O cenário competitivo da indústria da moda, no qual se insere a indústria calçadista, configura ciclos curtos e rápidos de produção e comercialização característicos do modelo fast fashion, porém, a crescente preocupação com aspectos sociais e ambientais tem despertado o interesse da sociedade por uma mudança de postura frente a estas questões. O posicionamento de marcas com foco na preservação ambiental pode viabilizar melhorias em produtos que ainda são projetados e manufaturados de forma convencional, ou resultar em inovações significativas no desenvolvimento de produtos ambientalmente amigáveis. A proposta do estudo foi realizar um diagnóstico do cenário atual do design de calçados ambientalmente orientado, identificando as práticas utilizadas nos processos de design que colaboram na redução do impacto ambiental do final de vida útil dos calçados. Para melhor compreender os fatos, o estudo foi subdividido em quatro etapas. A primeira etapa contempla a revisão de literatura; a segunda etapa é resultado de pesquisa desk; na terceira etapa, realizou-se levantamento de dados por interrogação direta de pessoas através de entrevistas em diferentes amostras; e na quarta etapa realizadas as análises e interpretação dos resultados. A pesquisa básica, de abordagem qualitativa e objetivos exploratórios, utilizou-se de amostras não-probabilísticas definidas conforme os critérios estabelecidos para cada fase Os resultados alcançados apontam que, mesmo com tecnologia e informação globalizada, na prática, pouco é feito em design e produção de calçados em prol da redução de impactos ambientais. Incluem-se nessa realidade clusters tradicionais de produção, como o do Vale dos Sinos no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, sendo as iniciativas calçadistas que levam em consideração o cuidado com o meio ambiente, ainda, restritas e isoladas representando nichos distintos. A indústria calçadista segue aos moldes tradicionais de produção e percebe-se que, quando há uma mudança, esta é impulsionada, principalmente, por legislações ou acidentes ambientais gerados por seus dejetos, ou então são empresas que surgem com foco em desenvolver produtos ambientalmente orientados para nichos de mercado. Desta forma, na maior parte do desenvolvimento os designers reproduzem o sistema de criação rápida, obedecendo ao contexto de coleções e preços cada vez mais enxutos. O conhecimento sobre o assunto ainda é pouco explorado e, por consequência, falta articulação entre os atores da cadeia para uma mobilização efetiva na busca por soluções para o desenvolvimento sustentável do setor. / The competitive landscape of the fashion industry, which includes the footwear industry, sets up short and fast production and marketing cycles characteristic of the fast fashion model, but the growing concern with social and environmental aspects has aroused society's interest in a change position on these issues. The positioning of brands focused on environmental preservation can enable improvements in products that are still designed and manufactured in a conventional way, or result in significant innovations in the development of environmentally friendly products. The purpose of the study was to carry out a diagnosis of the current scenario of environmentally oriented footwear design, identifying the practices used in the design processes that collaborate in reducing the environmental impact of the end of the shoe life. To better understand the facts, the study was subdivided into four stages. The first stage contemplates the literature review; the second stage is the result of desk research; in the third stage, data were collected by direct interrogation of people through interviews in different samples; and in the fourth stage, the analyzes and interpretation of the results were carried out. The basic research, with a qualitative approach and exploratory objectives, was used of non-probabilistic samples defined according to the established criteria for each phase. The results show that, even with technology and globalized information, in practice little is done in the design and production of footwear in favor of reducing environmental impacts Traditional clusters of production, such as Vale dos Sinos in the Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, are included in this reality. Footwear initiatives that take into account the care for the environment are still restricted and isolated, representing different niches. The footwear industry follows the traditional patterns of production and it is noticed that when there is a change, this is mainly driven by environmental laws or accidents generated by their waste, or else they are companies that are focused on developing environmentally oriented products for niche markets. In this way, in most of the development, the designers reproduce the system of fast creation, obeying to the context of collections and prices more and leaner. The knowledge about the subject is still little explored and, as a consequence, there is a lack of articulation between the actors in the chain for an effective mobilization in search of solutions for the sustainable development of the sector.

Introdução: Apesar do progresso da oncologia pediátrica, ainda existem pacientes que não atingem a cura. Estudos mostram que estes recebem tratamento agressivo no fim da vida, sem controle efetivo dos sintomas, com sofrimento significativo. O cuidador familiar é fonte preciosa de informações conforme a morte da criança se aproxima. No entanto, as impressões parentais podem não refletir precisamente a experiência da criança, pois presenciar sofrimento pressupõe sofrimento. Talvez isso explique a discordância entre o relato dos pais e os registros médicos. A convivência com o sofrimento do filho morrendo permanece gravado na memória dos pais. Acreditar que o filho morreu sofrendo pode levar a morbidade psicológica e interferir no futuro deles. Avaliou-se a percepção dos pais sobre os sintomas que afetaram o bem estar dos seus filhos no fim da vida, comparou-se com os dados da equipe médica e relacionaram-se as circunstâncias em que a morte ocorreu com transtornos de humor e presença de luto complicado. Material e métodos: em 2012 entramos em contato com 250 famílias que perderam o filho no período de 2000 a 2010, em um Hospital especializado, no interior do Brasil, que realiza atendimento através do sistema governamental. A pesquisa foi conduzida através de questionários auto-aplicáveis enviados pelos correios. Resultados: tivemos a participação de 60 cuidadores com tempo de luto variando entre 14 e 80 meses. Esses relataram média de 12 sintomas que afetaram o bem estar dos filhos na última semana de vida, sem concordância quando comparado com os dados registrados pela equipe médica, até mesmo para o sintoma dor. Esses pais apresentam altos níveis de ansiedade e depressão (74,0% e 81,0% respectivamente) e altos níveis de luto complicado (38,0% com luto baixo/ausente, 12,0% com luto adiado e 34,0% como luto prolongado). Os maiores escores de luto atual foram evidenciados entre os cuidadores casados, com idade variando entre 30-39 anos, analfabetos, assalariados, com outras religiões que não a católica, pertencente às classes econômicas C/D/E, que tiveram um filho único, que está há mais de 72 meses de luto, cujo filho tinha no momento do óbito idade entre 12 e 18 anos, era portador de tumor de SNC, estava em tratamento com intenção curativa e faleceu na enfermaria. Evidenciamos correlação entre a carga de sintomas referida pelos médicos com luto passado e luto presente. Analisando as Introdução: Apesar do progresso da oncologia pediátrica, ainda existem pacientes que não atingem a cura. Estudos mostram que estes recebem tratamento agressivo no fim da vida, sem controle efetivo dos sintomas, com sofrimento significativo. O cuidador familiar é fonte preciosa de informações conforme a morte da criança se aproxima. No entanto, as impressões parentais podem não refletir precisamente a experiência da criança, pois presenciar sofrimento pressupõe sofrimento. Talvez isso explique a discordância entre o relato dos pais e os registros médicos. A convivência com o sofrimento do filho morrendo permanece gravado na memória dos pais. Acreditar que o filho morreu sofrendo pode levar a morbidade psicológica e interferir no futuro deles. Avaliou-se a percepção dos pais sobre os sintomas que afetaram o bem estar dos seus filhos no fim da vida, comparou-se com os dados da equipe médica e relacionaram-se as circunstâncias em que a morte ocorreu com transtornos de humor e presença de luto complicado. Material e métodos: em 2012 entramos em contato com 250 famílias que perderam o filho no período de 2000 a 2010, em um Hospital especializado, no interior do Brasil, que realiza atendimento através do sistema governamental. A pesquisa foi conduzida através de questionários auto-aplicáveis enviados pelos correios. Resultados: tivemos a participação de 60 cuidadores com tempo de luto variando entre 14 e 80 meses. Esses relataram média de 12 sintomas que afetaram o bem estar dos filhos na última semana de vida, sem concordância quando comparado com os dados registrados pela equipe médica, até mesmo para o sintoma dor. Esses pais apresentam altos níveis de ansiedade e depressão (74,0% e 81,0% respectivamente) e altos níveis de luto complicado (38,0% com luto baixo/ausente, 12,0% com luto adiado e 34,0% como luto prolongado). Os maiores escores de luto atual foram evidenciados entre os cuidadores casados, com idade variando entre 30-39 anos, analfabetos, assalariados, com outras religiões que não a católica, pertencente às classes econômicas C/D/E, que tiveram um filho único, que está há mais de 72 meses de luto, cujo filho tinha no momento do óbito idade entre 12 e 18 anos, era portador de tumor de SNC, estava em tratamento com intenção curativa e faleceu na enfermaria. Evidenciamos correlação entre a carga de sintomas referida pelos médicos com luto passado e luto presente. Analisando as variáveis relacionadas ao luto presente evidenciou-se forte correlação positiva com o luto passado, com ansiedade e depressão e correlação negativa com o tempo de cuidados paliativos. Como fatores preditores na análise de regressão múltipla evidenciaram-se o luto passado e a depressão. Conclusão: Os pais relataram grande sofrimento dos filhos no fim da vida, sem concordância com os dados da equipe médica. Dois terços dos cuidadores apresentam sintomas de ansiedade e depressão e 84% apresentaram alguma reação de luto complicado. Evidenciou-se forte correlação positiva do luto presente com o luto passado, com ansiedade e depressão e a com a carga de sintomas referida pelos médicos e correlação negativa com o tempo de cuidados paliativos / Introduction: Despite all the progress in pediatric oncology, there are still patients who cannot achieve cure. Studies show that they receive aggressive treatment in the end of life, with no effective control of symptoms, and endure considerable suffering. The family caregiver is a precious source of information as the death of the child approaches. Parental impressions may not reflect accurately the child\'s experience due to the fact that witnessing suffering implies in suffering. This may explain the discrepancy between the parents\' reports and the medical records. Living with a dying child remains engraved in the parents\' memories. Believing that their child died in pain may lead to psychological morbidity and interfere in their future. Parental perception on the symptoms that affected the well- being of the child in the end of life was evaluated and compared with medical data, and the circumstances in which death occurred were related with mood swings and the presence of complicated grief. Material and methods: In 2012, 250 families that had lost a child between the years of 2000 and 2010, in a specialized, public hospital in Brazil, were contacted. A survey was carried out through self- applied questionnaires sent by mail. Results: 60 caregivers with time of mourning ranging between 14 and 80 months reported, on average, 12 symptoms that affected the well-being of their children on their last week of life, and these reports did not agree with the data recorded by the medical team. These parents present with high levels of anxiety and depression (74.0% and 81.0% respectively), as well as complicated grief (38.0% absent/ low grief, 12.0% delayed grief and 34.0% prolonged grief). The highest grief scores were seen among the caregivers who met the following parameters: married, age range between 30 and 39, illiterate, minimum wage and social class C/D/E. They had also been mourning the loss of their only child, who was between 12 and 18 years old at the time of death, had CNS tumor, was treated with curative intention and died in the infirmary. There was evident correlation between the burden of symptoms referred by the doctors with past and present grief. When the variables related to present grief were analyzed, there was strong positive correlation with past grief, showing anxiety and depression; and negative correlation with palliative care time. As predictor factors in the multiple regression analysis, past grief and depression were evident. Conclusion: Parents related great suffering of their children in the end of life, which did not agree with the medical data. Two thirds of the caregivers present symptoms of anxiety and depression and 84.0% present some reaction of complicated grief. There was strong positive correlation between present and past grief with anxiety and depression, and with the burden of symptoms referred by doctors, and negative correlation with palliative care time

Cuidado Paliativo é cuidado ativo total de pacientes cuja doença não é mais passível de responder a tratamento curativo. Almeja-se controlar a dor e outros sintomas e tratar de problemas de ordem psicológica, social e espiritual. O objetivo é melhorar a qualidade de vida do paciente e de seus familiares, de acordo com a definição da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Esta abordagem, portanto, é de responsabilidade de uma equipe multidisciplinar que enfoca a pessoa doente e o alívio integral do sofrimento. A vida é afirmada, e a morte é encarada como natural, não sendo antecipada nem postergada. Dada a importância desta difícil tarefa, é crucial que o atendimento seja de boa qualidade, e para tanto é necessário utilizar indicadores de qualidade do Cuidado Paliativo. No caso do câncer incurável, os indicadores de qualidade do Cuidado Paliativo incluem a avaliação da qualidade de vida, do controle dos sintomas e da satisfação do paciente e da família com o cuidado. Além desses indicadores, fundamentais, porém de difícil obtenção, existem aqueles obtidos com base em dados administrativos. Dentre estes, os mais frequentes são a fração de pacientes encaminhados ao Cuidado Paliativo, a porcentagem de pacientes que receberam quimioterapia no final da vida e fração de óbitos ocorridos na unidade de cuidados paliativos ou no domicílio. Numa situação ideal, espera-se que a grande maioria dos pacientes seja encaminhada à unidade de cuidados paliativos e que o óbito ocorra na própria unidade ou na residência do paciente, e não em unidades de emergência, na terapia intensiva ou em enfermarias gerais. Quanto à quimioterapia no final da vida, pode ser um indicador de tratamento inapropriadamente agressivo. Cabe ressaltar, contudo, que estes indicadores não estão universalmente validados. Levando-se em consideração esta limitação, estudos em outros países concluem que o Cuidado Paliativo é subutilizado e introduzido tardiamente no curso da doença. Este cenário negativo inclui o uso agressivo da quimioterapia no final da vida. Um diagnóstico de câncer de pulmão metastático geralmente implica em um curto tempo de vida com uma carga elevada de sintomas. Nesta situação, a quimioterapia parece ser vantajosa, prolongando a vida e melhorando a sua qualidade, quando se avalia esse grupo de pacientes de uma forma global. Em um paciente individual, porém, há de ser levar em conta seu estado funcional, bem como as comorbidades e a toxicidade do tratamento. Também são importantes aspectos da comunicação médico-paciente quanto ao prognóstico e os benefícios esperados da quimioterapia. Neste contexto, a necessidade da visão global do paciente e do controle de sintomas implica no Cuidado Paliativo, isoladamente ou associado ao tratamento oncológico específico. Resolvemos, portanto investigar, retrospectivamente, indicadores de qualidade, com base em dados administrativos, do Cuidado Paliativo em pacientes portadores de câncer de pulmão não pequenas células (CPNPC) metastático atendidos na Fundação Pio XII, Hospital de Câncer de Barretos, cujo óbito tenha ocorrido entre Janeiro de 2003 e Janeiro de 2005. Os indicadores escolhidos foram a porcentagem de pacientes encaminhados à unidade de Cuidados Paliativos, o local do óbito e a porcentagem de pacientes que receberam quimioterapia no último mês de vida.No total foram revisados 275 prontuários, destes 36 estavam incompletos, sendo elegíveis 239 pacientes para as análises. A data do óbito foi detectada em 218 pacientes, sendo o atestado de óbito disponível em 166 pacientes. A maioria dos pacientes (75,3%) tinha baixa escolaridade, analfabetos ou com o ensino fundamental incompleto. A cor era branca em 78,6% dos casos e a idade mediana era de 64 anos (intervalo 31-90 anos). O hábito do tabagismo foi detectado em 77,4% dos pacientes. Quanto às características clínicas, notamos que o escore de estado funcional Karnofsky (KPS) não foi registrado em aproximadamente metade dos pacientes. Naqueles em que havia registro, 58,8% apresentavam estado funcional preservado (KPS >70%). Os sítios de metástase mais frequentes foram o fígado (39,3%), ossos (22,6%) e cérebro (19,7%). Em relação aos sintomas, os mais frequentes foram dor (47,6%) e dispnéia (34,3%), sendo os opiódes usados por 36,8% dos pacientes. O tratamento oncológico consistiu em cirurgias (6,5%), radioterapia (61,9%) e quimioterapia (44,7%). Os esquemas mais utilizados (85,9%) em primeira linha foram as combinações baseadas em platina, com uma mediana de três ciclos administrados por paciente. A quimioterapia de segunda linha foi aplicada em 9,0% dos pacientes.Quanto aos indicadores de qualidade do Cuidado Paliativo, somente 104/239 (43,5%) dos pacientes foram encaminhados à unidade de cuidados paliativos. Nestes o óbito ocorreu em 38 ± 58 (media ± desvio padrão) dias, sendo uma fração importante destes, 20/104 (19,2%), em menos de quatro dias. Num modelo por análise de regressão logística, o sexo feminino, a menor escolaridade, a realização de radioterapia, a ausência de dor, e a ausência do uso de quimioterapia foram preditivos do encaminhamento à unidade (p=0,04; 0,03; 0,01; 0,03; 0,05), respectivamente. A quimioterapia foi aplicada em 46 dos 239 pacientes (19,2%) no último mês de vida, sendo a ausência de realização de radioterapia (p= 0,02) o único fator preditivo, pela análise de regressão logística. Em relação ao local do óbito, este ocorreu no domicílio ou na unidade de cuidados paliativos em somente 119/218 (55,5%) dos casos, sendo os restantes em enfermarias clínicas, na emergência ou em unidades de terapia intensiva. A sobrevida global foi de 4,4 ± 0,3 (media ± desvio padrão) meses após o diagnóstico da metástase, pela análise de Kaplan-Meier.Em conclusão, este grupo de pacientes portadores de CPNPC metastático não se beneficiou plenamente do Cuidado Paliativo e uma fração significativa destes foi submetida a tratamento agressivo no final da vida. A dificuldade em estimar-se o prognóstico e fatores culturais ligados a negação da finitude humana e exaltação da tecnologia, além de barreiras na comunicação médico-paciente precisam ser melhor estudados / Palliative Care is the total active care of patients whose disease is no longer amenable to curative measures. Control of pain and other symptoms is a priority, and psychological, social and spiritual issues are taken into consideration. The goal is to improve the quality of life of patients and of their families, according to the World Health Organization definition. Thus a team approach is necessary, with focus on the individual as a whole and aiming to ease suffering. Life is affirmed and death is seen as natural and neither hastened nor postponed. Given the importance of this hard task, quality of care should be optimal. In relation to incurable cancer, Palliative Care quality measures include the evaluation of the quality of life, of symptom control and of patient´s and family satisfaction with care. In addition to these measures, which are fundamental but difficult to obtain, there are those obtained from administrative data. Among these, the most frequent are the percentage of patients who were referred to the palliative care unit, the percentage of patients who were treated with chemotherapy near the end of life and the fraction of patients who died in their homes or in the palliative care unit. In an ideal setting, the great majority of these patients should be referred to Palliative Care, the place of death should be the Palliative Care unit or the patients´ homes. Death should not occur in emergency rooms, intensive care units or acute care inpatient units. Regarding chemotherapy administration near the end of life, that may imply in an inappropriately aggressive treatment. However, these quality measures lack universal validation. With this caveat in mind, studies conducted in other countries concluded that Palliative Care is underutilized and introduced late in the disease course. This negative scenario includes the aggressive use of chemotherapy near the end of life.A diagnosis of metastatic lung cancer usually implies in a short survival and a heavy symptom burden. Chemotherapy may prolong survival and improve the quality of life, when this population is analyzed as a whole. In the individual patient, however, performance status, comorbidities and treatment toxicity must be taken into consideration. Patient-doctor communication issues that deal with prognosis and the expected benefits of chemotherapy are also critical. In this context, to see the patient as a whole and symptom control demands Palliative Care, alone or in addition to specific anti-cancer treatment.Thus, we decided to retrospectively investigate administrative based quality measures of Palliative Care in metastatic non small cell lung cancer patients (NSCLC), who were managed at Fundação Pio XII, Hospital de Câncer de Barretos, and who died from January 2003 to January 2005. The measures that were chosen were the percentage of patients who were referred to the palliative care unit, the place of death and the percentage of patients who were treated with chemotherapy in the last month of life. A total of 275 patient charts were reviewed, 36 were incomplete, thus 239 patients were eligible for the analysis of clinical and treatment characteristics. The time of death was available for 218 patients, and the death certificate was available for 166 patients. Most (75,3%) patients had a low educational level, being illiterate or with incomplete elementary school. Patients were white (78,6%) with median age of 64 years (range 31-90 years). Smoking history was positive in 77,4% patients. In relation to the clinical characteristics, Karnofsky (KPS) performance status score was not recorded in approximately half of the patient group. In those that it was available, 58,8% presented with preserved functional status do (KPS>70). The most frequent metastatic sites were liver (39,3%), bones (22,6%) and brain (19,7%). The most frequent symptoms were pain (47,6%) and shortness of breath (34,3%); opioids were used by 36,8% dos patients. Cancer treatment was surgery (6,5%), radiotherapy (61,9%) and chemotherapy (44,7%). The most commonly used protocols in first line (85,9%) were platinun based combination chemotherapy, with a median of three cycles per patient. Second line chemotherapy was administered to 9,0% of patients.In relation to the Palliative Care quality measures, only 104/239 (43,5%) patients were referred to the unit, 38±58 days before death, being a significant minority, 20/104 (19,2%) referred late, four or less days before death. In a logistic regression model, female gender, low educational level, radiotherapy, lack of pain and lack of chemotherapy administration were predictive of referral to the unit (p=0,04; 0,03; 0,01; 0,03; 0,05), respectively. Chemotherapy was administered to a significant minority 46/239 (19,2%) of patients in the last month of life. In this case, the lack of radiotherapy was the only predictive variable by logistic regression analysis (p= 0,02). The place of death was in the patients´ homes or in the Palliative Care unit in only 119/218 (55,5%) cases, being the rest in acute care beds, emergency rooms or intensive care units. The overall survival after the diagnosis of metastatic disease was 4,4 ± 0,3 months, by Kaplan-Meier analysis.In conclusion, our NSCLC patients did not fully benefit from Palliative Care and a significant fraction of these patients were submitted to aggressive care near the end of their lives. The difficulty in estimating patients´ prognosis and cultural factors linked to the denial of human finitude and technicism, as well as patient- doctor communication barriers should be explored in future studies

Tröst har en central del i omvårdnaden. Begreppet tröst har ifrågasatts om det är relevant för omvårdnaden. Tröst förknippas med lidande och betydelsen av begreppet tröst är individuellt, kroppsligt, mentalt och andligt. Syftet med studien var att undersöka begreppet tröst utifrån ett omvårdnadsperspektiv i livet slutskede. Begreppsanalysen följer Rodgers Evolutionary Concept Analysis. Artikelsökningar genomfördes i 4 databaser. 14 artiklar blev det slutgiltiga urvalet. Där synonyma/relaterade termer, antecedenter, kännetecken, exempel och konsekvenser av tröst identifierades. Resultatet visar att det finns vissa gemensamma faktorer som främjar tröst. Faktorer som framkom var relationen till sjuksköterskan, familjerelationer och religiös eller andlig tro. Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan anpassar trösten till den enskilde personen då tröst upplevs individuellt. Resultatet diskuterades mot Ruland och Moores omvårdnadsteori Peaceful End-Of- Life Theory och vidare analysfasen. Det behövs mer forskning för att vidareutveckla begreppet tröst i livets slutskede. / Comfort plays a central part in nursing care. The concept of comfort has been questioned whether it is relevant to the nursing care. Comfort associated with suffering and the importance of the concept of comfort are individually, physically, mentally and spiritually. The aim of the study was to investigate the concept from a nursing perspective at the end of life stage. Conceptual analysis follows Rodgers Evolutionary Concept Analysis. Article searches were conducted in 4 databases. 14 articles became the final selection. Where surrogate/related terms, antecedenter, features, examples and implications of consolation was identified. . The result shows that there are some common factors that promote comfort. Factors that emerged was the relationship with the nurse, family relationships and religious or spiritual beliefs. It is important that the nurse adapts the consolation to the individual when comfort is experienced individually. The results were discussed from the perspective of Ruland and Moore's nursing theory Peaceful End-Of-Life Theory and further analysis phase. More research is needed to further develop the concept of comfort in life´s final stage.

Flertalet sjuksköterskor upplever svårigheter i att vårda döende patienter. Olika känslor uppkommer och varierar beroende på tidigare erfarenhet inom området. För att patienten ska dö med värdighet krävs det att livskvaliteten upprätthålls ända fram till dödstillfället. Problem i omvårdnaden synliggörs när sjuksköterskan upplever att egen erfarenhet, kunskap och förståelse inte är tillräcklig. Det kan resultera i kommunikationssvårigheter, osäkerhet och en otillräcklig helhetssyn av patienten. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur sjuksköterskor utan erfarenhet inom palliativ vård upplever vårdandet av patienter i livets slutskede. Metoden som användes var allmän litteraturbaserad metod. Nio vårdvetenskapliga studier ingår i resultatet och tre teman kunde urskiljas: Erfarenhet av döden i vårdande kontext, kommunikation och sjuksköterskans upplevelse av döden. Ur dessa teman framkom sju subteman: att bli känslomässigt påverkad, erfarenhet av vårdande i livets slut, att kommunicera med patient och anhöriga, att kommunicera med kollegor, när kommunikationen är en utmaning, den goda döden, den dåliga döden. Resultatet påvisar vikten av kommunikation, erfarenhet, ärlighet och öppenhet i vårdandet av patienten i livets slutskede. Utifrån resultatet diskuteras utvalda upplevelser som vårdandet i livets slutskede medför. Detta gäller sjuksköterskans känslor, erfarenhet, förmåga att kommunicera samt sjuksköterskestudenter och handledares perspektiv. Genom reflektion kan ökad förståelse och därmed ökad kunskap uppnås. Sammantaget är det många faktorer som behövs för att vårdandet i livets slutskede ska vara av god kvalitet.

While solar energy presents the possibility of a low-carbon energy world, the solar industry has its own environmental impacts. Data on end-of-life management of photovoltaics (PV) remains scarce and as more solar panels reach the end of their lifespan, systems for their appropriate management need to be created. Because PV modules contain small amounts of hazardous materials, panels cannot be landfilled without some processing. Additionally, by not addressing the problem of PV waste and failing to create a system for management, an unintended consequence of shipping PV waste abroad remains possible. As a leader in environmental problem solving and a large installer of solar power, California has a responsibility to plan for PV end-of-life and to create policy for sustainable management practices. Using the existing extended producer responsibility and product stewardship policies and programs in California for mattresses, carpets, and beverage containers, policymakers can establish a program for the sustainable management of PV waste. Learning from these policies’ successes and failures, California legislators can push the solar industry to innovate and think about the impacts of their product at all stages in the life cycle.

Bakgrund: Palliativ vård bygger på ett förhållningssätt med syfte att lindra lidande och öka livskvaliteten under den sista tiden i livet. Sjuksköterskans uppgift i den palliativa vården är att utifrån en personcentrerad vård skapa förutsättningar för en god död. Trots att det finns möjlighet för vård i hemmet eller på palliativ vårdenhet händer det att patienter i ett sent palliativt skede ändå söker sig till akutmottagningen. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda patienter i ett sent palliativt skede, på akutmottagning. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har gjorts för att besvara syftet. Elva vetenskapliga orginalartiklar har inkluderats och dessa har granskats, analyserats tematiserats för att urskilja likheter och skillnader. Resultat: Två huvudteman och sex underteman identifierades. Det första huvudtemat var Sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av faktorer som utgör hinder för god palliativ vård, med tillhörande underteman vårdmiljön som ett hinder, avsaknad av nödvändiga resurser, kurativ mentalitet och anhöriga som ett hinder för god palliativ vård. Det andra huvudtemat var sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av faktorer som främjar en god palliativ vård, med tillhörande underteman en underlättande vårdmiljö och resursers betydelse för god palliativ vård. Diskussion: Diskussionen framhäver vårdkulturens betydelse för den palliativa vården på en akutmottagning. Författarna diskuterar tre fenomen, resurser, kurativ mentalitet och akutmottagningens utformning i relation till Katie Erikssons caritativa vårdteori.

Background Palliative care services have widened beyond cancer in recent years, yet frail older adults rarely receive such services. There is a need to understand the dynamic multidimensional end-of-life experiences of this group in order to assess how or if a palliative approach could be beneficial. Physical end-of-life trajectories for frail older people have been described but there remains little person centred research that describes changing experiences across physical, social, psychological and existential dimensions. Aims and objectives To explore the changing multidimensional experiences of frail older people towards the end of life and to reflect on the utility of a qualitative longitudinal multi-perspective design for this population. Methods Thirteen cognitively intact, community dwelling older adults considered to be moderately or severely frail, using a clinical frailty scale, and thirteen nominated informal carers participated in up to three narrative interviews over eighteen months. Eight nominated professionals were also interviewed. The interviews were participant led, audio-recorded and fully transcribed. The ‘voice centred relational’ narrative method, incorporating analyses of multidimensional experience, was used to analyse the data. The data were then analysed longitudinally to compile case studies for each older person. Findings The narratives of these frail older people approaching the end of life illustrate patterns of multidimensional experience that differ from the end-of-life trajectories of other groups. All participants experienced physical decline however three possible patterns of psychological, social and existential experience emerged. These were stable, regressive and tragic according to the capacity to hold on to core values, and maintain a sense of self and of belonging in the world and are illustrated using visual trajectories. When the sense of self was threatened these frail older people lacked valued alternative identities and struggled with the absence of clear causative factors to explain their circumstances. The participants frequently described fears of burdening others, of moving to a nursing home or of developing dementia more than fears of dying. Losses and sustaining factors are described for physical, social, psychological and existential dimensions revealing the importance of social and community networks for supporting frail older people. There were constraints and benefits to using a qualitative longitudinal multi-perspective method, however the method enabled a deep, contextualised and rich understanding of the dynamic experiences of frail older people. Conclusion Frail older people may be supported towards the end of life by considering ways to promote the integration of the self. This may involve promoting valued alternative identities, protecting personhood through social and health care practices and by investigating ways to alleviate or make tolerable greatest fears. Community health and social care structures and social and community networks appear essential for addressing the end-of-life needs of frail older people. A qualitative, longitudinal, multi-perspective design was beneficial for investigating the experiences of frail older people.

Nonmalignant respiratory diseases (NMRD), such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), are a leading cause of morbidity worldwide. Research has shown that patients with NMRD in the UK, Canada and the US have less access to palliative care services than patients with other respiratory diseases such as lung cancer. Discussing preferences for end-of-life care in NMRD can be difficult for patients, carers and health professionals, however it is essential to ensure that the patient’s wishes are met, particularly when resources are scarce. Despite similar nationalised health care systems in the UK and Canada, a recent report by the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked overall quality of end-of- life care in the UK first out of forty, while Canada was ranked ninth out of forty. Therefore, it was deemed useful to investigate how end-of-life for people with NMRD is discussed between health professionals and patients in the UK and Canada and to develop an instrument allowing health professionals to determine constraints and opportunities for facilitating such discussions in each country as comparing care between countries is helpful to determine the best solutions for individuals and families with complex needs. This study was guided by the Medical Research Council guidelines for developing and implementing complex interventions, and the research process followed the requirements for the development phase of these guidelines. First, two systematic reviews were carried out to establish the evidence base regarding of end-of-life discussions. The first focused on how end-of-life is discussed in NMRD, while the second focused exclusively on end-of-life discussions in a single NMRD (COPD) in the UK and Canada only. The findings of the systematic reviews pointed toward the need for further training of health professionals to iii discuss end-of-life with this patient group, as well as the lack indicators that this patient group is ready or willing to discuss end-of-life. Then, a Delphi study was conducted with specialist respiratory nurses in the UK to determine expert opinion on how health professionals know a patient with NMRD is ready to discuss end-of-life, and to establish the key considerations and topics in such discussions. This study was replicated in Canada with health professionals working with patients with NMRD. Each Delphi study resulted in a country specific tool to assist less experienced health professionals discuss end-of-life with this patient group. Finally, the findings of these Delphi studies were compared to determine what health professionals in each country could learn from each other, as well as specific considerations in each country, and areas for future research. The findings from the comparison process demonstrated that the emotional intelligence of health professionals, the patient education context and the recognition of cultural issues were all important factors when approaching end-of-life discussions. Findings from each phase of the intervention development process resulted in a theoretical model of how end-of-life is discussed in the UK and Canada. This model identifies constraints and opportunities for such discussions from a systems level perspective including: end-of-life policies, prognosis in non-malignant respiratory disease, time, clinical indicators, initiation responsibility, the educational role of health professionals, emotional intelligence, cultural competence and readiness versus willingness to discuss end-of-life. Recommendations are made from the findings of this study for research, clinical practice, education and policy. A detailed plan for the next stage of the development of the intervention is included.

Background: Every year 250,000 children worldwide receive the unimaginable diagnosis of cancer. A cancer diagnosis inflicts a major impact on the family situation. They must deal with an entirely, both emotionally and socially new situation they are not prepared for. It is of great importance that the nurse has adequate knowledge to be able to provide the best possible care to the entire family. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the family members' experiences of losing a child in cancer. Method: A method to contribute to evidence-based nursing with ground in analysis of qualitative research was performed to get a better understanding of families' experiences. An analysis of thirteen qualitative articles was carried out. The analysis resulted in five main themes and sixteen subthemes. Results: The results of the study showed that families losing a child in cancer are having a heart-breaking time. They described combative feelings between hope and despair. The mothers often took care of the sick child at home and the fathers kept their minds busy while working. The families put all their own needs and sorrows aside. The siblings felt lonely since the parents took care of the sick child. After the passing, the family kept a bond to the deceased child through memories and dreams. Conclusion: The families experienced a greater need of support from the nurses and the hospital staff, during the time when the child was sick and after the death.