The World Wide Web is an infrastructure to publish and retrieve information through web resources. It evolved from a static Web 1.0 to a multimodal and interactive communication and information space which is used to collaboratively contribute and discuss web resources, which is better known as Web 2.0. The evolution into a Semantic Web (Web 3.0) proceeds. One of its remarkable advantages is the decentralized and interlinked data composition. Hence, in contrast to its data distribution, workflows and technologies for decentralized collaborative contribution are missing. In this paper we propose the Structured Feedback protocol as an interactive addition to the Web of Data. It offers support for users to contribute to the evolution of web resources, by providing structured data artifacts as patches for web resources, as well as simple plain text comments. Based on this approach it enables crowd-supported quality assessment and web data cleansing processes in an ad-hoc fashion most web users are familiar with.

Due to the low interest rates and uncertainty in the economic outlook investors seek alternative investments to achieve a satisficing return. Real estate is the third largest asset class and represent a large amount of physical capital with a unique risk. For an investor's utility-maximizing real estate should be a natural part of a portfolio. The thresholds for investing in real estate has generally been very high but thanks to digitisation, the emergence of Internet-based platforms facilitated and enabled capital seekers to exploit small private investors. The intermediate method is called crowdfunding. Through observations, interviews, questionnaires to potential investors in crowdfunding for real estate and literature studies, a triangulation from an investor perspective has allowed an investigation of crowdfunding of real estate. Within the crowdfunding market, real estate crowdfunding is the area with largest growth in recent years. The first crowdfunding platform within real estate on the Swedish market was introduced in 2014. So far, projects presented on the platform have been successful and generated returns. For an investor, the phenomenon also implies risks. Today there is no legal definition of crowdfunding and the market is only partially regulated. In many respects, the consumer protection is not equivalent to the ones available for regulated investment vehicles. The new phenomenon also implies limited liquidity and lack of a secondary market. Crowdfunding is facing both challenges and opportunities in the future. / På grund av det låga ränteläget och den osäkra konjunkturutsikten söker investerare alternativa investeringar för att nå en tillfredställande avkastning. Fastigheter utgör den tredje största tillgångsklassen och representerar en stor mängd av fysiskt kapital med unik risk. För en investerare som är utility-maximerande borde fastigheter vara ett självklart inslag i en portfölj. Trösklarna till att investera i fastigheter har vanligtvis varit mycket höga men tack vare digitaliseringen har uppkomsten av internetbaserade plattformar underlättat och möjliggjort kapitalsökare att exploatera små privata investerare. Den intermediära metoden kallas crowdfunding, eller gräsrotsfinansiering som det också benämns. Genom observationer, intervjuer, en enkätundersökning med potentiella investerare i fastighetscrowdfunding samt litteraturstudier har en triangulering ur en investerares perspektiv möjliggjort en kartläggning och utredning av crowdfunding av fastigheter. Inom crowdfunding är fastighetsbranschen det område som har haft störst tillväxt de senaste åren. Sveriges första digitala crowdfundingtjänst för fastigheter infördes på kapitalmarknaden under 2014. Hittills har projekten för fastighetscrowdfunding i Sverige varit framgångsrika och generat avkastning men för en investerare innebär crowdfunding också en hel del risker. Idag finns ingen legal definition av crowdfunding och marknaden är bara delvis reglerad. I flera avseenden saknas ett konsumentskydd motsvarande det som finns för reglerade investeringsformer. Det nya fenomenet innebär också en begränsad likviditet och avsaknad av andrahandsmarknad. Crowdfunding står inför både utmaningar och möjligheter i framtiden.

The aim with this study was to investigate project managers` and security officers` perceptions of event safety in large event projects regarding audience behavior. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews with ten project managers and security officers of event projects in Sweden. Using inductive thematic analysis, three themes were defined: Preventive work, designing an experience, and different perceptions of event safety. For preventive work, three sub-themes were defined: Cooperation with other actors, artist and audience profile, and prerequisites for the right action. The results show that prevention planning is the greatest and most important part of an event. Cooperation with other actors is of great importance during the risk analysis, but also when identifying the needs of different target groups. The artist and audience profile contributes to the definition of security risks and what measures to consider. The flows of crowds can be controlled by using well-established analysis models, but prerequisites to respond to unexpected incidents are crucial. By designing the visitor's experience into something safe and positive, the risk of inappropriate behavior is reduced. Positive treatment of visitors is essential for well-functioning events. Moreover, the study points out differences in managers' motivation and level of knowledge regarding event safety. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur projektledare och säkerhetsansvariga i stora evenemangsprojekt förhåller sig till evenemangssäkerhet avseende publikens beteende.  Data samlades in genom tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med projektledare och säkerhetsansvariga för evenemangsprojekt i Sverige. Med induktiv tematisk analys definierades tre teman: Förebyggande arbete, att forma en upplevelse och skilda uppfattningar om evenemangssäkerhet. I temat förebyggande arbete definierades tre underteman: Samverkan med andra aktörer, artist- och publikprofil och förutsättningar för rätt agerande. Studien visade att planering med förebyggande arbete utgör den största och viktigaste delen av ett evenemang. Samverkan med andra aktörer är av stor vikt vid riskanalysen, men också vid identifiering av olika målgruppers behov. Artist- och publikprofilen bidrar till definitionen av säkerhetsrisker och vilka åtgärder som ska vidtas. Folkmassors flöden kan styras genom välgrundade analysmodeller, men förutsättningar för att kunna agera vid oväntade händelser är avgörande. Genom att forma besökarens upplevelse till något tryggt och positivt minskar risken för oönskade beteenden. Det goda värdskapet är grogrunden för välfungerande evenemang. Studien pekar också på skillnader i arrangörers motivation och kunskapsnivå avseende evenemangssäkerhet.

Dans une société où le virtuel est omniprésent quotidiennement, cette recherche s’intéresseaux implications de son utilisation sur la psyché du sujet. Nous questionnons les défensespsychiques individuelles qui peuvent être identifiées dans l’utilisation des réseaux sociaux surInternet (Facebook), mais aussi les organisations groupales provoquées par les publications dusujet. Nous posons 3 hypothèses. En premier lieu, nous n’observons pas de structure depersonnalité spécifique au sujet utilisateur de réseau social sur Internet. Par ailleurs, nouspensons que l’investissement de relations en miroir, permet au sujet de s’approcher d’un MoiIdéal, dans un contexte de toute-puissance, tentant ainsi de combler des blessuresnarcissiques. Enfin, ces relations en miroir seront à la base des mouvements de groupe, etcontribueront à la construction de la foule virtuelle. A travers l’analyse des entretiens semistructurés,du test de Rorschach et du profil Facebook (analyse des contenus) de 14 sujets,nous avons confronté leur vision consciente et tenté de comprendre celle inconsciente de leurutilisation de ce média. Les résultats révèlent un mécanisme de résonance en miroir fort lorsde la constitution de la foule virtuelle. Puis, la résonance fantasmatique organise cette toilequi prend place dans l’inconscient du sujet en termes de groupe interne. Le sujet exhibe desparts idéalisées de soi, poussé par un fantasme pervers qu’il partage avec les membres de safoule virtuelle qu’il a lui-même constituée. Il en est ainsi le leader. Le voyeurisme lui permetde s’assurer du partage d’idéaux communs et unifie ainsi la foule virtuelle. L’effet dedésinhibition et les barrières levées des différences intergénérationnelles alimentent l’euphoriegroupale, signe d’une Illusion groupale, que les sujets s’attachent à maintenir, évitant ainsi ledégroupement psychique. / In a society where the virtual is constantly present in our everyday life, this research is dealingwith the effect of its use on one’s psyche. The individual defense mechanisms which can beidentified in the use of the social networks, e.g., Facebook, as well as the groups’organizations due to one’s posts, are questioned. Three hypotheses are settled. First, there isno specific personality structure identified within the social network’s users. Second, beingall-powerful on his social network’s profile, the individual can get closer to an ideal egothanks to mirror relationships. This process enables the individual to fill his narcissisticweaknesses. Third, these mirror relationships will be at the base of the group movement andwill contribute to the virtual crowd’s creation. We analyze the semi-structured interviews, theRorschach and the Facebook profiles (analysis done by the software WeftQDA) of 14individuals. Their conscious visions are confronted to their unconscious use of the socialnetwork. The results put into relief a mechanism of a strong mirror resonance during the setupof the virtual crowd. Then, the resonance of phantasms organizes this web which takesplace in the individual’s unconscious as an internal group. The individual, pushed by aperverse phantasm, shows up idealized parts of himself on his Facebook profile. These areshared with the members of his virtual crowd, built by himself. The person is in this way theleader. Their voyeurism enables them to share common ideals and hence, unifies the virtualcrowd. The absence of inhibition and generation gap causes euphoria in the group. This is thesign of a group Illusion. In their willingness to maintain it, the individuals avoid the group’spsychic separation.

Crowdfunding is becoming a new form of funding used by entrepreneurs in Sweden who seek financing for their ventures or projects. This form of funding of which the crowdfunders invest in a nontraditional alternative requires a relationship between the crowdfunders and the entrepreneurs. This thesis aims to provide extensive information into how entrepreneurs and crowdfunders interact with each other. While considering research that has been carried out so far on the growth of crowdfunding, the author wishes to provide more detailed findings and an understanding of how crowdfunders and founders operate after equity crowdfunding.The empirical findings were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire from 20 Swedish entrepreneurs that are currently engaged with equity Crowdfunding and have received funding for their ventures. The basis for the design of the questionnaire was built upon a literature review and previous researches. The research was carried out as an exploratory study using a qualitative approach known as thematic method of data analysis to investigate entrepreneur and crowdfunders relationships and what successes can be recorded based on the relationship.This thesis indicates that the entrepreneurs were largely satisfied with the relationship and benefits they derived from equity crowdfunding. However, this research also presented challenges and benefits of crowdfunding as experienced by the respondents. The benefits of the crowdfunders-entrepreneurs relationship as a factor have contributed to entrepreneurs' wellbeing as described by the participants.

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The current enthusiasm for the original and radical democratic nature of Spinoza’s political philosophy is not easy to justify, given the elusive character of his few systematic remarks on democracy. But the Ethics as well as the political writings contain a substantial political theory centered on the figure of the multitudo (or people) that proves useful for current theorizing. It can help to conceive of democracy not only as form-of-state but as form-of-life; it might serve as the starting point for a conception of non-identitarian, “heterogeneous democracy”; and it can provide a model for understanding political philosophy as political ontology.

Tourism is an important factor for economic growth. Unfortunately, the on going COVID-19 pandemic has struck hard on the tourism sector due to the lockdowns and travel restrictions. The lockdowns have also led to an increasing isolation among people which in the long term can lead to a decline in people’s psychological wellbeing.Together with Cybercom Group AB, an idea to solve this problem was to developan application with the intention to nurture the tourism sector and get people out of their homes while keeping the human interactions at a satisfactory level. The main feature of the application developed was a scheduler that carefully planned out people’s daily activities depending how crowded a specific location was. An application such as the one developed could lead to an increase in foot traffic while simultaneously decreasing the amount of physical contact between people. The result of this thesis mainly focuses on the developed application but more specifically the developed algorithms to schedule your day using crowd data. The algorithmdeveloped, the Optimal Time Slot Algorithm, averaged a crowding value of18,8% while the average of the best possible crowding value was 17,8%. / Turism är en viktig faktor för ekonomisk tillväxt. Tyvärr så har den pågående COVID-19 pandemin slagit hårt mot turismsektorn till följd av nedstängningar och restriktionerpå resande. Nedstängningarna har även lett till en ökad isolering hos personersom långsiktigt kan leda till en försämring av människors psykologiska välmående.Tillsammans med Cybercom Group AB växte en idé fram om att utveckla enapplikation som har till uppgift att främja turismsektorn och hjälpa folk att ta sig utur sina hem samtidigt som de undviker trängsel. Huvudfunktionen hos den utvecklade applikationen var en planerare som noggrantplanerar en persons dagliga aktiviteter beroende på hur mycket folk det var på denspecifika platsen vid ett visst tillfälle. En applikation likt den som utvecklats kan ledatill en ökad mängd personer i rörelse i kombination med att minska mängden fysiskkontakt mellan människor. Resultatet av detta examensarbete fokuserar huvudsakligen på den utvecklade applikationenoch specifikt de algoritmer som utvecklats för att planera din dag genomträngseldata. Den framtagna algoritmen, Optimal Time Slot Algorithm, resulteradei ett trängselsnitt på 17,8% där 18,8% var snittet av det bästa möjliga resultatet.

<p>Crowd simulations have been a part of crowd research since the 1980s. This document focuses on understanding how study participants interact and perceive a virtual crowd in an immersive virtual environment. Specifically, avoidance proximity variations (i.e., low, medium, and high avoidance proximity [defined as avoidance radius]) were explored when assigned to crowd agents impacted participants’ interaction with the virtual crowd. During the study, participants were instructed to walk in a virtual environment. At the same time, a virtual crowd was scripted to move toward participants’ starting position following a straight path. During the participants’ walking task, movement data was collected (i.e., trajectory length and completion time) and immediately after each experimental condition, participants were asked to self-report their experience (i.e., presence, co-presence, behavioral independence, crowd realism, crowd interaction realism, perceived politeness, and emotional reactivity). Based on the collected data, it was found that when participants were exposed to the high avoidance proximity condition, they: 1) followed longer paths, 2) spent more time reaching the target goal, 3) rated the virtual crowd less polite, 4) rated the virtual crowd and their interaction with the virtual crowd less realistic, 5) rated the behavior independence of the virtual crowd lower, 6) self-reported higher emotional reactivity, and 7) positive correlations were found between trajectory length and behavioral independence, trajectory length and crowd interaction realism, and completion time and perceived politeness. Suggestions for further research on human-virtual crowd interaction are also discussed.</p>

The Swedish police task is to ensure the legal certainty and security of the individual whilesimultaneously upholding democratic principles and ensuring all citisens’ rights and liberties.During the 2000s, in Gothenburg and Easter 2022, riots occurred when the public tried toexpress opinions but ended with violent outcomes. Even though events of this magnitudeoccurred 20 years apart, police methods became part of the public debate and investigation.Two theories emphasise trust towards the police as crucial for the police to fulfil their role inprotecting democratic values. In this paper, we address the police methods when approachingcrowds through semi-structured interviews with Swedish police officers. The findings showthat the methods can be understood through the theoretical framework where the Swedish policecreate trust through clear communication and establishing relationships with groups andindividuals. These methods can reduce and minimise conflicts between police and the public,which also benefits a democratic society.