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This paper is focused on the consequences of the drawn-out conflict, known as ”the great northern war”, which lasted from the start of the 18th century up to 1721. More precisely the focus is at the economic situation facing the agrarian lower classes during these years, as well the nature in which their discontent presented itself. The study is restricted to one particular region of early-modern Sweden, Jämtland. The subjects that are examined are: - The amount of tax that were not paid or delivered to the proper authorities in time. - Contemporary depictions of the situation for the agrarian lower classes in Jämtland. - Taxes from earlier years yet to be paid.- Abandoned farms during the period. - Crop failures and their connection to the economic situation. - The so called ”everyday forms of resistance” in Jämtland as an expression of the people’s discontent towards the ruling figures in Stockholm – manifested against their local representatives. / <p>Betygsdatum 2019-06-13</p>

Under stormaktstiden och tiden för det stora nordiska kriget, som utbröt år 1700, var relationen mellan kyrka och stat god. Det var också dessa två som satte premisserna över hur den övriga svenska befolkningen skulle leva ett religiöst liv i enlighet med den evangelisk-lutherska läran. Tidigare forskning har gett oss mycket information om vad förkunnelsens innehåll och syfte var under tiden för det stora nordiska kriget. Hur detta mottogs av karolinerna, d.v.s. de som följde med på Karl XII:s ryska fälttåg, och hur deras religiösa liv såg ut finns det emellertid inte lika mycket information om. Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka gudsbild och religiositet hos några av karolinerna under det stora nordiska kriget. Tanken är att se hur dessa kom till uttryck och hur karolinerna förhöll sig till detta under fälttåget i allmänhet och i förhållande till striden i synnerhet. Metoden är en kvalitativ textanalys av åtta karoliners dagböcker och memoarer. Det visar sig att karolinernas texter ger uttryck för en närvarande och agerande gud. En gud som hjälpte, räddade, belönade och straffade under både marsch och i strid. Relationen med Gud fanns både på ett kollektivt och ett individuellt plan, där den sistnämnda utmärker sig främst i kontexter i behov av räddning. Både behovet och hoppet om räddning verkar stamma från den tudelade synen karolinerna hade på sig själva som dels ett utvalt folk, men också som syndare. Religiositeten kommer också till uttryck genom deras gudsbild och hur de skulle få den agerande guden att handla till deras fördel eftersom det var en ömsesidig relation det handlade om. Karolinerna behövde i sin tur leva i enlighet med deras syn på ett kristet liv. Detta gällde både ur moraliska aspekter, upprätthållandet av en religiös praxis, samt erkänna Gud när han hade handlat väl mot dem.

Cette étude est focalisée sur la Grande guerre du Nord (1700-1721) et le destin des Suédois en Biélorussie et en Russie. Cette guerre est représentée de manière différente dans l'historiographie suédoise, russe et biélorusse. Nous essayons de comparer ces diverses approches dans notre première partie. Nous étudions, par la suite, les différents aspects de la vie des Carolins. Nous voyons ainsi que ces derniers sont présents pendant la guerre en Biélorussie, et que certains d'entre eux y restent. En Russie, en revanche, il s'agit de prisonniers de guerre, capturés essentiellement à Poltava. Ces Carolins constituent un apport important dans le développement de la Russie et nous le montrons à travers les exemples de Saint-Pétersbourg et de la Sibérie. Nous achevons cette thèse en étudiant la question de leur descendance en Russie et en Biélorussie, ainsi que celle de la mémoire, jusqu’à nos jours, de la Grande guerre du Nord. / This study focuses on the Great Northern War (1700-1721) and on the destiny of Swedes in Belarus and Russia. The Swedish, Belarusian and Russian historiography use different ways to depict this war. We compare these various approaches in the first part of this thesis. Then, we study the different aspects of the Carolin's life: in Belarus they were present during the war and some of them stayed there. In Russia the question is about prisoners of war captured after the Battle of Poltava (1709), who brought a big contribution in the development of Russia, such as in Sankt-Petersburg and in Siberia. In Russia some Carolins took root too : we study the question of their descendants in Russia and Belarus, but also the question of the memory of Great Northern War until our days.

With Gods help? A qualitative study of Carolean's perceptions about the Great Northern War and Charles XII The purpose of this thesis is to investigate what perceptions Charles XII’s Caroleans had about him, the Great Northern War and how these perceptions changed during the war. There is also an underlying ambition to show how these perceptions differ. The underlying issues for the thesis are thus: - What perceptions/opinions describes the Caroleans of Charles XII as a person and leader? - What perceptions are described about the war as a whole? - In what way do perceptions concerning loyalty and hopes change during the war?   The theoretical point of departure of the thesis is briefly the fatalistic beliefs and image of the King as the elect of God. A majority of the Swedish army was characterized by this approach and based their experiences and values on it to varying degrees.      The methodology in which the essay's research is based on are threefold and consists of narrative diary analysis, microhistory and mentality history.      The study is based on a source material composed of six diaries from six of Karl XII’s Caroleans with varying positions. Based on analyzes of these diaries, each individual’s experiences and perceptions have been distinguished and reported.      The conclusion of this result is that all of the mentioned Caroleans hulded a great respect for the king and saw him to varying degrees as a role model and the election of God. As the result shows they did not hold him personally responsible for the end of the war, likely due to the fatalistic beliefs that’s already mentioned.      Perceptions of the war in whole occur to some extent but not to the extent expected. From this point of view, the chosen Caroleans were fairly value-free. During the war, one can clearly see that perceptions and hopes changed. This change is strictly linked to the Swedes pros and cons in the war.

The war had scourged North-eastern Europe for almost 14 years. In 1714 the elector of Hannover George succeeded to the British throne and the Swedish king Charles XII returned home from his Ottoman exile. His presence led his enemies to attack the remnants of Sweden's provinces. The attack was successful, but their further plan for an invasion into southern Sweden was called off by tsar Peter I what caused the split of the northern alliance into one part led by George and the other one under Peter's command. The Swedish king tried hard to exploit this situation in an attempt to improve his position, nevertheless this policy ended by his death in 1718 and a new diplomatic course led to the conclusion of the war.