Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-06-14T13:24:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fabianaaparecidaalmeidalawallvalle.pdf: 2539174 bytes, checksum: 1b1d98bfba2644a38e09056562a0859b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-06-27T15:01:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fabianaaparecidaalmeidalawallvalle.pdf: 2539174 bytes, checksum: 1b1d98bfba2644a38e09056562a0859b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-27T15:01:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fabianaaparecidaalmeidalawallvalle.pdf: 2539174 bytes, checksum: 1b1d98bfba2644a38e09056562a0859b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No Brasil, a saúde foi instituída como direito na década de 1980. No mesmo período, a população em situação de rua se organizava pela garantia de sua cidadania. O acesso ao Sistema Único de Saúde é um pressuposto para a dignidade desse grupo, que, pela vulnerabilidade social, é exposto a fatores que interferem na saúde e que demandam respostas técnicas, gerenciais e de políticas intersetoriais. Objetivou-se com a pesquisa compreender como é o acesso ao Sistema Único de Saúde na percepção dos adultos em situação de rua do município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Optou-se pela abordagem metodológica qualitativa, com estudo descritivo exploratório. As técnicas utilizadas foram as entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas e a observação seguida de registro em diário de campo. Participaram vinte pessoas em situação de rua do município. As informações foram analisadas à luz da Hermenêutica Dialética. As entrevistas foram transcritas e as informações foram organizadas e classificadas, encontrando-se núcleos de sentido que possibilitaram formar as seguintes categorias de análise: “motivos que conduzem as pessoas para a situação de rua e suas estratégias para sobrevivência ou para mudanças de vida”, “a vivência na rua e sua interferência na saúde”, “o acesso da população em situação de rua aos serviços de saúde: acolhimento e dificuldades enfrentadas” e “o direito à saúde: a voz da população em situação de rua”. Sobre os motivos que levaram as pessoas para a situação de rua, identificouse a ruptura ou fragilidade dos vínculos familiares e o uso prejudicial de álcool e outras drogas. A principal estratégia para a sobrevivência nas ruas relatada foi a realização de trabalho informal. Sobre os aspectos da vivência nas ruas que interferem na saúde, destacaram-se dificuldades para atender às necessidades básicas, como alimentação, acesso a banheiros e realização da higiene pessoal; dificuldades relacionadas às mudanças climáticas; vivência de discriminação e preconceito; o uso prejudicial de álcool e/ou outras drogas; a vulnerabilidade à violência física e sexual, a vulnerabilidade do trabalho informal; e a dificuldade em ter um lugar para permanecer durante o dia. O acesso aos serviços de saúde ocorre, com maior frequência, pelas situações de urgência e emergência. Assim, os serviços mais acessados são aqueles que recebem este tipo de demanda. Em contraponto, o acesso à Atenção Básica é limitado, sendo ofertadas duas vagas semanais à população estudada, em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde do município. O acesso ocorre com mediação dos equipamentos da rede de proteção social ou do Consultório na Rua. São dificuldades para o acesso aos serviços de saúde: a necessidade da apresentação de documentos; a comprovação de residência; o tratamento que desconsidera as condições socioeconômicas e culturais do indivíduo; e o preconceito. Muitos participantes da pesquisa demostraram ter percepção dos seus direitos, entretanto esbarram em dificuldades para exercê-los, como o preconceito, a falta de informação e a dificuldade de acesso aos diversos serviços, incluindo os de saúde. A pesquisa evidenciou a necessidade de capacitação dos profissionais de saúde, e também a necessidade de ampliação dos serviços de Atenção Básica e da equipe de Consultório na Rua. / In Brazil, health was instituted as a right in the 1980s. During the same period, the homeless people were organized to ensure their citizenship. Access to the Unified Health System is a prerequisite for the dignity of this group, which, due to social vulnerability, is exposed to factors that interfere with health and require technical, managerial and intersectoral policy responses. The objective of this research was to understand the access to the Unified Health System in the perception of the homeless adults in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. We chose a qualitative methodological approach, with an exploratory descriptive study. The techniques used were the semi-structured individual interviews and the observation followed by recording in the field diary. Twenty homeless people participated in the research. The information was analyzed in the light of Dialectic Hermeneutics. The interviews were transcribed and the information was organized and classified, finding cores of meaning that made it possible to form the following categories of analysis: "motives that lead homeless people and their strategies for survival or change of life," "The experience on the street and its interference in health", "the access of the homeless people to health services: reception and difficulties faced" and "the right to health: the voice of the homeless population". About the reasons that led people to the street situation, it was identified the rupture or fragility of family ties and the harmful use of alcohol and other drugs. The reported main strategy for street survival was informal work. Regarding the aspects of living on the streets that interfere with health, there were difficulties to meet basic needs, such as food, access to bathrooms and personal hygiene; difficulties related to weather change; discrimination and prejudice; harmful use of alcohol and / or other drugs; vulnerability to physical and sexual violence, vulnerability from informal work; and the difficulty to have a place to stay during the day. Access to health services occurs more frequently in urgent and emergency situations. Thus, the most accessed services are those that receive this type of demand. In contrast, Basic Attention is underutilized, being offered two weekly vacancies to the population studied in a Basic Health Unit of the municipality. The access takes place through the mediation of the social protection network or the Street Clinic. There are difficulties in accessing health services: the need to present documents; proof of residence; treatment that disregards the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the individual; and prejudice. Many participants in the research showed that they know their rights, but they found barriers to exercise it, such as prejudice, lack of information and difficulty accessing various services, including health services. The research evidenced the need for capacitation of health professionals, as well as the need to expand the Primary Care services and the Street Clinic team.

The right to have access to health care services is enshrined in section 27 of the South African Constitution of 1996 as one of the socio-economic rights protected by this Constitution. In order to observe the entitlements in this human right, the South African government has since 1994, embarked on legislation, policies and programmes to improve access to health care services among vulnerable and disadvantaged groups in South Africa. As a result of the measures put in place by the government, enormous progress has been registered since their enforcement, in respect of access to health care services. However, as evident in some reports such as the 7th Report on Economic and Social Rights by the South African Human Rights Commission and studies conducted by the Studies in Poverty and Inequality Institute (SPII), it is revealed that the measures adopted by the government to improve access to health care services have not effectively translated the entitlements of this right to the population of South Africa. This study is motivated by the disclosure of these concerns, irrespective of the measures put in place by the government to achieve universal access to health care services. The study therefore aims at stressing the importance of upholding the right to have access to health care services in the social transformation process of South Africa. In doing so, it will investigate current health care reforms in South Africa and make recommendations on how to effectively interpret and implement section 27 of the Constitution to achieve equal benefits on access to health care services to everyone in South Africa. / Jurisprudence / LL. M.

Doctor Legum - LLD / The thesis finds that the majority of women affected by HIV and AIDS in South Africa still live in conditions of poor access to health services, inadequate access to housing, limited access to property and live amidst gender-based violence. Nevertheless, there exist legal protections and jurisprudential developments in the country that are significant for the realisation of women's rights in the context of HIV and AIDS. The thesis concludes that the law is not the ultimate site for change to improve women's lives, but that applied with other efforts, can be transformative. / South Africa

The way we understand the term health is being changed significantly under continuous globalisation. Even though in the past, health issues were a concern of a particular country, today, as a result of intensive trade and travelling, these issues reach beyond the boarders of national states and influence millions of people around the world consequently. Thus, the issue of health is moving from the national to the international level and a new concept of Global health emerges. Global health is a notion, which has evoked a lot of interest among politicians, academics, theoreticians, and within the whole international community, too. The international community is aware of its responsibility for global improvements to health through collective action. Thus, this thesis is aimed at the analysis of the development and practice of diplomacy in the sphere of health, as well as identifying the reasons of international co-operation of states in this field. The thesis concludes that the co-operation in global health is based on moral values, which are included in human right to health. Lastly, thesis scrutinizes human right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_jose_antonio.pdf: 4439897 bytes, checksum: 66bfb6a2f3d2b1cf2788e2742eac35f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-23 / The present dissertation is a study of the legal fundaments and the right to health considering the Brazilian Constitutional law, Brazilian Civil Procedure and Critical Discourse Analysis. The general objective consists in investigating the intentions of two judges in the text of their judicial orders and decisions about the same issue in different cases in a period of approximately 48 hours between them. We also analyzed the subjacent ideology in the written words of the judges and the level of subjectivism referring to the different ways they enunciators - utilized the text to the accomplishment of their persuasive arguments considering the existent relation between the text, the co-text and the context. We intended to demonstrate how the enunciative process turns evident the legal fundament establishing between the interlocutors of the linguistic game. The body of the research is constituted of a written judicial order and of two decisions. The methodology adopted considered the dominium of the critical discourse analysis (CDA) with emphasis in the political and ideologic discourse verifying how the linguistics elements conduce to the pretended argumentative orientation in the judicial orders analyzed. The critical discourse analysis makes possible to observe if the decisions were legally fundamented or if there is a deficiency considering the identification of the argumentative operators and of the epistemic models situated in the axis of the subjective idea of who enunciate it. The results found made possible to identify a class of arguments considering the theoretical model developed by Ducrot based in the verbal choices of the judges that turns evident their compromise and the level of intention of each judge / A presente dissertação situa-se no âmbito do direito processual civil brasileiro, do direito constitucional brasileiro e da análise crítica do discurso, no que se refere aos assuntos fundamentação jurídica e direito à saúde. O objetivo geral consiste em investigar as marcas da intencionalidade na superfície textual de duas decisões interlocutórias prolatadas por dois magistrados distintos sobre o mesmo caso concreto num lapso de tempo de aproximadamente 48 horas entre ambas. Busca-se, ainda, analisar de que forma se opera a ideologia subjacente aos dizeres dos magistrados e o grau de subjetividade referente às diversas maneiras como elesenunciadores utilizam-se do texto escrito para a realização de seus argumentos persuasivos, considerando a relação existente entre o texto, o cotexto e o contexto situacional. O processo enunciativo evidencia a fundamentação jurídica, estabelecendo entre os interlocutores um jogo linguístico. O corpus da pesquisa é constituído de um despacho e duas decisões interlocutórias. A metodologia adotada situa-se no domínio da Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), com ênfase nos efeitos ideológicos e políticos do discurso, verificando como os elementos linguísticos apontam a orientação argumentativa pretendida nas decisões interlocutórias. A análise crítica do discurso possibilita observar se as decisões interlocutórias foram juridicamente fundamentadas ou se apresentam deficientes, a partir da identificação dos operadores argumentativos e dos modalizadores epistêmicos, situados no eixo da crença de quem enuncia. Como resultados, foi possível identificar uma classe argumentativa, a partir do modelo teórico desenvolvido por Ducrot, baseada nas escolhas verbais dos magistrados, evidenciando o compromisso e o grau de intencionalidade de cada um

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 charlston_ricardo_vasconcelos.pdf: 3197157 bytes, checksum: 8614d3c2769b9494d20cbae80033a3e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-10 / The present dissertation hás as object of study the Theory of Possible Reserve as legal strategy of the State to restrict, from the Federal Constitution of Brazil of 1988, the fundamental right to health in the deal taken to the judiciary. The Theory of the Reservation possible, extracted from a decision given of the German Federal Constitutional Court, known as numerus clausus, hás been raised by the State, in Brazil, at the moment when he is added for effect the right to health on behalf of individual, the collective or society. The overall objective of this study is to verify if the fundamentais of this German decision also serve for the Brazilian State support the theory of Possible reservation against the fundamental right to health. As a specific objective, the aim is to identify if the Supreme Federal Court (STF) accepts this theory on this fundamental right as well as what are the requirements, conditions, circumstances and reasons that leading to accept or not this theory. The present work whether justified because, although there are doctrinal studies on the theory of Possible reservation, not found the presence of doctrine which investigate the foundations of German decision are able to impose this theory to the fundamental right to health in Brazil; also not located to investigate the requirements, conditions, circumstances and reasons that lead the STF to admit or not the possible reservation on the fundamental right to health. Another factor that justifies this research is the considerable increase of judicial demands involving this right and this theory against legal insecurity that establishes when the State is called upon to implement this right and he claims that it is bounded by booking possible. It was used as a methodology for this dissertation bibliographic search and Boolean. The bibliographical allowed an analysis of doctrine about human rights; fundamental rights; social rights; existential minimum; no social backlash; public policies; separation of powers; judicialization of public policies; booking possible; public budget and burden of proof. The Boolean search, as base on the search for key expressions in the jurisprudence of the STF, enabled the documentary research of the decisions of the STF and the empirical research, which allowed identified the position of the STF when judges cases involving both the fundamental right to health and the possible reservation. As well as methodology, we used the bardiniana content analysis to analyze the fundamentais of the German decision, as well as to investigate what are the requirements, conditions, circumstances and reasons that led the STF to accept or not the theory of possible Reserve facing the fundamental right to health. As results, the content analysis of the German decision allowed deduce that the fundamentais of this decision not allow that the State maintains the reservation possible as bounding of the right to health, unless adapted to current fundamentais. The empirical research on the position of the STF hás identified that he admits the Possible Reservation if the State proved a fair reason for the delimitation of the fundamental right to health. / A presente dissertação tem como objeto de estudo a Teoria da Reserva do Possível como estratégia jurídica do Estado para restringir, a partir da Constituição Federal do Brasil de 1988, o direito fundamental à saúde nas lides levadas ao Poder Judiciário. A Teoria da Reserva do Possível, extraída de uma decisão proferida pelo Tribunal Constitucional Federal alemão, conhecida como numerus clausus, tem sido suscitada pelo Estado, no Brasil, no momento em que ele é acionado para efetivar o direito à saúde em prol do indivíduo, da coletividade ou da sociedade. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é verificar se os fundamentos dessa decisão alemã também servem para o Estado brasileiro sustentar a Teoria da Reserva do Possível diante do direito fundamental à saúde. Como objetivo específico, busca-se identificar se o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) acolhe essa Teoria diante desse direito fundamental, bem como quais são os requisitos, condições, circunstâncias e fundamentos que o levam a acolher ou não tal Teoria. O presente trabalho se justifica porque, apesar de haver estudos doutrinários sobre a Teoria da Reserva do Possível, não se constatou a presença de doutrina que investigue se os fundamentos da decisão alemã são capazes de impor essa Teoria ao direito fundamental à saúde no Brasil; também não se localizou pesquisa que investigue os requisitos, condições, circunstâncias e fundamentos que levam o STF a admitir ou não a Reserva do Possível diante do direito fundamental à saúde. Outro fator que justifica esta pesquisa é o aumento considerável de demandas judiciais envolvendo esse direito e essa Teoria, ante a insegurança jurídica que se instaura quando o Estado é chamado a efetivar o direito à saúde e ele alega que o mesmo estádelimitado pela Reserva do Possível. Utilizou-se como metodologia para esta dissertação a pesquisa bibliográfica e booleana. A bibliográfica permitiu uma análise da doutrina sobre direitos humanos; direitos fundamentais; direitos sociais; mínimo existencial; não retrocesso social; políticas públicas; separação dos poderes; judicialização das políticas públicas; Reserva do Possível; orçamento público e ónus da prova. A pesquisa booleana, com base na busca de expressões chaves na jurisprudência do STF, possibilitou a pesquisa documental das decisões do STF e a pesquisa empírica, que permitiram identificar a posição do STF quando este julga casos que envolvam simultaneamente o direito fundamental à saúde e a Reserva do Possível. Também como metodologia, utilizou-se a Análise de Conteúdo bardiniana para analisar os fundamentos da decisão alemã, bem como para apurar quais são os requisitos, condições, circunstâncias e fundamentos que levam o STF a acolher ou não a Teoria da Reserva do Possível frente ao direito fundamental à saúde. Como resultados, a análise de conteúdo da decisão alemã permitiu deduzir que os fundamentos dessa decisão não permitem que o Estado sustente a reserva do possível como delimitadora do direito à saúde, a não ser adaptada aos fundamentos atuais. A pesquisa empírica sobre a posição do STF permitiu identificar que ele admite a Reserva do Possível se o Estado provar um justo motivo para a delimitação do direito fundamental à saúde.

A dignidade humana é diretamente proporcional ao direito à saúde e este princípio está constitucionalmente previsto pelo Estado brasileiro. Alia-se a este direito, o acesso a medicamentos como itens indispensáveis à saúde e que não devem ser negados. Como objetivo do presente estudo, buscou-se caracterizar o perfil das demandas judiciais em Imperatriz-MA, especialmente no tocante ao acesso aos medicamentos e Política de Assistência Farmacêutica, conhecendo para tal, as decisões judiciais datadas no período de janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2014, ajuizadas contra a Secretária Municipal de Saúde em Imperatriz-MA, identificando os medicamentos e programas alojados dentro da Política de Assistência Farmacêutica, alvos em maior grau de demandas judiciais e apresentando as principais negativas ao acesso de medicamentos no âmbito da Assistência Farmacêutica. A metodologia utilizada baseia-se em uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, aliadas a um levantamento bibliográfico, abordagem quantitativa e pesquisa documental. Realizou-se um levantamento documental em busca da caracterização de 673 demandas ajuizadas contra o Sistema Único de Saúde de Imperatriz-MA e das caracterizações das demandas ajuizadas por medicamentos, que totalizaram 257 apresentações farmacêuticas. Os resultados demonstraram que sobre os tipos de demandas, aquelas por medicamentos e leitos de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva representaram os principais motivos de tutela judicial. As crianças, adolescentes e idosos, representaram a população mais defendida por meio das demandas e quando o foco passou a ser apenas os medicamentos, foi possível identificar que entre as 257 apresentações identificadas e judicializadas, 102 (39,3%) não estavam inclusas em nenhuma das listas do SUS, 111(43,2%) inclusos na Relação Nacional de Medicamentos e apenas 44 (17,1%) na Relação Municipal de medicamentos. Visualizou-se ainda que o componente da Assistência Farmacêutica que mais sofreu judicializações foi o Básico (60,3%), seguido de 37,8% do Componente Especializado e apenas 1,8% do Estratégico. Notou-se também a tendência de prescrições pelo nome comercial de fármacos, bem como solicitações por medicamentos sem registro sanitário no Brasil, com prescrições equivocadas ou uso off label, cujo não possuem registro no Brasil, ou não têm comercialização autorizada. Conclui-se, que a partir destes conhecimentos, novas estratégias e modelos de gestão, ou novos canais de diálogos que envolvam Poder Público, Judiciário e população, possam ser criados e/ou reformulados, tendo como bases maiores a diminuição das demandas judiciais em Imperatriz-MA, a melhoria das Políticas Públicas de Saúde e a ampliação do direito constitucional ao acesso à saúde e a todos os outros direitos que este vier a incluir. / Human dignity is directly proportional to the right to health and this principle is constitutionally provided by the Brazilian government. Joins this right, access to medicines and items essential to health and should not be denied. The objective of the present study, we sought to characterize the profile of litigation in Imperatriz-MA, especially regarding access to medicines and Pharmaceutical Care Policy, meeting for such judgments dated from January 2012 to December 2014, filed against the Municipal Health Secretary in Imperatriz-MA, identifying drugs and programs housed within the Pharmaceutical Care Policy, targets a greater degree of process and presenting the main negative to access medicines under the Pharmaceutical Services. The methodology is based on an exploratory and descriptive research, combined with a literature review, quantitative approach and documentary research. We conducted a documentary survey seeking the characterization of 673 lawsuits filed against the National Health System Imperatriz-MA and characterizations of claims by drugs, which totaled 257 pharmaceutical presentations. The results showed that on the types of demands, those for medicines and beds Intensive Care Units represented the main reasons of judicial protection. Children, adolescents and the elderly accounted for the population most defended by the demands and when the focus became only medicines, were identified that among the 257 submissions identified and judicialized, 102 (39.3%) were not included in none of the lists of SUS 111 (43.2%) included in the National List of Medicines and only 44 (17.1%) in the Municipal Register of medicines. It is also envisioned that the pharmaceutical services component that suffered most was the judicialization Basic (60.3%), followed by 37.8% of the Specialized Component and only 1.8% of Strategic. It was noted also tend to prescriptions for brand-name drugs, as well as requests for drugs without health registration in Brazil, wrong prescriptions or off label use, which not formally registered in Brazil, or have authorized marketing. It follows that from this knowledge, new strategies and business models, or new channels of dialogue involving government, judiciary and population, can be created and / or reformulated, with the largest bases the reduction of litigation in Imperatriz -MA, improvement of Public Health Policies and expansion of the constitutional right of access to health and all other rights to this were to include.

Thesis (M. Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2013 / Section 27 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 provides that everyone has a right to have access to health care. South Africa embraces the concept of universal health care coverage. Access to health care has four dimensions: geographic accessibility, availability, financial accessibility and acceptability. If there were barriers to access to health care, the stake-holders would be duty-bound to design interventions requisite to address those barriers. The aim of the study was to establish whether health care users enjoy the right to have access to health services at Ratshaatsha Community Health Centre (RCHC). The study used a combination of quantitative and qualitative research designs. While a questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data, focused group discussions and participant observations were employed to collect qualitative data. The following are the main findings of the study. Human rights instruments clearly spell out the indivisible and mutually supportive rights that persons have. There are barriers that often affect the rights to have access to health services at RCHC. For instance, the RCHC is not within a 25 km radius of some of the consumers of health care. The roads that link up the health care users and RCHC are in poor condition. The community is generally poverty-stricken. Many cannot afford, among others, the costs of basic needs, transport fares and opportunity costs. Travelling distance and time, scarce skills and lack of medication and equipment rank among demand-side and supply-side barriers to access to health care. Health care users often choose to consult churches and traditional healers. It is recommended that government should, among others, co-ordinate primary health care services in collaboration with churches and traditional healers; commission research into traditional health medicine and healing procedures and protocols of other health care providers; develop policy on cross-referral of patients; improve community participation; set minimum norms and standards for the delivery of alternative health care services; establish health care management guidelines for churches and traditional healers; integrate health care provisioning into IDPs; and provide health care in an integrated intergovernmental manner.

[pt] O presente trabalho aborda, sob a perspectiva do alargamento da democracia participativa, a atuação da Promotoria de Justiça de Tutela Coletiva da Saúde da Capital do Rio de Janeiro junto ao Conselho Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro. Para isso, dividimos este estudo em três partes. Na primeira, tratamos das premissas fundamentais do nosso objeto, ressaltando a importância do movimento da reforma sanitária na conquista de novos direitos na área da saúde, principalmente, na criação e institucionalização de canais de participação popular. Na segunda, abordamos especificamente o caráter deliberativo do Conselho Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro e analisamos os debates dos conselheiros para verificar em que medida a atuação do Ministério Público é levada em consideração em seus argumentos. Na terceira, examinamos o papel do Ministério Público como instrumento de controle externo e sua importância na viabilização da democracia participativa dos conselhos de saúde. / [en] This thesis analysis, from the perspective of the increasing of popular participation, the work of the Public Attorney encharged of the Public Health care system and the Municipal Health Council in the Rio de Janeiro city. Therefore, we have divided this work in three parts. The first one is about some import preliminary points such as the sanitary reform and the new rights related to public health care. This reform has created important ways of popular participation in the area. In the second part, we analyzed the deliberative aspect of the Municipal Health Council and how the arguments set by the Public Attorney are taken into consideration by said Council. In the final part, we have examined the role of the Public Attorney in the external control and how it can enable popular participation in the Municipal Health Council.

"Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) were born out of the policies of the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). They were introduced 'in the wake of the failure of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) to reduce the incidence of poverty'. PRSPs have been linked with the IMF and WB Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) debt relief initiative. In order to have access to debt relief, countries have had to draw up PRSPs and start moving towards their effective implementation. PRSPs are now meant to be the national guide informing almost every facet of the human development framework. They are being used as benchmarks for the prioritization of the use of public and external resources for poverty reduction. Further, multilateral as well as bilateral donors and lending institutions are using them as an overarching framework from which policies and actions of developing countries are to be gauged and decisions on further assistance or loans made. In that light, PRSPs have become pivotal to the social fabric of the countries concerned as they affect the daily undertakings of the people through, among other things, their allocative and redistributive roles. ... The PRSPs of Malawi and Uganda are not premised on the human rights based approach to poverty reduction. They largely address issues of economic and social rights from a benefactor and beneficiary perspective rather than from a claim-holder and duty-bearer perspective. Further to that, these policies are largely premised on the requirements of the Bretton Woods Institutions (BWIs) that have received heavy criticism for not factoring in human rights considerations, when implementing their policies towards developing countries. This problem thus calls for a harmonisation of PRSPs with the obligations of the states as well as the BWIs to ensure the full realisation of these rights. ... This study is divided into six chapters. Chapter two is a concise analysis of the PRSP processes in Malawi and Uganda. It addresses issues of participation and national ownership, among others, and locates the role of the BWIs in the process. Chapter 3 is a general overview of the international legal obligations that the two governments have in the area of economic and social rights. Chapter four provides an overview of the scope of the rights to health and housing. Chapter five is a critical analysis of the extent to which the PRSPs of the two countries act as effective tools for advancing the rights to health and housing in the two countries. Chapter six concludes the discussion. It makes necessary recommendations in order to strengthen the human rights based approach to poverty reduction within the framework of the PRSPs, with a view to ensuring the progressive realisation of economic and social rights." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004. / Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Baker G. Wairama at the Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/llm1.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM