Reported is an exploratory study of problems and conditions within the organizational work context that influence posttraining use of training outcomes. Training is widely perceived and supported as an effective means for facilitating planned change in organizational performance. Little empirical evidence is available to support such supposition. Of the several studies of training impact, few have focused on why training does or does not produce behavioral change back on-the-job. Accordingly, training management is often incomplete and ineffective. This study employed a questionnaire methodology, directed to a national sample of 391 local, county, and state law enforcement personnel who graduated from a two-week accident investigation training program. Questions elicited ratings on 29 problem/conditions hypothesized within the literature as influential to organizational work behavior. A Likert type scale was used to rate the perceived influence of each problem/condition on the application of specific training outcomes during investigation of a recent most serious accident. An index was used to measure level of training use. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Scheffe's comparisons test, and multiple regression analysis were used to answer study questions. Problem/conditions identified by more than 30% of the respondents as a Moderate or Major impediment to their use of training outcomes were: lack of rewards or incentives to conduct thorough investigations or to use knowledge and skill acquired through training; lack of time to apply investigative techniques by training; lack of resources and equipment necessary to apply training; lack of follow through by agency decision makers to see that training was put into use; and, lack of communication from top administrators indicating how the training was to be used. Isolated as predictors of training use were: the relative seriousness of the situational context within which training was applied; the trainee's opinion of the course; level of specialized training received; relative frequency of investigative assignment; and, level of conflict perceived to exist between behaviors specified by training and agency standard operating procedures. / Ed. D.

Yes / Emergency Department demand continues to rise in almost all high-income countries, including those with universal coverage and a strong primary care network. Many of these countries have been experimenting with innovative methods to stem demand for acute care, while at the same time providing much needed services that can prevent Emergency Department attendance and later hospital admissions. A large proportion of patients comprise of those with minor illnesses that could potentially be seen by a health care provider in a primary care setting. The increasing number of visits to Emergency Departments not only causes delay in urgent care provision but also increases the overall cost. In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) has made a number of efforts to strengthen primary healthcare services to increase accessibility to healthcare as well as address patients’ needs by introducing new urgent care services. In this review, we describe efforts that have been ongoing in the UK and France for over a decade as well as specific programs to target the rising needs of emergency care in both England and France. Like many such programs, there have been successes, failures and unintended consequences. Thus, the urgent care system of other high-income countries can learn from these experiments.

Problématique : 1 personne sur 3 souffre de dépression après l'avènement d'un AVC. Les AVC des ganglions de la base ont été associés à cette pathologie. Le noyau accumbens, région cérébrale importante dans la récompense et la régulation des émotions, fait partie des ganglions de la base. Les altérations du noyau accumbens contribuent à la dépression, mais peu d'études se sont penchées sur cette région cérébrale dans le contexte de la dépression post-AVC. Hypothèse : Une lésion ischémique touchant majoritairement le noyau accumbens gauche causera ou amplifiera le phénotype dépressif chez les souris mâles. Méthodes : Un peptide vasoconstricteur, l'endothéline-1, a été directement injecté dans le noyau accumbens gauche. La lésion a été caractérisée au niveau morphologique (crésyl violet et immunohistochimie) et au niveau moléculaire (RT-qPCR) à différents temps. Des tests comportementaux ont été faits pour possiblement mettre en évidence le phénotype dépressif. Résultats : L'injection d'endothéline-1 dans le noyau accumbens gauche des souris induit une lésion qui présente une réponse cellulaire typique à l'ischémie et possède un volume significatif jusqu'à 2 semaines post-chirurgie. Le noyau accumbens présente une forte réponse moléculaire qui semble être en lien avec l'angiogenèse et qui progresse dans le temps pour atteindre son maximum à 2 semaines. Malgré les caractéristiques de la lésion du noyau accumbens, cette dernière n'a pas induit de phénotype dépressif chez les souris, et ce, avec ou sans la présence d'un stress social de faible intensité, la microdéfaite, après l'induction de la lésion. Conclusion : Le présent modèle est un modèle d'ischémie du noyau accumbens, mais pas un modèle de dépression post-AVC. / Problematic: One-third of stroke survivors develop post-stroke depression. Stroke of the basal ganglia has been linked to increased post-stroke depression. The nucleus accumbens, an important brain region in reward and in the regulation of emotions, is part of the basal ganglia. Alterations of the nucleus accumbens contribute to depression, but very few studies have investigated this brain region in the context of post-stroke depression. Hypothesis: An ischemic lesion affecting primarily the left nucleus accumbens will cause or will amplify the depressive phenotype of male mice. Methods: Endothelin-1, a vasoconstrictive peptide, was injected in the left nucleus accumbens. The lesion has been characterized on a morphological level (cresyl violet and immunohistochemistry) and on a molecular level (RT-qPCR) at different times. Behavioral tests have been done to possibly show the depressive phenotype of mice. Results: The endothelin-1 injection in the left nucleus accumbens of mice induces a lesion that presents a typical ischemic cellular response, and its volume is significant until 2-weeks post-surgery. Left nucleus accumbens shows impressive molecular changes that seem to be related to angiogenesis and that reach their peak at 2 weeks. Even with these lesion characteristics, the lesion does not induce a depressive phenotype in mice with or without a mild social stress, a microdefeat, after the surgery. Conclusion: This present model is an ischemic model of the nucleus accumbens, but it is not a model of post-stroke depression.

The dissertation deals with the analysis of roundabout design elements and their impact on accidents. The analysis objective was to identify the important elements of roundabouts that have impact on accidents. In order to achieve this goal, the multifactorial statistical safety assessment method was used on the basis of a representative sample of data, by developing several safety performance functions, verifying them and interpreting the result. Several design elements, which from the point of view of the traffic accident mechanism belong to the infrastructure factor, have been identified: AADT, average diameter, entrance width, entry angle, direct passage angle, location and many others. The original sample contained about 1200 roundabouts, which were reduced to 200 based on data availability. Accident frequencies were monitored between 2009 and 2016, i.e. for eight years, resulting in total 2674 roundabouts accidents. The result is an accident prediction model, developer based on roundabout approach design elements, and map of critical roundabouts, identified based on empirical Bayes estimate of accident frequency. Following approach parameters were identified: AADT, entry angle, distance between collision points, deviation of angles between approaches, presence of apron, presence of bypass, entry type, presence of pedestrian crossing and surrounding area type.

This research assessed the criminological significance of motor vehicle crash data within the criminal justice context. The study was conducted at the southern region Accident Bureau of the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Police Department (EMPD). The objectives of this research are to: a. Explore and describe the extent and criminological impact of road traffic crashes on a macro level. b. Explore and describe the impact of road traffic crashes on a micro level. c. Explain the criminological significance of road traffic crash data in relation to effective road safety management. d. Evaluate and describe the attendance and recording procedure of road crashes. e. Evaluate and describe the supervisor’s responsibility in relation to the quality of crash data recorded. f. Evaluate and describe the effectiveness of crash statistics accessed by management and/or officials. g. Evaluate and explain the current prosecution procedure as part of the CJS. h. Evaluate existing policy about the crash-recording process applicable to operational law enforcement practitioners of the EMPD. i. Explore and describe the current state of motor vehicle insurance and its necessity from a criminological perspective. The researcher followed a mixed-methods approach, collecting quantitative data from recorded Accident Report Forms and qualitative data from interviews with participants active in their fields of expertise. Road crashes are characterised by injury and damage; victims suffer trauma and economic consequences, and the society and the economy as a whole are affected. The research suggests that accurate road crash data form a crucial component in the investigation, prosecution and development of road safety strategies in the quest towards improved road safety efforts. It also indicates that existing crash data are of such a sub-standard that traffic professionals will not be able to develop effective and efficient road safety strategies in pursuit of road safety / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminology)

Suite à un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC), des déficits au membre controlatéral et ipsilatéral à la lésion cérébrale sont observés chez les personnes avec un AVC. La performance du membre ipsilatéral est déterminée par l’importance de la sévérité clinique du membre controlatéral ainsi que par l’adéquation du traitement bihémisphérique des informations sensori-motrices. L’objectif de la présente étude est de comparer la performance motrice de la main ipsilatérale lors de diverses tâches nécessitant un niveau plus ou moins complexe de traitement de l’information chez une clientèle hémiplégique ayant une faible sévérité clinique. Les résultats démontrent que les forces de pinces entre le pouce et l’index du membre ipsilatéral sont modulées et anticipées adéquatement chez les personnes avec un AVC ayant une faible sévérité clinique tel que démontré par des scores de cinq ou plus au Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment (modules bras et main). La performance motrice du membre ipsilatéral lors de l’exécution d’une tâche de coordination bilatérale est comparable à celle du membre dominant des sujets sains lorsque la tâche est réalisée sans interaction entre les membres supérieurs (deux objets) et elle est perturbée lorsqu’elle implique une action coordonnée et réciproque des membres supérieurs sur un même objet. Ces personnes, ayant une bonne récupération motrice, ont donc une problématique centrale d’intégration et de traitement de l’information sensori-motrice lorsqu’il y a une complexification de la tâche à réaliser. Ces résultats suggèrent donc que les cliniciens devraient porter une attention plus particulière aux activités unilatérales et de coordination bilatérales lors le l’exécution de tâches complexes nécessitant un niveau d’intégration sensori-motrice élevé. / As a result of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), deficits in the controlateral and ipsilateral limb of the brain lesion are observed in person who had had a CVA. The performance of the ipsilateral limb is determined by the clinical severity of the contralateral limb and by the adequacy of bi-hemispheral processing of information. The objective of the present study is to compare the motor performance of the ipsilateral hand during tasks implying different level of sensori-motor integration in patients with low clinical impairments. The results demonstrated that the pinch strengths between the thumb and the index finger of the ipsilateral limb are modulated and anticipated adequately in stroke persons who have a good motor recovery such as demonstrated by scores of five or more in the Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment (arm and hand parts). The motor performance of the ipsilateral limb of stroke persons during the execution of a bilateral coordination task is comparable to the motor performance of the dominant limb of healthy subjects when the task is realized without interaction between upper limbs (two objects) and it is perturbed when it implies a coordinated and reciprocal action of upper limbs on the same object. Consequently, these stroke persons with a good motor recovery have a central problem of integration and processing of sensori-motor informations when a more complex task has to be realized. These results suggest that the clinicians should pay more attention during unilateral tasks and during tasks with bilateral coordination that require a higher level of sensori-motor integration.

A l’image de tout être vivant, l’homme se construit et se transforme en interagissant avec son environnement. L’exercice d’une activité professionnelle constitue un paramètre déterminant de cette interaction puisque, source d’épanouissement mais également de contraintes, il peut durablement affecter la santé physique et mentale d’un individu. Le caractère pathogène du travail est juridiquement reconnu au travers de concepts de risques professionnels et, plus récemment, de pénibilité au travail. Etroitement lié aux mutations opérées en termes d’organisations de travail, c’est un sujet d’actualité issu de la dialectique des retraites et de l’amélioration des conditions de travail. Si la pénibilité au travail est légalement attachée à la sortie d’activité et l’espérance de vie au grand âge, cette approche doit être dépassée. A la croisée des notions de santé, de bien-être et de souffrance au travail, la notion témoigne avant tout d’une évolution dans la manière de concevoir la protection de la personne du travailleur. Une véritable réflexion doit être menée en termes de définition, de prévention et de sanction à la lumière des enjeux financiers et humains qui s’y attachent. Notion protéiforme, subjective et pluridisciplinaire, la pénibilité doit être appréhendée de manière autonome et nécessite l’intervention coordonnée d’un certain nombre d’acteurs, au centre desquels se trouvent l’employeur et le travailleur. / As for any living being, people develop their personalities and evolve by interacting with their environment. Gainful employment constitutes a determining factor of this interaction since, being a source of fulfilment but also of stress, it can have an enduring effect on the physical and mental health of an individual. The pathogenic nature of work is legally acknowledged through concepts of professional hazards and, more recently, of difficult working conditions. Closely linked to changes in working practices, it is amongst the current issues arising from the dialectics concerning retirement and the improvement of working conditions. While the difficulty of working conditions is legally linked to the ending of working life and life expectancy, we should now move on from this approach. Blending the notions of health, wellbeing and hardship at work, this notion displays above all an evolution in the way of conceiving the protection of the working individual. Further deliberation needs to be given to definition, prevention and penalties in the light of accompanying financial and human considerations. A protean notion, both subjective and multidisciplinary, the difficulty of working conditions should be approached independently and requires the coordinated intervention of a number of actors, with the employer and employee at the centre.

Comprendre les mécanismes de spéciation des Produits de Fission (PF) dans le combustible nucléaire est un enjeu majeur pour pouvoir estimer précisément le terme source d’un accident grave. Parmi les nombreux PF créés, certains sont très réactifs et peuvent avoir un impact radiologique important en cas de relâchement dans l’atmosphère. C’est notamment le cas du césium (Cs), du molybdène (Mo) et du baryum (Ba). C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit le travail de thèse qui propose d’apporter des données expérimentales sur l’effet du potentiel oxygène sur la spéciation du Cs, du Mo et du Ba dans des combustibles nucléaires, à différents stades d’un accident grave.Une approche thermodynamique a été utilisée en support à l’interprétation des données expérimentales obtenues dans le cadre de ce travail. Deux types d’échantillons ont été étudiés: des combustibles MOX irradiés et des matériaux simulant un combustible UO2 à fort taux de combustion, obtenus par frittage à haute température (SIMFuel). Les échantillons ont été traités thermiquement dans des conditions représentatives d’un accident grave survenant dans un Réacteur à Eau Pressurisée (REP). Les conditions expérimentales ont couvert une gamme de température allant de 400°C à 2530°C et des potentiels oxygène situés entre -470 kJ.mol(O2)-1 et -100 kJ.mol(O2)-1. Les échantillons ont été caractérisés finement avant et après chaque traitement à l’aide de techniques complémentaires comme la microscopie optique et électronique, la microsonde et le SIMS dans le cas de l’irradié. Des mesures de XANES sur synchrotron ont été réalisées sur SIMFuel et ont conduit à des résultats importants en termes de spéciation des PF. Enfin, la technique de Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) a été explorée avec succès pour la fabrication de SIMFuel contenant du Cs, du Mo et du Ba sous des formes chimiques représentatives d’un combustible REP en fonctionnement nominal.Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence l’effet de la température en conditions oxydantes sur le comportement du combustible et des PF. Une oxydation du Mo, initialement présent sous forme métallique dans les inclusions blanches du combustible, en MoO2 a été observée dès 1000°C en conditions oxydantes. Une interaction entre le MoO2 formé et le Ba contenu dans la phase oxyde a eu lieu dans les mêmes conditions, menant à la formation de BaMoO4. Le potentiel oxygène joue aussi un rôle important dans le phénomène d’interaction pastille-gaine, en favorisant la diffusion des espèces en conditions oxydantes, diminuant ainsi la température de fusion du combustible. / In the nuclear community, it is a top priority to gain in-depth understanding of fission product (FP) speciation mechanisms occurring in nuclear fuel in order to precisely estimate the source term of a severe accident. Among the FP produced, some are highly reactive and may have a strong radiological impact if released into the environment. This is particularly the case of cesium (Cs), molybdenum (Mo) and barium (Ba). In this context, the objective of this study is to provide experimental data on the effect of the oxygen potential on Cs, Mo and Ba speciation in nuclear fuels at different stages of a severe accident.A thermodynamic approach was coupled with the experimental work to support the interpretation of experimental data. Two types of samples were studied in detail: irradiated MOX fuels and simulated high burn-up UO2 fuels produced through sintering at high temperature (SIMFuel). The samples were submitted to thermal treatments in conditions representative of a pressurised water reactor (PWR) severe accident. This approach made it possible to cover a temperature range from 400°C up to 2530°C and oxygen potentials from -470 kJ.mol(O2)-1 to -100 kJ.mol(O2)-1. The samples were characterized before and after each test using complementary techniques like OM, SEM, EPMA and SIMS in the case of irradiated fuels. XANES measurements using synchrotron radiation facilities were performed on SIMFuels and provided valuable results on FP speciation. Moreover, spark plasma sintering (SPS) was successfully investigated for the production of SIMFuel samples containing Cs, Mo and Ba in a chemical state representative of PWR fuel in normal operating conditions.This work highlighted the effect of oxidizing severe accident conditions on the fuel and FP behavior. Oxidation of Mo initially contained in the fuel’s metallic inclusions into MoO2 was observed to take place around 1000°C in oxidizing conditions. An interaction between MoO2 and the oxide phase containing Ba took place in the same conditions, leading to the formation of BaMoO4. The oxygen potential also plays an important role in fuel-cladding interactions, enhancing the diffusion of species in oxidizing conditions and lowering the temperature at which fuel melting occurs.

Suite à un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC), des déficits au membre controlatéral et ipsilatéral à la lésion cérébrale sont observés chez les personnes avec un AVC. La performance du membre ipsilatéral est déterminée par l’importance de la sévérité clinique du membre controlatéral ainsi que par l’adéquation du traitement bihémisphérique des informations sensori-motrices. L’objectif de la présente étude est de comparer la performance motrice de la main ipsilatérale lors de diverses tâches nécessitant un niveau plus ou moins complexe de traitement de l’information chez une clientèle hémiplégique ayant une faible sévérité clinique. Les résultats démontrent que les forces de pinces entre le pouce et l’index du membre ipsilatéral sont modulées et anticipées adéquatement chez les personnes avec un AVC ayant une faible sévérité clinique tel que démontré par des scores de cinq ou plus au Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment (modules bras et main). La performance motrice du membre ipsilatéral lors de l’exécution d’une tâche de coordination bilatérale est comparable à celle du membre dominant des sujets sains lorsque la tâche est réalisée sans interaction entre les membres supérieurs (deux objets) et elle est perturbée lorsqu’elle implique une action coordonnée et réciproque des membres supérieurs sur un même objet. Ces personnes, ayant une bonne récupération motrice, ont donc une problématique centrale d’intégration et de traitement de l’information sensori-motrice lorsqu’il y a une complexification de la tâche à réaliser. Ces résultats suggèrent donc que les cliniciens devraient porter une attention plus particulière aux activités unilatérales et de coordination bilatérales lors le l’exécution de tâches complexes nécessitant un niveau d’intégration sensori-motrice élevé. / As a result of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), deficits in the controlateral and ipsilateral limb of the brain lesion are observed in person who had had a CVA. The performance of the ipsilateral limb is determined by the clinical severity of the contralateral limb and by the adequacy of bi-hemispheral processing of information. The objective of the present study is to compare the motor performance of the ipsilateral hand during tasks implying different level of sensori-motor integration in patients with low clinical impairments. The results demonstrated that the pinch strengths between the thumb and the index finger of the ipsilateral limb are modulated and anticipated adequately in stroke persons who have a good motor recovery such as demonstrated by scores of five or more in the Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment (arm and hand parts). The motor performance of the ipsilateral limb of stroke persons during the execution of a bilateral coordination task is comparable to the motor performance of the dominant limb of healthy subjects when the task is realized without interaction between upper limbs (two objects) and it is perturbed when it implies a coordinated and reciprocal action of upper limbs on the same object. Consequently, these stroke persons with a good motor recovery have a central problem of integration and processing of sensori-motor informations when a more complex task has to be realized. These results suggest that the clinicians should pay more attention during unilateral tasks and during tasks with bilateral coordination that require a higher level of sensori-motor integration.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama ES ir NVS kelių eismo saugumo politika, sprendžiant kelių eismo įvykių ir “juodųjų dėmių” problemas. Pasirinkti Lietuvos ir Rusijos atvejai. Pirmoje dalyje aptarta avaringumo problema šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje, pateikti statistiniai duomenys apie kelių eismo įvykiuose žuvusių žmonių skaičių ES ir NVS valstybėse, aptartos prevencinės priemonės, nurodytos kelių eismo įvykių ir „juodųjų dėmių“ atsiradimo priežastys Lietuvos ir Rusijos keliuose, pateiktos „juodųjų dėmių“ sąvokos bei jų nustatymo metodikos. Antroje dalyje nagrinėjami ES kelių transporto ir eismo saugumo reguliavimo teisiniai aspektai, nagrinėjami Lietuvos ir Rusijos svarbiausi kelių eismo saugumą reguliuojantys teisės aktai, analizuojama institucijų veikla bei finansavimas. / The master’s thesis covers the road safety policy of the EU and the CIS countries in solving the problems of road traffic accidents and “accident black spots”. The Lithuanian and Russian cases have been selected. Part One covers the discussion of the accident rate problem in a modern world, presentation of statistical data on the number of people, who died during the road traffic accidents in the EU and the CIS states, discussion of preventive measures, indication of the causes of road traffic accidents and “accident black spots” on Lithuanian and Russian roads, presentation of “accident black spots” terms as well as their identification methods. Part Two covers the analysis of legal aspects of the EU road transport and road safety regulation, fundamental legal acts governing traffic safety of Lithuania and Russia, as well as activities and financing of institutions.