Measures of individualization and integration offer a great potential for further development and optimization in hydraulic drive technology. Advantages are seen especially for energy efficiency and functionality. These potentials motivate current research activities for displacement controlled systems and for valve controlled structures. For the latter, the focus lies on strategies of independent metering. Furthermore, expected challenges for the future are discussed.

As intelligent hydraulic systems with embedded sensors become more ubiquitous, the real or perceived reliability challenge associated with sensors must be addressed to encourage their adoption. In this paper, a fault-tolerant control strategy for an intelligent independent metering valve that allows continued operation if a sensor fails is described. The twin-spool valve example utilizes position sensors to stabilize the spool positions and eliminate hysteresis, and pressure sensors to provide digital pressure compensation, electronic load sensing, and other features. An independent metering valve has redundancy provided by four sensors working together to control the flow into and out of a single actuator. Although two sensors are needed to control the flow through a spool, the controller can be reconfigured to ensure the flow is always controlled on the spool with both sensors working. To accomplish this, the concept of cross-port pressure control is introduced that uses the faulty side of the valve to maintain constant pressure on the non-faulty side. By maintaining a constant pressure, the flow in and out of the actuator are balanced. Experimental results on the boom of a backhoe demonstrate the operation of the fault tolerant control strategy.

Selected issues of the last phase of transposing MiFID II into Czech law Abstract Financial market regulation is a dynamic area that is still undergoing a process of unification within the European Union. Likewise, the financial markets themselves are significantly affected by new trends and the speed of progress. This work examines selected issues that arose during the last phase of transposing the updated Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II) into Czech law. The primary focus of this work is to identify selected statues and areas based on the MiFID II directive, analyze their legislation, and compare them with domestic legislation. This analysis primarily focuses on the area of investment services with an advisory element, and therefore topics such as general principles for ensuring the protection of retail investors, principles of professional care, and the knowledge and expertise of persons providing investment services are of particular interest. The subjects of tests of suitability and independent versus nonindependent investment advice are also discussed. These areas were analyzed and compared within the framework of European and domestic legislation, and many evaluative opinions were expressed, including identifying areas that I consider problematic. In order for these research areas...

This dissertation examines how political institutions shape incentives for the transmission of policy-relevant private information. The first two chapters present theoretical frameworks to examine strategic information transmission to political candidates by a biased adviser. The third explores the causal impact of gender representation on municipal outcomes in the United States. In Chapter One, I examine a model of "cheap talk" lobbying with no commitment. A biased adviser seeks to influence the policy outcome of a Downsian election by sending messages to the two candidates before they announce their policy platforms. I show that the adviser may credibly reveal some information on voter preferences, but only privately to one candidate. Political competition has a disciplining effect; the adviser prefers extreme policies, but instead recommends a pragmatic policy --- one that is just close enough to voters' preference. In some situations, the presence of the biased adviser benefits the median voter. The second chapter presents a model of informational lobbying with full commitment. The biased adviser strategically designs informative signals on voter preferences that will be observed by each of the two candidates. In contrast to the cheap talk context, the optimal signal structure is shown to involve only public signals that are observed by both candidates. In particular, candidates receive precise information about how extreme voter preferences are, but not whether voters lean right or left. Consequently, both candidates choose the same biased policy, as a result of which the median voter is always worse off. Chapter Three investigates the effect of gender representation on municipal outcomes in the United States between 2008 and 2016. Using novel data, the analysis exploits close elections between male and female candidates to measure the impact of an exogenous increase in the number of female council members. Consistent with the existing literature, we find evidence of decreased per capita expenditure, which, we argue, is not driven by revenue constraints but by increased disagreement or "gridlock" within the council. We also find no significant effect of gender representation on the composition of municipal spending or on other women's political aspirations.

Title: Responses of the sports press to the success of Czechoslovak and Czech football. Introduction: Football is the most widespread and most popular sports industry enjoying everyone without the difference in age, gender or race. In the Czech lands, football has a long history an she managed to raise many successful footballers who represented us on World Championships, European Championships and Olympic Games. This work is done dedicates the history, personalities and achievements of Czechoslovak football. Objectives: Describe the history of Czechoslovak and Czech football. By using literature, magazines and Internet resources collect and study information on the history of Czechoslovak and Czech football and to organize and interpret this information. On the basic of literary and other sources to gather available information on the success of Czechoslovak and Czech football. Methods: During the processing of the thesis, I would like to use standard historical methods, mainly based on qualitative research, chronological method of capturing the major events from the periodical press. Results: The Czech team became the amateur champion of Europe in Roubeix 1911. The Czechoslovak team won 1st place at the Pershing Olympics in Paris 1919. In 1920, the participation in the final of OH in Belgium. The...

In Sweden, there has been an increased discrepancy between increasing merit ratings and decreasing results in international surveys such as PISA. At the same time, since the 1990s, Sweden has had several reforms that resulted in increased competition, decentralization and trust-based evaluations. Several studies have shown that grade leniency depends on school provider as well as level of competition between schools. This study focuses on how grade inflation in municipality schools for 9th graders is affected when an independent school is established nearby, using a fixed-effects model at the municipality level but with control variables at the individual level. I study all Swedish 9th graders between 2003-2017. An alternative specification with school fixed effects is also presented. I find that grades are set more leniently in competitive municipalities and that grade deviance is highly correlated with socio-economic factors. It is also concluded that the effect size is small in comparison to the average provider difference and individual level characteristics. The study extends the literature by focusing on grade inflation amongst municipality schools, and by focusing on the change in grade inflation rather than the average effect over time in terms of provider differences.

This study explores the reasons for the rise in independent film's popularity, which have created a unique Hollywood phenomenon, the successful "mini-major" independent studio, dedicated to both art and commerce. Chapters cover the history of independent film, characteristics of both independent and mainstreamfilms with regards to financing, acquisition, distribution and marketing, trends within independent film in the late 1980s and 1990s, crucial distributors and landmark independent films, and key growth areas in the future for independent film.

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Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att uppnå en förståelse för vilka strategier svenska indiebolag, utifrån en nutida kontext, använder för att leda och planera sina organisationer för att framgångsrikt konkurrera på en allt mer digitaliserad musikmarknad.    Metod: En kvalitativ fallstudie som behandlar indiebolagens organisatoriska strategier med an abduktiv ansats. Datainsamlingen har skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer.    Slutsats: Studien har påvisat att indiebolagen numera bedriver sina organisationer utifrån projektliknande förhållanden där verksamheten bygger på en liten kärna vilken sedan kompletteras med inhyrda konsulter som utför tjänster mot faktura. Nätverk, rykte, kompetens och relationer upplevs vara bland organisationernas viktigaste resurser. Studien har visat att den viktigaste strategin är långsiktighet och att indiebolagen upplever att de måste vara anpassningsbara. Samtidigt betraktar man övriga indiebolag som kontakter och inte konkurrenter. Studien har bevisat att konkurrensen är det stora utbudet av musik och information och svårigheten att dels nå genom bruset men även landa placeringar på redaktionella spellistor.

Bakgrund: Sveriges befolkning blir allt äldre vilket kan medföra en ökad utsatthet för ensamhet och social isolering. Ensamheten kan uppstå till följd av att partners, vänner eller bekanta dör. Både ensamhet och social isolering kan vara resultatet av åldrandets sviktande hälsa då den hos många äldre leder till fysiska begränsningar. Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka äldre personers erfarenheter och upplevelser av social isolering och ensamhet. Metod: Litteraturstudie med en beskrivande design baserad på tio kvalitativa originalartiklar vilka genomgått en tematisk syntes. Resultat: Fem teman växte fram: Svårbruten isolering, När ensamheten är värre, Tankar om partner, familj och vänner, Känslan av ensamhet och Att hantera ensamhet. Upplevelserna och erfarenheterna kan variera hos de äldre, Hos många äldre är ensamheten kopplat till vissa tidpunkter eller dagar. Strategier och närstående verkar vara av stor betydelse för att minska känslorna av ensamhet och social isolering. Acceptans och hanterbarhet verkar vara viktiga framgångsfaktorer för att lindra ensamhet. Slutsats: En del äldre kan ha svårt att själva bryta ensamhet och social isolering vilket är viktig kunskap för sjuksköterskan i mötet med den här patientgruppen. Vidare visar studien vikten av att sjuksköterskan samtalar med äldre om ensamhet. Genom personcentrerade samtal kan sjuksköterskan tillsammans med de äldre skapa strategier för ensamhetshantering. / Background: Sweden's population is getting older which can lead to increased exposure to loneliness and social isolation. Loneliness can occur because of the death of partners, friends or acquaintances. Loneliness and social isolation can result from the declining health of aging as it leads to physical limitations in many older people. Aim: The aim with present study is to examine older people's experiences of social isolation and loneliness. Method: Literature study with a descriptive design based on ten qualitative original articles which have undergone a thematic synthesis. Results: Five themes emerged: Hard to break isolation, When loneliness gets worse, Thoughts about partners, family and friends, The feeling of loneliness and Managing loneliness. The experiences among the elderly did vary but for many people, loneliness is linked to certain time points or days. Strategies and relatives seem to be of great importance in reducing the feeling of loneliness and social isolation. Acceptance and manageability seem to be important factors in alleviating loneliness. Conclusions: Some elderly may find it difficult to break loneliness and social isolation themselves which is important knowledge for the nurse when meeting this group of patients. Furthermore, the study shows the importance of the nurse talking to the elderly about loneliness. Through person centered conversations, the nurse together with the elderly can create strategies for loneliness management.