Objectif de la thèse est de fournir République de Djibouti inventaire de la pandémie de grippe A/H1N1/2009-H1N1p et arbovirus hiver 2010. Elle a confirmé la capacité de surveillance locale pour détecter la grippe SG pic lors de la première vague de la pandémie, dont le profil était compatible avec H1N1p. Dans l'enquête CoPanFlu, une prévalence élevée (30%) de H1N1p a été confirmée par la jeune et District 4 résidents (plus de inégalités sociales) portant le plus lourd fardeau. Par conséquent, le contrôle futur de SG exigerait une approche queue pour atteindre des individus spécifiques et vulnérables. L'absence de données de surveillance robustes dans les pays du Sud pourrait être responsable de la sous-estimation de la charge, même lorsque le profil de la maladie ressemblait à ceux des pays développés. Sur arbovirus, la plupart des facteurs prédictifs de cas étaient statistiquement mieux décrits par de l'espace de logement et les caractéristiques environnementales du quartier, qui en corrélation avec les acteurs écologiques de leurs vecteurs de la survie des individus dans la niche locale. Cela confirme circulations arbovirus autochtones dans la République de Djibouti et a fourni l'inventaire pour la cartographie des risques et les futurs programmes de prévention et de contrôle. Les arbovirus sont les plus répandus dans le centre-ville (quartier 1), mais des cas ont diminué vers la périphérie de la banlieue (District 4). L'inverse est vrai pour les cas de grippe, ce qui démontre que des solutions sur mesure convenant à un des besoins de santé de la région, se garantir un rendement optimal sur les ressources allouées. / Thesis purpose was to provide Republic of Djibouti inventory of pandemic Influenza A/H1N1/2009 (H1N1p) and arboviruses events in the winter of 2010. The demonstrated local surveillance was capable of detecting (influenza) ILI peaking during the first pandemic wave, whose profile was consistent with H1N1p. In a Copanflu investigation that occurred during second pandemic wave, a high prevalence (30%) of H1N1p was confirmed and conspicuously, the young and District 4 residents (highest social inequalities) bored the greatest burden. Therefore, concluded that future ILI control would require a tailed approach to reach specific and vulnerable individuals. Lack of robust ILI data from surveillance in southern countries could be responsible for the underestimation of burden, even when the illness profile resembled those of developed countries. On arboviral, most case predictors were statistically best described by individuals' housing space and neighbourhood environmental characteristics, which correlated with the ecological actors of their respective transmission vectors' survival in the local niche. This study confirmed autochthonous arboviral circulations in the republic of Djibouti and provided an epidemiological inventory for risk mapping and future prevention and control programs. The arboviruses were most prevalent in city centre (District 1), but cases declined towards the periphery of the suburb (District 4). The inverse was true for pandemic and ILI cases, demonstrating that a tailored solutions suiting local area health needs, would guarantee an optimal return on allocated resources.

<p>This paper emphasizes the nature of trade relations in the EasternMediterranean in general and from a Levantine inland perspective inparticular. The ‘maritime’ trade relation of the ancient city of Hazor, located in the interior of LB Canaan is a case study investigating the Mycenaean and Cypriot pottery on the site. The influx of these vessels peaked during LB IIA. The distribution and types of this pottery at Hazorpoint to four interested groups that wanted it. These were the royal andreligious elites; the people in Area F; the religious functionaries of theLower City; and the craftsmen of Area C. The abundance of imports inArea F, among other evidence, indicates that this area might havecontained a trading quarter from where the imports were distributed toother interested groups.A model of ‘interregional interaction networks’, which is a modified world systems approach, is used to describe the organization of trade connections between the Levant, Cyprus and the Aegean and even beyond. The contents of the Ulu Burun and Cape Gelidonya ships, wrecked on the coast of south Turkey, show that luxury items were traded from afar through Canaan via the coastal cities overseas to the Aegean.Such long-distance trade with luxury goods requires professional traders familiar with the risks and security measures along the routes and with the knowledge of value systems and languages of diverse societies. These traders established networks along main trade routes and settled in trading quarters in particular node cities. The paper suggests that Hazor, as one of the largest cities in Canaan, located along the main trade routes, possessed such a node position. In this trade the Levantine coastal cities of Sarepta, Abu Hawam,Akko and possibly Tel Nami seem to have played important roles. These main ports of southern Syria and northern Palestine were all accessible to Hazor, although some of them in different periods of LB.</p>

By 2020, cancer mortality rates are estimated to increase by 180% in Arab countries, where breast cancer is the most common type of cancer. This thesis explores and evaluates the ‘asabiyya-driven structuration (the cohesive force of the group that gives it strength in facing its struggles for progressive reproduction) of cancer agents, government agents, and the World Health Organization agents for breast cancer prevention and early detection in the Arab region. The layers of the philosophical standing from Ibn Khaldûn’s concept of ‘asabiyya and the theoretical foundation of social systems theory, structuration theory, social network analysis, and social capital theory are peeled in order to explore and evaluate the context, constraints, social networks, autopoiesis, and social capital. Utilizing a qualitative research design, this thesis employs content analysis and in-depth interviews, as well as NVivo as a tool for analysis. Data is collected from 122 publications and knowledgeable informants employed by cancer agencies, ministries of health, and World Health Organization offices in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Oman. The findings are divided into the contextual scope of responsibility and resources, the progressive and hierarchal constraining structure, the optimal and weak social networks, the strong and vulnerable shields of autopoiesis, and the presence and absence of social capital momentum, followed by a discussion on the the struggle for structuration against breast cancer. The findings demonstrate that countries with a national cancer control program witness local strengthening ‘asabiyya and ‘asabiyya-driven structuration, while those without a national cancer control program witness weakening local ‘asabiyya. Ultimately, this thesis proposes strategic recommendations to accelerate the regional ‘asabiyya-driven structuration of breast cancer.

By 2020, cancer mortality rates are estimated to increase by 180% in Arab countries, where breast cancer is the most common type of cancer. This thesis explores and evaluates the ‘asabiyya-driven structuration (the cohesive force of the group that gives it strength in facing its struggles for progressive reproduction) of cancer agents, government agents, and the World Health Organization agents for breast cancer prevention and early detection in the Arab region. The layers of the philosophical standing from Ibn Khaldûn’s concept of ‘asabiyya and the theoretical foundation of social systems theory, structuration theory, social network analysis, and social capital theory are peeled in order to explore and evaluate the context, constraints, social networks, autopoiesis, and social capital. Utilizing a qualitative research design, this thesis employs content analysis and in-depth interviews, as well as NVivo as a tool for analysis. Data is collected from 122 publications and knowledgeable informants employed by cancer agencies, ministries of health, and World Health Organization offices in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Oman. The findings are divided into the contextual scope of responsibility and resources, the progressive and hierarchal constraining structure, the optimal and weak social networks, the strong and vulnerable shields of autopoiesis, and the presence and absence of social capital momentum, followed by a discussion on the the struggle for structuration against breast cancer. The findings demonstrate that countries with a national cancer control program witness local strengthening ‘asabiyya and ‘asabiyya-driven structuration, while those without a national cancer control program witness weakening local ‘asabiyya. Ultimately, this thesis proposes strategic recommendations to accelerate the regional ‘asabiyya-driven structuration of breast cancer.

This paper emphasizes the nature of trade relations in the EasternMediterranean in general and from a Levantine inland perspective inparticular. The ‘maritime’ trade relation of the ancient city of Hazor, located in the interior of LB Canaan is a case study investigating the Mycenaean and Cypriot pottery on the site. The influx of these vessels peaked during LB IIA. The distribution and types of this pottery at Hazorpoint to four interested groups that wanted it. These were the royal andreligious elites; the people in Area F; the religious functionaries of theLower City; and the craftsmen of Area C. The abundance of imports inArea F, among other evidence, indicates that this area might havecontained a trading quarter from where the imports were distributed toother interested groups.A model of ‘interregional interaction networks’, which is a modified world systems approach, is used to describe the organization of trade connections between the Levant, Cyprus and the Aegean and even beyond. The contents of the Ulu Burun and Cape Gelidonya ships, wrecked on the coast of south Turkey, show that luxury items were traded from afar through Canaan via the coastal cities overseas to the Aegean.Such long-distance trade with luxury goods requires professional traders familiar with the risks and security measures along the routes and with the knowledge of value systems and languages of diverse societies. These traders established networks along main trade routes and settled in trading quarters in particular node cities. The paper suggests that Hazor, as one of the largest cities in Canaan, located along the main trade routes, possessed such a node position. In this trade the Levantine coastal cities of Sarepta, Abu Hawam,Akko and possibly Tel Nami seem to have played important roles. These main ports of southern Syria and northern Palestine were all accessible to Hazor, although some of them in different periods of LB.

Approximately 2000 daily aerosol samples were collected at Antalya (30&deg / 34&amp / #900 / 30.54 E, 36&deg / 47&amp / #8217 / 30.54N) on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey between 1993 and 2001. High volume PM10 sampler was used for the collection of samples on Whatman&amp / #8211 / 41 filters. Collected samples were analyzed by a combination of analytical techniques. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) was used to measure trace element content of the collected samples from Li to U. Major ions, namely, SO42- and NO3-, were determined by employing Ion Chromatography (IC). Samples were analyzed in terms of their NH4+ contents by means of Colorimetry. Evaluation of short term trends of measured parameters have been shown that elements with marine and crustal origin are more episodic as compared to anthropogenic ones. Most of the parameters showed well defined seasonal cycles, for example, concentrations of crustal elements increased in summer season while winter concentrations of marine elements were considerably higher than associated values for summer. Seasonal Kendall statistic depicted that there was a decreasing trend for crustal elements such as Be, Co, Al, Na, Mg, K, Dy, Ho, Tm, Cs and Eu. Lead, As, Se and Ge were the anhtropogenic elements that decreasing trend was detected in the course of study period. Cluster and Residence time analysis were performed to find the origin of air masses arrving to Eastern Mediterranena Basin. It has been found that air masses reaching to our station resided more on Balkans and Eastern Europe. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) resolved eight factors influencing the chemical composition of Eastern Mediterranean aerosols as local dust, Saharan dust, oil combustion, coal combustion, crustal-anthropogenic mixed, sea salt, motor vehicle emission, and local Sb factor.

By 2020, cancer mortality rates are estimated to increase by 180% in Arab countries, where breast cancer is the most common type of cancer. This thesis explores and evaluates the ‘asabiyya-driven structuration (the cohesive force of the group that gives it strength in facing its struggles for progressive reproduction) of cancer agents, government agents, and the World Health Organization agents for breast cancer prevention and early detection in the Arab region. The layers of the philosophical standing from Ibn Khaldûn’s concept of ‘asabiyya and the theoretical foundation of social systems theory, structuration theory, social network analysis, and social capital theory are peeled in order to explore and evaluate the context, constraints, social networks, autopoiesis, and social capital. Utilizing a qualitative research design, this thesis employs content analysis and in-depth interviews, as well as NVivo as a tool for analysis. Data is collected from 122 publications and knowledgeable informants employed by cancer agencies, ministries of health, and World Health Organization offices in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Oman. The findings are divided into the contextual scope of responsibility and resources, the progressive and hierarchal constraining structure, the optimal and weak social networks, the strong and vulnerable shields of autopoiesis, and the presence and absence of social capital momentum, followed by a discussion on the the struggle for structuration against breast cancer. The findings demonstrate that countries with a national cancer control program witness local strengthening ‘asabiyya and ‘asabiyya-driven structuration, while those without a national cancer control program witness weakening local ‘asabiyya. Ultimately, this thesis proposes strategic recommendations to accelerate the regional ‘asabiyya-driven structuration of breast cancer.

In order to reduce uncertainty of atmospheric particle emissions and to examine the mechanism of new particle formation from precursor gases, measurements were conducted in a megacity (Paris, France), an urban area (Patras, Greece) and a remote location (Finokalia, Greece). At Finokalia, the composition of particles with diameter smaller than 1 μm (PM1) depended on air mass origin. The highest concentrations, and most frequent, were observed when air masses were coming from Europe. Organic aerosol was found to be 80% water soluble and the increased organic to elemental carbon ratio correlated with ozone concentration. These findings indicate that particulate matter (PM) at Finokalia was not emitted near the site but was transported from source regions hunderd of kilometers away and thus the area can be considered as a background of Europe. At Finokalia, atmospheric nucleation was observed more frequently during winter when sunlight intensity was below average and favored by air masses that crossed land before reaching the site. This behavior was explained by ammonia involvement in the nucleation process. PM1 was mainly acidic during summer and consumed all available ammonia, contrary to winter when, due to the lower sunlight intensity, particles were neutral and ammonia was available. During both seasons nucleation would only occur if particles were neutral which resulted in higher frequency of events during winter. Air masses that crossed land before reaching the site were enriched with ammonia, thus it was more likely for nucleation to occur. Number size distributions were monitored in Paris, France at fixed and mobile ground stations along with airborne measurements. The Paris plume was identified at a distance of at least 200 km from the city center and the number concentration was found to increase even by a 3-fold when air masses crossed Paris. During summer nucleation was observed approximately half of the campaign days; when the condensational sink was lower than average contrary to winter when no event was identified due to higher sink. Increased number concentration was observed at an altitude outside of the Paris plume simultaneously with new particle formation observed on the ground and was attributed to that phenomenon. At Patras, the legislated by E.U. daily PM10 standards were found to be violated. Exceedances were more frequent (58 of a total of 75) during the colder months (October to March) of the year. The warmer months (April to September) 80% of the PM2.5 was transported from other areas. Contrary during the colder months the contribution of transported PM reduced to 70% during autumn and 50% during winter, when the highest concentrations were observed on average. Local traffic contributed approximately 15% during winter and the remaining 35% was primarily due to domestic heating. PM2.5 and PM1 concentrations were found to exceed 100 μg m-3 on several occasions during nighttime due to domestic heating, either diesel or biomass combustion. Potassium, a tracer of biomass combustion, correlated well (R2=0.79) with PM2.5 during winter indicating a biomass source. Potassium concentrations were higher within the urban premises than a rural area located 36 km away from the city, indicating that at least a portion of the biomass combustion related PM2.5 were emitted locally. / Με σκοπό την μείωση της αβεβαιότητας των εκπομπών ατμοσφαιρικών σωματιδίων (ΑΣ) καθώς και διευκρίνισης του μηχανισμού σχηματισμού ΑΣ από την οξείδωση πρόδρομων αερίων, μετρήσεις πεδίου έλαβαν χώρα σε μία μεγαλούπολη (Παρίσι, Γαλλία), μία αστική περιοχή (Πάτρα, Ελλάδα) και σε μία απομακρυσμένη τοποθεσία (Φινοκαλιά, Ελλάδα). Στην Φινοκαλιά, η σύσταση των σωματιδίων με διάμετρο μικρότερη από 1 μm (ΑΣ1) εξαρτιόταν από την προέλευση των αερίων μαζών. Τις υψηλότερες συγκεντρώσεις εμφάνιζαν οι αέριες μάζες από τη Ευρώπη, που ήταν και οι πιο συχνές. Οργανικές ενώσεις των ΑΣ, εμφάνιζαν, υψηλή διαλυτότητα στο νερό (80%) και αυξημένο λόγο οργανικού προς στοιχειακό άνθρακα που συσχετιζόταν θετικά με τις συγκεντρώσεις όζοντος. Όλα τα παραπάνω υποδεικνύουν πως τα ΑΣ στην περιοχή της Φινοκαλιάς μεταφέρονταν από γειτονικές περιοχές εκατοντάδες χιλιόμετρα μακριά και συνεπώς η περιοχή μπορεί να θεωρηθεί ως σταθμός υποβάθρου για την Ευρώπη. Στην Φινοκαλιά, το φαινόμενο της ατμοσφαιρικής πυρηνογένεσης ήταν συχνότερο τους χειμερινούς μήνες, όταν η ένταση φωτός ήταν χαμηλότερη, και σε αέριες μάζες που παρέμεναν σημαντικό χρόνο πάνω από την στεριά πριν φτάσουν στον σταθμό. Αυτή η συμπεριφορά εξηγήθηκε με την συμμετοχή της αμμωνίας στην διαδικασία της πυρηνογένεσης. Τα ΑΣ1 το καλοκαίρι ήταν κατά κανόνα όξινα και κατανάλωναν όλη την διαθέσιμη αμμωνία σε αντίθεση με τον χειμώνα, όπου εξαιτίας της χαμηλότερης έντασης φωτός, τα ΑΣ1 ήταν ουδέτερα και υπήρχε διαθέσιμη. Και στις δύο περιόδους η πυρηνογένεση λάμβανε χώρα μόνο όταν τα σωματίδια ήταν ουδέτερα, το οποίο είχε ως αποτέλεσμα υψηλότερη συχνότητα του φαινομένου τους χειμερινούς μήνες. Οι αέριες μάζες όταν παρέμεναν πάνω από στεριά εμπλουτίζονταν με αμμωνία, αυξάνοντας την πιθανότητα πυρηνογένεσης. Κατανομές μεγέθους αριθμού μετρήθηκαν στο Παρίσι, Γαλλίας σε επίγειους σταθμούς, σταθερούς και κινητούς, καθώς και σε υψόμετρο. Ο θύσανος του Παρισιού ταυτοποιήθηκε σε απόσταση τουλάχιστον 200 km από την πόλη και οι συγκεντρώσεις αριθμού ΑΣ αύξαναν ακόμα και κατά 300% όταν οι αέριες μάζες προέρχονταν από το Παρίσι. Το καλοκαίρι πυρηνογένεση έλαβε χώρα τις μισές μέρες της δειγματοληψίας, όταν η διαθέσιμη επιφάνειας συμπύκνωσης ήταν χαμηλή, ενώ το χειμώνα, επειδή η διαθέσιμη επιφάνεια ήταν υψηλότερη, δεν ταυτοποιήθηκε το φαινόμενο. Αυξημένες συγκεντρώσεις αριθμού ΑΣ ταυτοποιήθηκαν εκτός του θυσάνου του Παρισιού ταυτόχρονα με πυρηνογένεση στο έδαφος και αποδόθηκαν σε αυτό το φαινόμενο. Στην Πάτρα τα θεσμοθετημένα από την Ε.Ε. ημερήσια όρια ΑΣ10 βρέθηκαν να παραβιάζονται. Οι υπερβάσεις ήταν πιο συχνές (58 από τις 75) τους ψυχρούς μήνες (Οκτώβριο - Μάρτιο). Τους θερμούς μήνες (Απρίλιο - Σεπτέμβριο) το 80% των ΑΣ2.5 μεταφέρονταν από άλλες περιοχές. Αντίθετα τους ψυχρούς μήνες η συνεισφορά από μεταφερόμενα ΑΣ μειωνόταν στο 70% το φθινόπωρο και 50% το χειμώνα, όταν και οι συγκεντρώσεις ΑΣ2.5 ήταν κατά μέσο όρο οι υψηλότερες στην περιοχή. Η τοπική κυκλοφορία συνείσφερε περίπου 15% τον χειμώνα ενώ ένα σημαντικό κομμάτι από το υπόλοιπο 35% οφειλόταν στην οικιακή θέρμανση. Συγκέντρωση ΑΣ2.5 και ΑΣ1 ίση ή μεγαλύτερη των 100 μg m-3 μετρήθηκε κατ'επανάληψη τις νυχτερινές ώρες των χειμερινών μηνών εξαιτίας της οικιακής θέρμανσης, είτε με πετρέλαιο είτε με καύση βιομάζας Η καύση βιομάζας υποδεικνύεται από την συσχέτιση (R2=0.79) των συγκεντρώσεων ΑΣ2.5 με τις συγκεντρώσεις καλίου, ένα δείκτη καύσης βιομάζας. Οι συγκεντρώσεις αυτού του δείκτη βρέθηκαν υψηλότερες μέσα στον αστικό ιστό από μία αγροτική περιοχή 36 km μακριά από την Πάτρα, αποκλείοντας την αποκλειστική μεταφορά ΑΣ2.5 καύσης βιομάζας από γειτονικές περιοχές.

This paper analyses the opposing views regarding the presence or absence of the Sikil at Dor in Palestine during Early Iron Age 1. Textual sources claim that the Sikil were pirates who came from the west and settled in Cyprus. Egyptian sources point to a Sikil presence at Dor. Some scholars regard the Egyptian sources and archaeological finds at Dor as evidence of a Sikil settlement at Dor. Others maintain that there is a continuity of ceramics at Dor from Canaanite to Phoenician. Though there were foreign influences at Dor during Early Iron Age 1 which point to newcomers, they propose that these newcomers probably came from Cyprus. No archaeological record of a Sea People-presence at Dor has been discovered. This study textually traces the Sikil from the Aegean to Cyprus, Egypt and finally to Dor and a theory is presented that the Sikil originated in the Aegean, temporarily settled in Cyprus and finally at Dor. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.A. (Biblical Archaeology)

By 2020, cancer mortality rates are estimated to increase by 180% in Arab countries, where breast cancer is the most common type of cancer. This thesis explores and evaluates the ‘asabiyya-driven structuration (the cohesive force of the group that gives it strength in facing its struggles for progressive reproduction) of cancer agents, government agents, and the World Health Organization agents for breast cancer prevention and early detection in the Arab region. The layers of the philosophical standing from Ibn Khaldûn’s concept of ‘asabiyya and the theoretical foundation of social systems theory, structuration theory, social network analysis, and social capital theory are peeled in order to explore and evaluate the context, constraints, social networks, autopoiesis, and social capital. Utilizing a qualitative research design, this thesis employs content analysis and in-depth interviews, as well as NVivo as a tool for analysis. Data is collected from 122 publications and knowledgeable informants employed by cancer agencies, ministries of health, and World Health Organization offices in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Oman. The findings are divided into the contextual scope of responsibility and resources, the progressive and hierarchal constraining structure, the optimal and weak social networks, the strong and vulnerable shields of autopoiesis, and the presence and absence of social capital momentum, followed by a discussion on the the struggle for structuration against breast cancer. The findings demonstrate that countries with a national cancer control program witness local strengthening ‘asabiyya and ‘asabiyya-driven structuration, while those without a national cancer control program witness weakening local ‘asabiyya. Ultimately, this thesis proposes strategic recommendations to accelerate the regional ‘asabiyya-driven structuration of breast cancer.