do erro ionosférico e do erro troposférico foram comparados com os valores das coordenadas dos vértices da poligonal obtidos com o processamento no modo relativo e tendo como observável a fase da portadora (testemunha). Para realizar a comparação foi feita analise de regressão entre os valores das coordenadas dos pontos da poligonal obtidas através dos diferentes procedimentos com o objetivo de se obter o coeficiente de correlação (r), o índice de concordância de Wilmont (c) e a classe de desempenho da estratégia considerada. A análise dos resultados obtidos permitiu concluir que não houve diferença no desempenho das diferentes estratégias de correção dos erros e que o erro de posicionamento devido à propagação do sinal na sua passagem pela atmosfera quando se utiliza o modo de posicionamento absoluto e como observável o código é da ordem de 5m, aproximadamente.

Notre thèse se propose d’analyser l’expérience des jurés populaires en cour d’assises. À partir d’entretiens réalisés avec d’anciens jurés ainsi que des Présidents d’assises et d’observations de procès d’assises, nous souhaitons montrer que l’expérience du jugement déstabilise les certitudes des jurés. Le changement qui se produit chez ces jurés est analysé à partir de la notion de conversion démocratique. Cette analogie doit nous permettre d’expliquer le processus qui se met en place chez les jurés tout au long de leur expérience. Notre thèse analyse donc un dispositif de parole à portée démocratique. Sont ainsi étudiés le rituel de la procédure, la construction de l’intime conviction et le rôle du président dans la formation du jugement. Ces éléments, mis en parallèle avec l’expérience des jurés, permettent d’identifier les différentes étapes de leur conversion. La construction de leur intime conviction, analysée comme une véritable faculté de juger, est au cœur du processus de conversion démocratique. L’expérience du jugement s’avère donc être aussi importante pour les jurés que nous avons rencontré, que pour la démocratie elle-même. / Our thesis wishes to analyze the experience of juries inside criminal justice. From various interviews made with former jurors and Presidents of criminal justice as well as observations of real court sessions, we would like to show that the practice of judgement has a disturbing effect on the jurors’ convictions. The shift occurring inside the jurors’ mind is analysed through the concept of democratic conversion. This analogy will enable us to explain the process taking place inside each juror all along their experience. Our thesis analyses this “oral system” as a process heading towards democratization. Thus, we will study the ritual of penal process, the building of the absolute conviction and the Presidents’ contribution inside the final verdict. Those elements, compared with the experience of the jurors, give us the opportunity to identify the several steps of their conversion. All of these changes are strongly linked with the importance that the jurors give to the decision they have to make. The building of their absolute conviction, analysed as a true ability to judge, is at the core of the process of democratic conversion. The experience of judgement tends to be as crucial for the jurors we’ve met as for the democracy itself.

Cette thèse traite de deux problèmes dont le lien n’est pas apparent (1) A` quoi ressemble l’abélianisé AK du groupe de Galois absolu d’un corps quadratique imaginaire K, comme groupe topologique? (2) A` quoi ressemble le groupe des points adéliques d’une courbe elliptique sur Q, comme groupe topologique? Pour la première question, la restriction au groupe de Galois abélianisé nous permet d’utiliser la théorie du corps de classes pour analyser AK . Les travaux précédents dans ce domaine, qui remontent à Kubota et Onabe, décrivent le dual de Pontryagin de AK en termes de familles in- finies d’invariants de Ulm à chaque premier p, très indirectement. Notre approche directe par théorie du corps de classes montre que AK con- tient un sous-groupe UK d’indice fini isomorphe au groupe des unités Oˆ* de la complétion profinie Oˆ de l’anneau des entiers de K, et décrit explicitement le groupe topologique UK , essentiellement indépendamment du corps quadratique imaginaire K. Plus précisément, pour tout corps quadratique imaginaire différent de Q(i) et Q(v-2),on a UK ∼= U = Zˆ2 × Y Z/nZ. (n=1) Le caractère exceptionnel de Q(v-2) n’apparaît pas dans les travaux de Kubota et Onabe, et leurs résultats doivent être corrigés sur ce point.Passer du sous-groupe universel UK à AK revient à un problème d’extension pour des groupes adéliques qu’il est possible de résoudre en passant à une extension de quotients convenables impliquant le quotient Zˆ-libre maximal UK/TK de UK . Par résoudre , nous entendons que, pour chaque K suffisamment petit pour permettre des calculs de groupe de classes explicites, nous obtenons un algorithme praticable décidant le comportement de cette extension. Si elle est totalement non-scindée, alors AK est isomorphe comme groupe topologique au groupe universel U . Réciproquement, si l’extension tensorisée par Zp se scinde pour un premier p impair, alors AK n’est pas isomorphe à U . Pour le premier 2, la situation est particulière, mais elle reste contrôlée grâce à l’abondance de résultats sur la 2-partie des groupes de classes de corps quadratiques.Nos expérimentations numériques ont permis de mieux comprendre la distribution des types d’isomorphismes de AK quand K varie, et nous conduisent à des conjectures telles que pour 100% des corps quadratiques imaginaires K de nombre de classes premier, AK est isomorphe au groupe universel U .Pour notre deuxième problème, qui apparaît implicitement dans [?, Section 9, Question 1] (dans le but de reconstruire le corps de nombres K à partir du groupe des points adéliques E(AK ) d’une courbe elliptique convenable sur K), nous pouvons appliquer les techniques usuelles pour les courbes elliptiques sur les corps de nombres, en suivant les mêmes étapes que pour déterminer la structure du groupe Oˆ* rencontré dans notre premier problème. Il s’avère que, dans le cas K = Q que nous traitons au Chapitre 4, le groupe des points adéliques de presque toutes les courbes elliptiques sur Q est isomorphe à un groupe universel E = R/Z × Zˆ × Y Z/nZ (n=1)de nature similaire au groupe U . Cette universalité du groupe des points adéliques des courbes elliptiques provient de la tendance qu’ont les représentations galoisiennes attachées (sur le groupe des points de torsion à valeurs dans Q) à être maximales. Pour K = Q, la représentation galoisienne est maximale si est seulement si la courbe E est une courbe de Serre, et Nathan Jones [?] a récemment démontré que presque toutes les courbes elliptiques sur Q sont de cette nature. En fait, l’universalité de E(AK ) suit d’hypothèses bien plus faibles, et il n’est pas facile de construire des familles de courbes elliptiques dont le groupe des points adéliques n’est pas universel. Nous donnons un tel exemple à la fin du Chapitre 4. / The present thesis focuses on two questions that are not obviously related. Namely,(1) What does the absolute abelian Galois group AK of an imaginary quadratic number field K look like, as a topological group?(2) What does the adelic point group of an elliptic curve over Q look like, as a topological group?For the first question, the focus on abelian Galois groups provides us with class field theory as a tool to analyze AK . The older work in this area, which goes back to Kubota and Onabe, provides a description of the Pontryagin dual of AK in terms of infinite families, at each prime p, of so called Ulm invariants and is very indirect. Our direct class field theoretic approach shows that AK contains a subgroup UK of finite index isomorphic to the unit group Oˆ∗ of the profinite completion Oˆ of the ring of integers of K, and provides a completely explicit description of the topological group UK that is almost independent of the imaginary quadratic field K. More precisely, for all imaginary quadratic number fields different from Q(i) and Q(√−2), we have UK ∼= U = Zˆ2 × Y Z/nZ. (n=1)The exceptional nature of Q(√−2) was missed by Kubota and Onabe, and their theorems need to be corrected in this respect.Passing from the ‘universal’ subgroup UK to AK amounts to a group extension problem for adelic groups that may be ‘solved’ by passing to a suitable quotient extension involving the maximal Zˆ-free quotientUK/TK of UK . By ‘solved’ we mean that for each K that is sufficiently small to allow explicit class group computations for K, we obtain a practical algorithm to compute the splitting behavior of the extension. In case the quotient extension is totally non-split, the conclusion is that AK is isomorphic as a topological group to the universal group U . Conversely, any splitting of the p-part of the quotient extension at an odd prime p leads to groups AK that are not isomorphic to U . For the prime 2, the situation is special, but our control of it is much greater as a result of the wealth of theorems on 2-parts of quadratic class groups.Based on numerical experimentation, we have gained a basic under- standing of the distribution of isomorphism types of AK for varying K, and this leads to challenging conjectures such as “100% of all imagi- nary quadratic fields of prime class number have AK isomorphic to the universal group U ”.In the case of our second question, which occurs implicitly in [?, Section 9, Question 1] with a view towards recovering a number field K from the adelic point group E(AK ) of a suitable elliptic curve over K, we can directly apply the standard tools for elliptic curves over number fields in a method that follows the lines of the determination of the structure of Oˆ∗ we encountered for our first question.It turns out that, for the case K = Q that is treated in Chapter 4, the adelic point group of ‘almost all’ elliptic curves over Q is isomorphic to a universal groupE = R/Z × Zˆ × Y Z/nZ (n=1)that is somewhat similar in nature to U . The reason for the universality of adelic point groups of elliptic curves lies in the tendency of elliptic curves to have Galois representations on their group of Q-valued torsion points that are very close to being maximal. For K = Q, maximality of the Galois representation of an elliptic curve E means that E is a so-called Serre-curve, and it has been proved recently by Nathan Jones [?] that ‘almost all’ elliptic curves over Q are of this nature. In fact, universality of E(AK ) requires much less than maximality of the Galois representation, and the result is that it actually requires some effort to construct families of elliptic curves with non-universal adelic point groups. We provide an example at the end of Chapter 4.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The essential oil of the leaves of Calea clematidea, a plant of Asteraceae family used in the folk medicine in treatment of flu, stomachic disease and gastric ulcer, was extracted and of it was isolated the monoterpene caleol. This metabolite was submitted to structural modification reactions by the opening of its epoxide functional group. In the reactions catalyzed by anhydrous iron (III) chloride, the epoxide opening was selective when primary alcohols was used like nucleophile, giving like product the less substituted alcohol. In addition, the absolute stereochemistry of caleol was analyzed by NMR, where was verified that the carbon C4 configuration is R. The essential oil, the caleol and the obtained derivatives were submitted to a microbiological activity. The caleol showed best activity against bacteria and derivatives against yes. / O óleo essencial das folhas de Calea clematidea, um arbusto da família Asteraceae utilizado popularmente como antigripal, estomáquico e contra úlceras gástricas, foi extraído e dele foi isolado o monoterpeno caleol. Este metabólito foi submetido a reações de modificação em sua estrutura por meio da abertura de seu grupo funcional epóxido. A reação catalisada por cloreto férrico anidro proporcionou a abertura seletiva do epóxido quando utilizado como nucleófilos alcoóis primários, no sentido da formação do álcool menos substituído. A estereoquímica do caleol foi também avaliada dor RMN, da onde se verificou que a configuração do carbono C4 é R. O óleo essencial, o caleol e os derivados obtidos foram submetidos a análise microbiológica. O caleol apresentou melhor atividade contra bactérias e os derivados melhor contra fungos.

The basic principle of GPS use consists in the simultaneous measure of the distances between the receiver antenna and at least four satellites of the constellation. Known the distance from the satellite to the receiver antenna and the satellites coordinates, it is possible to calculate the user antenna coordinates in the same reference system of the satellites. The determination of X, Y, Z coordinates of the receiver antenna and the time (t) is done by the resolution of a equations system constituted by the same number of satellites, whose information be used at that time. The coordinates of the GPS receiver antenna can be calculated using two forms of solution: using the linearized formularization and using the exact formularization. This work has as objective to make a comparison between the absolute and relative positioning methods and their forms of solution: linearized and exact. To reach the proposed objectives one polygonal with nine vextexes was implanted in UFSM campus whose coordinates they had been determined by perimetrical path method using a Total Station. After, data collection of the each vertex with GPS receivers was performed. Later, data processing was carried out in the following way: for data processing in the linearized form Spectrum Survey software was used and for the processing in the exact form, a software was developed. The analysis of the results allowed to verify that data processing using the two solution forms are adequate to perform coordinates calculation once that they did not present significant difference when the two procedures were compared. When individually compared with the results supplied by the perimetrical path method using a Total Station, the exact solution showed to be more consistent than the linearized solution. The conclusion of this work is that the proposal methodology was able to supply the vertex coordinates presenting a way to carry out these calculations in a faster form and with the same reliability that the traditionally used method offers. / O principio básico do uso do GPS consiste na medida simultânea das distâncias entre a antena do receptor e quatro satélites da constelação, no mínimo. Conhecida a distância do satélite à antena do receptor e as coordenadas dos satélites é possível calcular as coordenadas da antena do usuário no mesmo sistema de referência dos satélites. A determinação das coordenadas X, Y, Z da antena do receptor e o tempo (t) é feita pela resolução de um sistema de equações constituído pelo mesmo numero de satélites, cujas informações sejam utilizadas naquela época. As coordenadas da antena do receptor GPS podem ser calculadas utilizando-se duas formas de solução: a que utiliza uma formulação linearizada e a que utiliza uma formulação exata. Este trabalho tem por objetivo fazer uma comparação entre os métodos de posicionamento absoluto e relativo e suas formas de solução: a linearizada e a exata. Para atingir os objetivos propostos foi implantada no campus da UFSM uma poligonal com nove vértices cujas coordenadas foram determinadas pelo método do caminhamento perimétrico com o auxílio de uma estação total e posteriorrmente foi feita a coleta dos dados referentes a cada vértice com os receptores GPS. A seguir foi realizado o processamento dos dados, da seguinte maneira: para o processamento dos dados na forma linearizada utilizou se o programa Spectrum Survey e para o processamento da forma exata desenvolveu-se um aplicativo onde foram processadas as informações. A análise dos resultados permitiram verificar que o processamento dos dados utilizando as duas formas de solução são adequadas para fazer o cálculo das coordenadas uma vez que não apresentaram diferença significativa quando os dois procedimentos foram comparados entre si. Quando comparados individualmente com os resultados fornecidos pelo método do caminhamento perimétrico com estação total, a solução exata mostrou ser mais consistente que a solução linearizada. A conclusão deste trabalho é que a metodologia proposta foi capaz de fornecer as coordenadas dos vértices apresentando uma maneira de realizar estes cálculos de forma mais rápida e com a mesma confiança que o método tradicionalmente utilizado.

This thesis is concerned with (a) the development of full-field, multi-axis and phase contrast wavelength scanning interferometer, using an electronically tuned CW Ti:Sa laser for the study of depth resolved measurements in composite materials such as GFRPs and (b) the development of temporal phase unwrapping algorithms for depth re-solved measurements. Item (a) was part of the ultimate goal of successfully extracting the 3-D, depth-resolved, constituent parameters (Young s modulus E, Poisson s ratio v etc.) that define the mechanical behaviour of composite materials like GFRPs. Considering the success of OCT as an imaging modality, a wavelength scanning interferometer (WSI) capable of imaging the intensity AND the phase of the interference signal was proposed as the preferred technique to provide the volumetric displacement/strain fields (Note that displacement/strain fields are analogous to phase fields and thus a phase-contrast interferometer is of particular interest in this case). These would then be passed to the VFM and yield the sought parameters provided the loading scheme is known. As a result, a number of key opto-mechanical hardware was developed. First, a multiple channel (x6) tomographic interferometer realised in a Mach-Zehnder arrangement was built. Each of the three channels would provide the necessary information to extract the three orthogonal displacement/strain components while the other three are complementary and were included in the design in order to maximize the penetration depth (sample illuminated from both sides). Second, a miniature uniaxial (tensile and/or compression) loading machine was designed and built for the introduction of controlled and low magnitude displacements. Last, a rotation stage for the experimental determination of the sensitivity vectors and the re-registration of the volumetric data from the six channels was also designed and built. Unfortunately, due to the critical failure of the Ti:Sa laser data collection using the last two items was not possible. However, preliminary results at a single wavelength suggested that the above items work as expected. Item (b) involved the development of an optical sensor for the dynamic monitoring of wavenumber changes during a full 100 nm scan. The sensor is comprised of a set of four wedges in a Fizeau interferometer setup that became part of the multi-axis interferometer (7th channel). Its development became relevant due to the large amount of mode-hops present during a full scan of the Ti:Sa source. These are associated to the physics of the laser and have the undesirable effect of randomising the signal and thus preventing successful depth reconstructions. The multi-wedge sensor was designed so that it provides simultaneously high wavenumber change resolution and immunity to the large wavenumber jumps from the Ti:Sa. The analysis algorithms for the extraction of the sought wavenumber changes were based on 2-D Fourier transform method followed by temporal phase unwrapping. At first, the performance of the sensor was tested against that of a high-end commercial wavemeter for a limited scan of 1nm. A root mean square (rms) difference in measured wavenumber shift between the two of ~4 m-1 has been achieved, equivalent to an rms wavelength shift error of ~0.4 pm. Second, by resampling the interference signal and the wavenumber-change axis onto a uniformly sampled k-space, depth resolutions that are close to the theoretical limits were achieved for scans of up to 37 nm. Access of the full 100 nm range that is characterised by wavelength steps down to picometers level was achieved by introducing a number of improvements to the original temporal phase unwrapping algorithm reported in ref [1] tailored to depth resolved measurements. These involved the estimation and suppression of intensity background artefacts, improvements on the 2-D Fourier transform phase detection based on a previously developed algorithm in ref [2] and finally the introduction of two modifications to the original TPU. Both approaches are adaptive and involve signal re-referencing at regular intervals throughout the scan. Their purpose is to compensate for systematic and non-systematic errors owing to a small error in the value of R (a scaling factor applied to the lower sensitivity wedge phase-change signal used to unwrap the higher sensitivity one), or small changes in R with wavelength due to the possibility of a mismatch in the refractive dispersion curves of the wedges and/or a mismatch in the wedge angles. A hybrid approach combining both methods was proposed and used to analyse the data from each of the four wedges. It was found to give the most robust results of all the techniques considered, with a clear Fourier peak at the expected frequency, with significantly reduced spectral artefacts and identical depth resolutions for all four wedges of 2.2 μm measured at FWHM. The ability of the phase unwrapping strategy in resolving the aforementioned issues was demonstrated by successfully measuring the absolute thickness of four fused silica glasses using real experimental data. The results were compared with independent micrometer measurements and showed excellent agreement. Finally, due to the lack of additional experimental data and in an attempt to justify the validity of the proposed temporal phase unwrapping strategy termed as the hybrid approach, a set of simulations that closely matched the parameters characterising the real experimental data set analysed were produced and were subsequently analysed. The results of this final test justify that the various fixes included in the hybrid approach have not evolved to solve the problems of a particular data set but are rather of general nature thereby, highlighting its importance for PC-WSI applications concerning the processing and analysis of large scans.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertaFAP.pdf: 529103 bytes, checksum: 23d47be5484595d8128d725d89c8e411 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-18 / The study undertakes the analysis of the constitutional warranty principle of the Absolute Priority of the children and adolescents fundamental rights concerning to the sense, reach, content, addressees and effectiveness. Then, we begin with the study of the Constitution, text where is inserted the principle on examination, opportunity on which it verifies the concept and conceptions of the Constitution, theories, functions, it normative power and the constitutional feeling. Soon after, the fundamental rights theory is analyzed, focusing your origin, importance, functions, protection, restrictions, duties, characteristics and effectiveness. Then, it is led in general to the place of the principles, moment that leans to their concept, evolution, functions, classification and characteristics. Finally, it is appreciated the principle of the Absolute Priority approaching to the meaning and reach, the normative force and importance, historical precedents, materialize rules, addressees and its normative power and enforcement / O estudo aqui compreende a an?lise do princ?pio de garantia constitucional da Prioridade Absoluta dos direitos fundamentais de crian?as e de adolescentes no que se refere ao seu sentido, alcance, conte?do, destinat?rios e efic?cia. Assim, inicia-se com o estudo da Constitui??o, texto no qual se encontra inserido o princ?pio em exame, oportunidade em que se verifica o conceito e concep??es da Constitui??o, teorias, fun??es, for?a normativa e sentimento constitucional. Em seguida, analisa-se a teoria dos direitos fundamentais, enfocando sua origem, fundamentabilidade, fun??es, prote??o, restri??es, deveres, caracter?sticas e efic?cia. Depois, envereda-se na seara dos princ?pios em geral, momento em que se debru?a sobre o conceito, evolu??o, fun??es, classifica??o e caracter?sticas. Finalmente, aprecia-se o princ?pio da Prioridade Absoluta, abordando o significado e alcance, a for?a normativa e fundamentabilidade, precedentes hist?ricos, regras concretizadoras, destinat?rios e for?a vinculativa e aplicabilidade