Introduction: We analyse the privacy policies of 15 private corporations to understand if the data handling practices – data collection, storage, and sharing –described in the policies are ethical or unethical. The data we leave behind when we use the Internet are crucial for corporations. The data provides valuable insights into our lives, thus helping corporations improve targeted marketing campaigns and increase their revenue. Method: Extensive literature review of peer-reviewed articles, written between1993 and 2021, to examine how theoretical perspectives and empirical findings evolved over time; combined with empirical research to analyse the privacy policies and “dark patterns” of 15 companies. The companies were chosen at random and belong to different sectors to give a broader understanding of the current privacy and data handling practices. Analysis: Discourse analysis of the privacy policies to evaluate the type of language used, if it is clear, easy to understand, and if the policy informs users about how their data are collected, shared, and stored. But also, a visual analysis to understand if the company is implementing “dark patterns”. Results: The results indicate that most privacy policies use misleading terms, are not fully transparent about the company’s data handling practices, and often implement “dark patterns” to try to influence the users’ decisions. Conclusion: Most companies have privacy policies available on their websites due to a clear influence from the GDPR legislation, however, there appears to be a conflicting relationship between wanting to comply with the GDPR and wanting to gather as much information as possible.

This dissertation is a critique of synthetic ethical naturalism (SEN). SEN is a view in metaethics that comprises three key theses: first, there are moral properties and facts that are independent of the beliefs and attitudes of moral appraisers (moral realism); second, moral properties and facts are identical to (or constituted only by) natural properties and facts (ethical naturalism); and third, sentences used to assert identity or constitution relations between moral and natural properties are expressions of synthetic, a posteriori necessities. The last of these theses, which distinguishes SEN from other forms of ethical naturalism, is supported by a fourth: the semantic contents of the central moral predicates such as 'morally right' and 'morally good' are fixed in part by features external to the minds of speakers (moral semantic externalism). Chapter 1 introduces SEN and discusses the most common motivations for accepting it. The next three chapters discuss the influential "Moral Twin Earth" argument against moral semantic externalism. In Chapter 2, I defend this argument from the charge that the thought experiment upon which it depends is defective. In Chapters 3 and 4, I consider two attempts to amend SEN so as to render it immune to the Moral Twin Earth argument. I show that each of these proposed amendments amounts to an abandonment of SEN. Chapter Five explores Richard Boyd's proposal that moral goodness is a "homeostatic property cluster." If true, Boyd's hypothesis could be used to support several metaphysical, epistemological, and semantic claims made on behalf of SEN. I advance three arguments against this account of moral goodness. In the sixth chapter, I argue that moral facts are not needed in the best a posteriori explanations of our moral beliefs and moral sensibility. Because of this, those who accept a metaphysical naturalism ought to deny the existence of such facts or else accept skepticism about moral knowledge. In Chapter 7, I consider a counterargument on behalf of SEN to the effect that moral facts are needed in order to explain the predictive success of our best moral theories. I show that this argument fails.

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The digital age has ushered in the increased preservation and accessibility of cultural heritage material within memory institutions through the creation of digital reproductions. This study explores individual digitisation professionals' perceptions of ethical issues This study explores individual digitisation professionals' perceptions of ethical issues and ethical guidelines. Employing a survey study in the form of a questionnaire, this exploratory study intends to lay a foundation upon which further research can be done. The questionnaire garnered both qualitative and quantitative data. A small sample of digitisation professionals from Northern Europe and North America were surveyed and the qualitative findings were analysed through the use of a thematic analysis method. This study finds that there is much to consider such as culture, narrative, and individual rights. This study highlights that there is a spectrum of ethical issues faced by digitisation professionals, with a majority of respondents discussing consent, privacy and cultural sensitivity. In discussing the findings, a lens of professional ethics theory is applied to understand how attitudes towards ethical issues and ethical guidelines in digitisation can be understood. This study creates insights into what a group of digitisation professionals perceive as lacking in ethical guidelines regarding digitisation and the ethical issues. Further research in this area is encouraged.

The purpose of the study was to develop an ethical context and behaviour model by investigating the relationship between individuals’ ethical context and behaviour variables and their job retention and performance related-factors, which has been under-researched in the Democratic Republic of Congo’s working environment. A quantitative cross-sectional survey approach was followed in this study. The population consisted predominantly of a non–probability sample of (N=839) permanently employed employees in an organisation in this country. The results revealed significant relationships between the construct variables. Structural equation modelling indicated a good fit of the data with the canonical correlations-derived measurement model. The main findings are reported and interpreted in terms of an empirically-based ethical context and behaviour model. These findings may provide new knowledge for the design of retention and performance practices which add to the body of knowledge in relation to ethical context and behaviour, job retention and performance / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Admin. (Industrial & Organisational Psychology)

West, Matthew Ellis. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 250-260). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (in English and Chinese) --- p.ii / Acknowledgments --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction ´ؤ China and Intellectual Property --- p.1 / Introduction / What is Intellectual Property? / Chenggong Music and Movies / Lost in Translation / Piracy / Copying / An Historical Perspective / "The Past, Sharing, and Censorship" / Methodology and Xi'an's Disc Market / Chapter Breakdown / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review 一 An Anthropological Approach to IP --- p.37 / The Anthropology of Property / Human Rights Discourses / Economic Pragmatism? / The Return of Power / Toward a Theory of IP / Metaphorical Framing / Stages of IP Advocacy / Local Contextualization / China: Global Pressure and Local Response / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Daoban as a Moral Business --- p.60 / The Commoditization of IP / Price is all that Matters! / Pricing Practices within Stores / Pricing Determinants / Moving Beyond Price and Quality / Consumer Fraud and Fakes: The Breakdown of Price and Quality / Competition and the Disc Business / Is it Zhengban or Daoban? / Doubting the Difference / Relative Morality: Guilt and Stealing / The Ambivalent Position of Chinese Retail Business / Conclusion: Passive Contestation and the Moral Sphere / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Daoban as an Illegal Commodity --- p.104 / Petty Economic Crime / "Cheating, Plagiarism, and Painting" / Petty Economic Illegality / Illegality in China's Context: The Government Connection / Backing (beijing) / Corruption / Structural Issues: Officials and Enforcement / Policing Norms / Norms of Copyright Enforcement / Social Consequences of Enforcement / Action Against Vendors / Action Against Pornography / Justifications and Responses / Conclusion: Daoban and Illegality / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Daoban and Intangible Property --- p.155 / What is Daoban? / Dowloading and the Law / Exceptions: Imported and Destroyed Titles / Blurring the Line: Tom and Jerry / Real or Fake / The Symbolic Importance of Zhengban / A Wider View? New Generations and Smalltime Creators / Conceptions of Intangible Property / The Centrality of Performance / The Nation / Conclusion: A Chinese Conception? / Chapter Chapter 6: --- "Conclusion ´ؤ Cultural Conceptions, Structures, and Agency" --- p.207 / "Structures, Agency, and Daoban" / Practice Theory: Structure and Agency / An Actor-Oriented Approach / Structures and Daoban / Creation / Commoditization / Passive Contestation / The Law as a Tool for Change / Final Thoughts / Bibliography --- p.238 / Appendix I: Chinese Characters Index --- p.248

The purpose of the study was to develop an ethical context and behaviour model by investigating the relationship between individuals’ ethical context and behaviour variables and their job retention and performance related-factors, which has been under-researched in the Democratic Republic of Congo’s working environment. A quantitative cross-sectional survey approach was followed in this study. The population consisted predominantly of a non–probability sample of (N=839) permanently employed employees in an organisation in this country. The results revealed significant relationships between the construct variables. Structural equation modelling indicated a good fit of the data with the canonical correlations-derived measurement model. The main findings are reported and interpreted in terms of an empirically-based ethical context and behaviour model. These findings may provide new knowledge for the design of retention and performance practices which add to the body of knowledge in relation to ethical context and behaviour, job retention and performance / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Admin. (Industrial & Organisational Psychology)

by Lau Hon-Biu. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-49). / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.v / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vi / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vii / Chapter / Chapter I --- OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF STUDY --- p.1 / Chapter II --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4 / Ethical Issues in International Marketing --- p.4 / Safeguards for Ethical Behavior --- p.5 / Deontological vs. Teleological Philosophical Approaches --- p.7 / Relativism & Idealism --- p.7 / Individualism-Collectivism (IC) --- p.9 / Use of Scenarios --- p.10 / "Culture, Ethical Problem Perception & Ethical Decision Making" --- p.11 / Chapter III --- THEORETICAL CONSTRUCT OF STUDY --- p.12 / Chapter IV --- METHODOLOHY --- p.15 / Participants --- p.15 / Procedure --- p.15 / Measurements --- p.16 / Dependent Variables --- p.16 / Independent Variables --- p.17 / The shortened version of Individualism- Collectivism scales (INDCOL) --- p.17 / Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ) --- p.18 / Data Analysis Methods --- p.19 / Chapter V --- FINDINGS --- p.21 / Reliability --- p.21 / Perceived Ethical Problem --- p.21 / Ethical Decision Making --- p.22 / Categorization of the Subjects --- p.23 / Effects of Origin on Perceived Ethical Problem and Ethical Decision Making --- p.24 / "Effects of Origin on Idealism, Relativism, General Collectivism Index (GCI), Ingroup Solidarity and Social Obligation" --- p.24 / Effects of Cultural Orientation on Perceived Ethical Problem and Ethical Decision Making --- p.25 / Effects of Ethics Position on Perceived Ethical Problem and Ethical Decision Making --- p.26 / Chapter VI --- DISCUSSION --- p.28 / Reliability --- p.28 / Perceived Ethical Problem --- p.28 / Ethical Decision Making --- p.29 / "Effects of Origin on Age, Years of residence and full-time work" --- p.30 / "Effects of Origin on Collectivism, Idealism and Relativism, Perceived Ethical Problem and Ethical Decision Making" --- p.31 / Effects of Cultural Orientation on Perceived Ethical Problem and Ethical Decision Making --- p.32 / Effects of Ethics Position on Perceived Ethical Problem and Ethical Decision Making --- p.32 / Chapter VII --- CONCLUSION --- p.34

The purpose of this study was to discover which southern universities have graduate preparatory programs in community college leadership and how, if at all, ethics is addressed in their curricula and in instruction. Surveys were mailed to 38 southern universities located in the Southern Regional Education Board member states. Of the 21 responses received, there were 16 usable responses from universities in these states. Through an examination of databases of Council for the Study of Community Colleges Graduate Studies and the American Association of Community Colleges Leadership Programs for Community College Professionals databases, 38 senior universities were found to have community college leadership programs. State programs were further confirmed through the survey to personnel listed on program websites for the universities. 15 of 16 southern universities responding to the survey item were found to have community college leadership preparatory programs that provide ethics instruction. Although the results of this survey indicate that the majority of the respondents include ethics in their curricula and in instruction, the manner in which they integrate it is varied and shows a lack of consensus among southern universities. Of the institutions that responded, the majority of respondents indicated that ethics instruction is integrated into specific discipline- or department-based courses. Offering ethics in an elective or general core course requirement was noted as a less common approach, but a viable alternative to the specific discipline- or department-based course method. Additionally, several respondents revealed that ethics instruction is institution-wide. This finding, in particular, is hopeful because it suggests that colleges are going beyond the confines of courses and degree programs and making ethics instruction a university priority. A review of the graduate preparatory programs in community college leadership courses, syllabi, and course descriptions revealed that a number of universities often incorporated instruction in ethics-based courses such as Ethical Decision Making or Ethics in the Workplace and Education. Conversely, the majority of the universities in this study addressed ethics through community college leadership core courses to include, but not limited to, The Community College, The History and Philosophy of the Community College, and Legal Aspects of Higher Education.

The text deconstructs notions of ideal community which, while affinning irmnediate proximate human relations, effectiveiy disaffirms and thus devalues those mediated over distance and time. It argues against such social ontologies as the basis of what should constitute ideal consociality. In place of the idealized notions of community critiqued, the work elaborates an ontological ethics of responsibility as a basis for conceptualizing ethical relations. The text grounds its ethic in what is proffered to be humankind's ontological relatedness to the other, regardless of the nature (human or nonhuman) or proximity (face-to-face or nonface-to-face) of that other. Moreover, the text sets forth the importance of humankind developing a sense of this ontological relatedness. The work discusses this sense-of-relatedness from three perspectives. First, it elaborates a philosophic naturalism to establish in humankind an ontological basis for ethical relations. Second, it claims that humankind is in the world, existentially, who and what it understands itself to be with respect to the depth with which it apprehends a sense of its ontological relatedness to all that there is. Third, it argues that this sense-ofrelatedness may be understood as a religious sensibility. / Religious Studies / M.Th. (Religious Studies)