Bc. Lenka Loučková 2015/2016 Impact of the economic crisis on the position of Dutch Freedom party towards the European Union Abstract This thesis focuses on the relationship between the economic crisis and the attitude of the Dutch radical right populist Freedom Party (PVV) towards the European Union (EU). The aim of this thesis is to determine whether the economic crisis influenced the opinion of PVV on the EU in a negative way and whether it caused the shift of the party in the categorization of attitudes towards the EU by Petr Kopecky and Cas Mudde. The research also aims at contributing to the wider discussion about the nature of right radicalism, populism and Euroscepticism in the EU by pointing to the similarities and differences between PVV and other European parties belonging to the radical right populist family. The time frame of the research starts with the origins of the party in the year 2005 and ends with the last important elections that PVV participated in, the European Parliament elections in 2014. Election manifestos, as well as official statements of the party and its representatives on the Internet and in the media are used for the analysis. The research itself is focusing on three areas: EU's institutional setup and the direction of European integration; issues related to movement of...

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka de anpassningar som småföretag inom detaljhandeln i Visby innerstad gjort för att överleva de ekonomiska kriserna som pågått sedan 2019. Studien har för avsikt att undersöka vilka marknadsanpassningar småföretagen genomfört. För att komma närmare studiens frågeställning har vi använt oss av contingency theory, en teori som förespråkar anpassning för företag när det sker förändringar i omvärlden. Tidigare studier har visat att anpassning är en viktig strategi för ett företags framgång. Modellen vi har använt oss av för att undersöka småföretagens anpassningar är marknadsföringsmixen, produkt, påverkan, pris, plats och personal. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta småföretag i Visby innerstad. Vi har under studiens gång sett att det skett anpassningar i alla fem element. Under pandemin gjorde man anpassningar i elementen produkt, personal, påverkan och plats. Under pågående lågkonjunktur har anpassningarna skett framförallt i pris och produkt. Butikerna har fått högre omkostnader eftersom el, hyra och leveranser har blivit dyrare men många har ändå valt att inte höja sina priser även om det finns behov för det, detta val beror främst på att de känner en risk att förlora kunder. Vi ser också att marknadsföringen har blivit än viktigare för samtliga butiker. Tidigare studier har visat att företag som lägger pengar på reklam och marknadsföring under ekonomiska kriser är de företag som det gått bäst för. / The purpose of the study is to gain an understanding of how small businesses in Visby inner city have adapted in the economic crisis that has been going on since 2019 to preserve their profitability. The study intends to investigate which adaptations the owners of companies have been considered important for their survival. To get closer to the study´s question, we have used contingency theory, a theory that advocates adaptations for companies when there are changes in the outside world. The study consists of a qualitative study where the empirical material was collected through semi-structured interviews with eight owners of small businesses, which we then analyzed using the marketing mix.   In the result, we have seen that there have been adjustments in all five elements, mainly during the pandemic where adaptations were in the elements product, people, promotion and place. During the ongoing recession, adjustments have taken place primarily in price and place. The results show that small businesses in Visby's inner city have a customer base that is loyal and cyclical strong, which contributes to the profitability of small companies during times of crisis.

This diploma thesis focuses on financial crisis from 2007 and its impact on Czech economy. Special attention is given to four macroeconomic indicators in Czech Republic and their transformation during this crisis and after it. First part focuses on definition and description of characteristics and stages of business cycles, first in general and then specifically when talking about 2007's economic crisis. Subsequent practical part analyses specific economic repercussions stemming from the crisis, pointedly in macroeconomic indicators, state budget and mortgage market. In the final part of this thesis, the knowledge and findings about these areas, which accurately depict overall status of Czech economy during the crisis and after it are evaluated and commented on. This thesis may be used by humanities' teachers to illustrate the functioning of business cycles and their impacts on economies. KEYWORDS: Czech economy, business cycle, trade cycle, economic crisis, mortgage crisis, globalization

Background: With the tremendous growth of the Green Bond (GB) market, understanding the relationship of the GB market with other financial markets gains importance. The Covid19 pandemic causing a recession in most major economies creates an opportunity to see the co-movements of the GB market with other financial markets under a period of economic crisis. Purpose: This study aims to use the economic contraction catalyzed by the 2020’s Covid-19 pandemic as a means to investigate the co-movements between the GB and the treasury bond, corporate bond, stock, and carbon markets during an economic recession. Through this, we intend to find if co-movements of the GB market have changed, and if so, how. Method: As the collected data is time-series data, Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Ljung-Box tests are utilized for preliminary testing. Thereafter, a univariate-GARCH model is used for volatility modeling. Moreover, the DCC-GARCH model has been conducted to determine the co-movements between the markets. Conclusion: The results of the study show that in the case of GB, treasury, and corporate bond markets, no considerable changes were observed in the co-movement among the two different sample periods. Moving to the stock and GB markets, it was found that the co-movement increased at the beginning of the crisis. However, for the whole crisis period, no substantial changes can be seen in comparison to the pre-crisis period. Furthermore, the co-movement between the two markets was found to be weak in general. Moving on to the results obtained for GB and carbon markets, at the start of the crisis, a sharp fall can be observed. When compared to the pre-crisis period, the co-movement showed a slight increase, yet very weak. Furthermore, it was observed that the co-movement between the two markets has been weak during the whole sample period.

La ricerca indaga qual sia stato il ruolo regionale della Germania nel periodo che va dalla crisi economica del 2008 al 2015 basandosi su tre elementi in particolare: 1)Tipologia/stile di potere regionale. Il potere esercitato dalla Germania a livello regionale di tipo egemonico coercitivo o benevolente e multilaterale. 2)Guida/conduzione della regione. L'efficacia complessiva della guida/conduzione regionale della Germania nel periodo post-crisi. 3)Influenza complessiva. L’influenza complessiva del potere della Germania a livello regionale tra il 2008 ed il 2015. La ricerca sostiene che la Germania, successivamente alla crisi economica globale, abbia disposto nell’arco temporale 2008-2015 di un potere molto efficace, sia a livello deliberato che non-intenzionale, sviluppando un ruolo regionale non sempre ben definito, esibendo tuttavia tratti caratteristici più assimilabili alla leadership in senso stretto e dimostrandosi spesso molto capace nel condurre la regione europea attraverso situazioni critiche. / The research investigates what has been the particular role of Germany in the period from the 2008 economic crisis up to 2015, based on three elements in particular: 1) Type/style of regional power. The power exercised by Germany, on a continuum from a regional hegemonic type to a benevolent and multilateral leadership. 2) Guide/conduct of region. The overall effectiveness of Germany's regional guide role in the post-crisis period. 3) Overall influence or "power over outcomes". The influence excercised by Germany at the regional level between 2008 and 2015. The research supports eventually that Germany, following the global economic crisis, has disposed during the period 2008-2015 of a very effective power (both intentional and non-intentional) developing a particular regional role not always in a clear and defined way, exhibiting indeed traits similar to a leadership and being often capable of leading the European region through critical situations.

Thesis called "Monetary policy of Czech National Bank and the perspectives of acceptance of euro" is mainly focused on convergence process in Czech Republic. First part of the work consists of current monetary policy of Czech National Bank and characteristics of monetary cooperation development needed for Economic and monetary union establishment. Real convergence state evaluation and maastricht criteria discharging in Czech Republic are the main goals of the thesis. Current global financial crisis is shown in readiness of Czech Republic of EMU entering conclusions.

Impact of economic crisis on fertility level in EU member states Abstract The aim of this diploma thesis is to provide a detailed development overview of the selected indicators, i.e., GDP per capita, unemployment rate and total fertility rate, in the context of the Global Economic Crisis, which, on a European scale, started in 2008, and evaluate the impact of the crisis on fertility levels across EU countries. The diploma thesis further concerns itself with various approaches to the relation between economic development and fertility, briefly with the causes of the Global Economic Crisis and with family policy measures in response to worsening economic conditions. Using cluster and regression analyses, the relationship between the economic indicators and total fertility rates in relation to the onset of the crisis has been examined. Even though total fertility rates of individual EU countries were affected differently by the change of economic conditions, the results indicate that changes in unemployment rates affect fertility levels. The decline in fertility levels during the crisis, which occurred in most of the examined countries, is certainly the result of a large number of factors affecting reproductive behaviour. Nevertheless, the results suggest that the symptoms of the crisis significantly...

A presente dissertação realiza uma análise dos artigos jornalísticos de Karl Marx e Frie-drich Engels publicados no jornal norte-americano New York Daily Tribune, entre 1851 e 1862. Durante esse período, Marx trabalhou como correspondente europeu e era o responsável pelos assuntos militares e financeiros do jornal. Engels, como uma espécie de ghost writer, ajudou Marx na tarefa de despachar semanalmente os artigos para Nova Iorque. Dentre os diversos assuntos abordados por Marx nesses artigos, selecionamos a crise de econômica de 1857-1858 e a Guerra Civil Americana de 1861-1865 como focos de nosso trabalho A escolha desses dois temas nos permite demonstrar a interação entre os estudos de economia desenvolvidos por Marx para elaboração de sua crítica da eco-nomia política e os estudos dos acontecimentos históricos particulares. Essa interação é fundamental para pensarmos o que Marx chamou em O Capital de método de pesqui-sa e método de apresentação. Ela é fundamental também para entendermos a especi-ficidade da apresentação ou da narrativa histórica desenvolvida por Marx nos artigos jornalísticos. Dos artigos sobre a crise destacamos como, a partir da análise detalhada do sistema financeiro, em especial do banco francês Crédit Mobilier, Marx aponta para a centralidade do sistema de crédito na expansão da economia capitalista e no estouro das crises. A partir dos artigos sobre a guerra civil americana, descrevemos como Marx procurou entender a guerra como um conflito entre dois sistemas sociais a escravi-dão e o trabalho assalariado tendo em vista a necessidade expansiva do escravismo. / This dissertation makes an analysis of journalistic articles of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published in the American newspaper New York Daily Tribune between 1851 and 1862. During this period, Marx worked as European correspondent and was respon-sible for the newspapers military and financial matters. Engels, as a sort of ghostwriter, helped Marx in the task weekly dispatch the articles to New York. Among the many matters discussed by Marx in these articles, we selected the economic crisis of 1857-1858 and the American Civil War of 1861-1865 as the central focus of our analysis. The choice of these two topics allows us to demonstrate the interaction between the econom-ic studies developed by Marx to elaborate his critique of political economy and studies of particular historical events. This interaction is crucial to think what Marx called in The Capital research method and presentation method. It is also fundamental to understand the specificity of the presentation or the historical narrative developed by Marx in newspaper articles. Articles about the crisis highlight how, from the detailed analysis of the financial system, especially the French Crédit Mobilier, Marx points to the centrality of the credit system in the expansion of the capitalist economy and the bursting of the crisis. From the articles on the American Civil War, we described as Marx tried to understand the war as a conflict between two social systems the slav-ery and the free-labor having in mind the expansive necessity of slavery.

A classe média brasileira emergente, quebrando paradigmas e impulsionando a economia brasileira nas últimas décadas por meio do aumento do poder de compra e consequente consumo de produtos e serviços a que antes só eram acessíveis a classes sociais mais abastadas se tornou alvo de várias empresas que reviram suas estratégias de modo a criar uma oferta voltada ao interesse desse público. O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar e analisar as diferenças e semelhanças nas atividades de marketing de serviços de empresas que criaram e adaptaram sua oferta por meio de novas marcas para atender à ascensão do poder de compra da classe média brasileira em relação às suas marcas já existentes. Com o aumento do poder de compra da classe média brasileira, esse segmento da população se tornou alvo do interesse de empresas que buscaram passar a atender esse segmento por meio, principalmente, da criação de novas marcas, tanto de bens como de serviços, direcionados a este público. Para cumprir com o objetivo proposto, primeiramente buscou definir-se quem é a classe média brasileira tratada pelo presente estudo, à luz dos diversos critérios de classificação disponíveis e suas características. A partir dessa definição, a revisão teórica abordou temas de marketing de serviços: segmentação, posicionamento, as diferenças entre bens e serviços, o composto de marketing aplicado a serviços, noções sobre o desenvolvimento de uma marca para um nível mais baixo e a aplicação do marketing de serviços à classe média brasileira, finalizando com os efeitos da crise econômica nas estratégias das empresas que desenvolveram novas marcas para atender esse público. O método utilizado para a pesquisa de campo foi o estudo de caso e as unidades de análise escolhidas foram o Grupo Fleury, com as marcas Fleury Medicina e Saúde e a+ Medicina Diagnóstica, o Grupo Bio Ritmo, com as marcas Bio Ritmo e Smart Fit e o Grupo Porto Seguro, com a Porto Seguro e a Azul Seguros. A análise dos casos foi feita, primeiramente, de forma individual, fazendo uma comparação com o observado na pesquisa de campo com o a revisão teórica e em seguida, os casos foram comparados entre si. Com a pesquisa, foi possível concluir que as marcas desenvolvidas para a classe média tem como principal segmento alvo a classe C, posicionadas como serviço econômico, eficiente e de boa relação custo-benefício. Além disso, a decisão de passar a atender o público da classe média, de renda inferior ao público já atendido pelas empresas por meio de novas marcas e não extensões de marca foi motivado, principalmente para preservar a reputação, credibilidade e posicionamento premium das marcas originais. A adaptação da oferta das empresas que criaram novas marcas para atender a classe média em ascensão econômica se deu, principalmente, na diferenciação da quantidade, variedade e sofisticação dos serviços suplementares oferecidos para a marca mais econômica serem inferiores em relação à marca original premium. A estrutura de custos das marcas voltada para a classe média se mostrou inferior à das marcas premium, resultando num preço consideravelmente mais baixo. Os efeitos da crise econômica percebidos pelas empresas que criaram marcas para a classe média envolvem a migração de clientes da marca premium para a marca mais econômica, principalmente motivados pela boa relação custo-benefício conseguida por meio da um nível semelhante de qualidade técnica do serviço principal e uma oferta mais simples de serviço total, minimizando a estrutura de custos necessária e, por isso, possibilitando a prática de um nível de preços baixo, muito atrativo em períodos de crise. / The emerging Brazilian middle class, breaking paradigms and boosting the Brazilian economy in recent decades through increased purchasing power and consequent consumption of goods and services that were previously only accessible to more affluent social classes became the target of several companies reviewed their strategies in order to create a directed offer to the interest of this audience. This study aims to identify and analyze the differences and similarities in the marketing activities of the services of companies that created and adapted their offer through new brands to meet the rising purchasing power of the Brazilian middle class in relation to their brands already existing. With increasing purchasing power of the Brazilian middle class, this segment of the population became the target of interest from companies that sought to move to serve this segment through mainly the creation of new brands, both goods and services, aimed at this audience. To meet the proposed objective, first sought to define who is the Brazilian middle class treated in this study, in the light of the vari-ous classification criteria available and their characteristics. From this definition, the theoreti-cal review addressed marketing issues services: segmentation, positioning, differences be-tween goods and services, the marketing mix applied to services, notions about the develop-ment of a brand to a lower level and the application of services to the Brazilian middle class marketing, ending with the effects of the economic crisis in the strategies of companies that have developed new brands to meet the public. The method used for field research was the case study and the studied units were Fleury, a+, Bio Ritmo, Smart Fit, Porto Seguro and Azul Seguros.The case analysis were made, first, individually, making a comparison with data from the field research with the theoretical review and then the cases were compared. Through research, it was concluded that the brands developed for the middle class\'s main tar-get segment the C class, positioned as economic, efficient and cost-effective. Moreover, the decision to serve the public of the middle class, lower public income already served by com-panies through new brands and not brand extensions was motivated mainly to preserve the reputation, credibility and premium positioning of original brands. The adaptation of the offer of companies that created new brands to meet the middle class in economic rise was mainly in the differentiation of the amount, variety and sophistication of additional services for the most economical brand being lower in relation to the original premium brand. The marks of the cost structure facing the middle class was inferior to the premium brands, resulting in a considerably lower price. The effects of the economic crisis perceived by companies that created brands for the middle class involve the migration of premium brand customers to the most cost brand, mainly motivated by cost-benefit achieved through a similar level of technical quality of the main service and a simpler offer full service, minimizing the cost structure required and, therefore, allowing the practice of a low price level, very attractive in times of crisis.

The thesis deals with the unemployment of young people in two selected EU countries, namely the Czech Republic and Spain. The main aim of the thesis is to analyze the position of the young generation in the labor market in the selected EU countries and their comparison. The partial objective is to evaluate the currently used tools of active employment policy, identify barriers to implementation and propose possible solutions to unemployment of this target group in selected countries. The analysis focuses not only on the overall unemployment rate of the monitored age category, but also on the development of the number of unemployed by type of education and sex. Last but not least, information is also provided in relation to the unemployment rate in individual NUTS 2 cohesion regions in the above countries. The reference period is between 2007 and 2017.