Trata-se de um estudo que teve o objetivo compreender a implicação que os encontros em redes sociais têm no adoecer crônico rural. O ponto de partida foi problematizar o cotidiano das pessoas, e com isso apreender o mundo vivido pelos adoecidos crônicos. Um vivido que não é só biológico, individual e local, mas também cultural, relacional e inserido na contemporaneidade, com as benesses e as contradições que ela traz. Para tanto, foi realizado estudo etnográfico de maio de 2011 a janeiro de 2012 na localidade rural Rincão dos Maia, no município de Canguçu/RS. Os dados foram produzidos por meio de observação participante, anotações em diário de campo e entrevistas semiestruturadas. O processo analítico foi orientado pela antropologia interpretativa, tendo como base o referencial teórico da Dádiva de Marcel Mauss. Como achado apreendeu-se que mesmo que se tenha menos tempo para alimentar as relações face a face, mesmo que muitas das políticas públicas persistam em chegar até eles com um cunho assistencial, e mesmo que as formas de se trabalhar estejam sendo modificadas pela indústria fumageira, há resistências. Resistências essas que os caracterizam e aparecem tanto na sua forma de viver a vida quanto de experienciar o adoecimento: o valor da presença da família; a coragem/valentia para enfrentar os problemas; a busca pelo direito que preserve a dignidade; o valor do outro e o compromisso que lhe é dedicado em qualquer relação. Ler o adoecimento pela ótica da dádiva mostrou que esse fenômeno, ao reacender a dinâmica das redes, pode obter delas doações tanto de cuidado e produção de saúde quanto de sofrimento. As redes sociais mostraramse com potencial para cuidar quando, na forma de afeto, cidadania e solidariedade reconhecem os adoecidos em seus valores camponeses locais, ou ao contrário, causam sofrimento ao desrespeitá-los nas suas especificidades. No entanto, sendo capaz de transformar seu adoecer em uma "situação" de adoecimento crônico, o adoecido age despertando novas respostas do entorno social ou novas relações. Disso tudo fica o entendimento de que o adoecer digno não está em outra parte que não no vínculo cotidiano com os outros, doando, recebendo e retribuindo reconhecimento. / This is a study that aimed to understand the implication that social networks have in the rural chronic illness. In this sense, the starting point was to problematize the daily lives of the rural people, and therefore understand the world experienced by chronically diseased this place. An experience that is not only biological, individual and local level. But also cultural, relational and inserted in contemporary, with the blessings and contradictions that living brings. Therefore, ethnographic study was conducted from May 2011 to January 2012, with the daily life of rural locality Rincão dos Maia, in the municipality of Canguçu/RS. Data were produced through participant observation, field notes on daily and semi-structured interviews. The analytical process was guided by interpretive anthropology, based on the theoretical framework of the Gift of Marcel Mauss. How to find seized that even if people have less time to nurture relationships face-to-face, even though many public policies persist in reaching out to them with a stamp assistance and even ways of working are being modified by the tobacco industry, there is resistance. These resistances that characterize and up appearing on your way to live life and experience of the illness, which are: the value of family presence; courage / bravery to face the problems, the search for the right to preserve their dignity; the value of the other and the commitment that is put to him in any relationship. Read the illness from the perspective of the gift showed how this phenomenon, to rekindle the dynamics of networks, can get them donations of both production and health care, how much suffering. Social networks showed up with the potential to take care when in the form of affection, solidarity and citizenship, respect and recognize their values in the diseased peasants of the place, or rather, cause suffering to disrespect them in their specificities. However being able to turn his illness into a situation of chronic illness, the sick acts arousing new answers surrounding social or new relationships. All this is the understanding that the ill dignified, not elsewhere than in everyday bond with others, giving, receiving, and returning recognition.

This dissertation explores the entangled territorialities of charitable fundraising, redressing the under-theorisation of the praxis as a social construct and a transformative spatial process. It approaches fundraising from an etiological perspective, drawing on French continental theory, particularly the work of Michel Serres and of Deleuze and Guattari, as well as concepts arising from literature in relational geographies and in business studies. Unlike many scholarly accounts, which obscure the fact that this property-challenged, property-desiring practice relies on the hospitality of others in order to extract and transfer resources, this study argues that the trait of interloping is crucial to fundraising’s expansive colonisation of urban space. Seizing on the notions of minor architecture and itinerant territoriality, it thinks through fundraising’s habits, inhabitations and habitats. By doing so, it reveals a form of nomadic war machine specialised in crafting parasitic architectures that invade urban territories to constitute a territory of its own. That this state-authorised territory has become an obligatory passage point within contemporary networked societies says much about how power is forged through the intersection of political, moral-economic and socio-affective parameters. Moreover, in uncovering a hint of revanchism against the property-owning classes, this research points to the usual affective politics emerging at a time of state metamorphosis and protracted economic uncertainty. This conceptual work provides entry for an ethnographic exploration of the charitabilisation of urban life within the context of austerity in contemporary Paris. Evidence collected from interviews, participant observation, video, photography, maps, drawings and extant literature is used to illuminate fundraising’s polydimensional strategies and widespread yet minimally disruptive appropriations and expropriations. While other authors have documented the movement of fundraising in France from utter marginalisation to mainstream to strategic importance, this study traces the political and territorial machinations of the powerful Parisian network of non-profit leaders, association executives, heads of fundraising agencies, management consultants, lawyers, and government officials who lead the push for a more generous France. The continuities, tensions, and contradictions between this group’s production of space and the realities of on-the-street fundraising are explored through a series of case studies. The views presented highlight ways in which fundraisers induce and take advantage of breaches in prevailing articulations of space, time and citizen-bodies to fortify more-than-capitalist urban logics. Collectively, they render visible the temporalities, hotspots, technologies, imaginaries, schemes, and hypocrisies informing an aggressive incrementalism. The new view of Paris imparted foregrounds the enterprising, contested and geographically uneven process of cultivating the habit of ceding property, both in the sense of subjectivities and of material rights. This dissertation’s conceptual and empirical strands make it possible to apprehend how minoritarian actors become dominant. Extending the minoritarian’s right to temporally hold power and property is shown to involve continuously testing and exploiting the affordances of relations. Displayed and analysed are the contamination of ideals and the breaking of pacts within fundraising’s moral pursuit of wealth transference. Such promiscuities ought to be regarded as, this study emphasizes, a form of preparedness for the city to come.

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-08T20:56:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2012_Tatiane Hirata.pdf: 4994391 bytes, checksum: e488576c3f57263ac5e4845b7091553c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-12-15T13:44:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2012_Tatiane Hirata.pdf: 4994391 bytes, checksum: e488576c3f57263ac5e4845b7091553c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-15T13:44:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2012_Tatiane Hirata.pdf: 4994391 bytes, checksum: e488576c3f57263ac5e4845b7091553c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / CAPES / A união entre o vitalismo do cotidiano e as práticas colaborativas da cibercultura deu origem à prática midiática do scanlation, empreendida pelos fãs de mangás, as histórias em quadrinhos japonesas. O scanlation, junção dos termos em inglês scan e translation, é o processo de digitalizar mangás impressos com o intuito de traduzi-los do japonês para outro idioma, para então distribui-los gratuitamente através da internet, sem a permissão dos detentores de direitos autorais. Dispostos a fugir da subjetividade capitalista, os participantes dessa atividade buscam subverter o modo tradicional do consumo de mangá. Reunidos sob a prática do scanlation os fãs espalhados pelo mundo reinventam os processos de re-produção, circulação e consumo de mangá neste período marcado pelos processos de convergência midiática e demandas por formas sempre renovadas de rituais de sociabilidade no anonimato urbano. / The union between vitalism of daily life and collaborative practices of ciberculture gave rise to the media practice of scanlation, an activity undertaken by fans of manga, the Japanese comics. Scanlation, contraction of words scan and translation, is the process of scanning printed mangas in order to translate them from Japanese into another language, and distributing them free of charge through internet without permission from the copyright holders. Willing to escape from capitalist subjectivity scanlation members try to subvert the traditional way of consuming manga. Gathered under the media practice of scanlation, fans around the world reinvent the process of reproduction, circulation and manga consuming in this period characterized by the process of mediatic convergence and requests for ever renewed form of rituals of sociability in urban anonymity.

Trata-se de um estudo que teve o objetivo compreender a implicação que os encontros em redes sociais têm no adoecer crônico rural. O ponto de partida foi problematizar o cotidiano das pessoas, e com isso apreender o mundo vivido pelos adoecidos crônicos. Um vivido que não é só biológico, individual e local, mas também cultural, relacional e inserido na contemporaneidade, com as benesses e as contradições que ela traz. Para tanto, foi realizado estudo etnográfico de maio de 2011 a janeiro de 2012 na localidade rural Rincão dos Maia, no município de Canguçu/RS. Os dados foram produzidos por meio de observação participante, anotações em diário de campo e entrevistas semiestruturadas. O processo analítico foi orientado pela antropologia interpretativa, tendo como base o referencial teórico da Dádiva de Marcel Mauss. Como achado apreendeu-se que mesmo que se tenha menos tempo para alimentar as relações face a face, mesmo que muitas das políticas públicas persistam em chegar até eles com um cunho assistencial, e mesmo que as formas de se trabalhar estejam sendo modificadas pela indústria fumageira, há resistências. Resistências essas que os caracterizam e aparecem tanto na sua forma de viver a vida quanto de experienciar o adoecimento: o valor da presença da família; a coragem/valentia para enfrentar os problemas; a busca pelo direito que preserve a dignidade; o valor do outro e o compromisso que lhe é dedicado em qualquer relação. Ler o adoecimento pela ótica da dádiva mostrou que esse fenômeno, ao reacender a dinâmica das redes, pode obter delas doações tanto de cuidado e produção de saúde quanto de sofrimento. As redes sociais mostraramse com potencial para cuidar quando, na forma de afeto, cidadania e solidariedade reconhecem os adoecidos em seus valores camponeses locais, ou ao contrário, causam sofrimento ao desrespeitá-los nas suas especificidades. No entanto, sendo capaz de transformar seu adoecer em uma "situação" de adoecimento crônico, o adoecido age despertando novas respostas do entorno social ou novas relações. Disso tudo fica o entendimento de que o adoecer digno não está em outra parte que não no vínculo cotidiano com os outros, doando, recebendo e retribuindo reconhecimento. / This is a study that aimed to understand the implication that social networks have in the rural chronic illness. In this sense, the starting point was to problematize the daily lives of the rural people, and therefore understand the world experienced by chronically diseased this place. An experience that is not only biological, individual and local level. But also cultural, relational and inserted in contemporary, with the blessings and contradictions that living brings. Therefore, ethnographic study was conducted from May 2011 to January 2012, with the daily life of rural locality Rincão dos Maia, in the municipality of Canguçu/RS. Data were produced through participant observation, field notes on daily and semi-structured interviews. The analytical process was guided by interpretive anthropology, based on the theoretical framework of the Gift of Marcel Mauss. How to find seized that even if people have less time to nurture relationships face-to-face, even though many public policies persist in reaching out to them with a stamp assistance and even ways of working are being modified by the tobacco industry, there is resistance. These resistances that characterize and up appearing on your way to live life and experience of the illness, which are: the value of family presence; courage / bravery to face the problems, the search for the right to preserve their dignity; the value of the other and the commitment that is put to him in any relationship. Read the illness from the perspective of the gift showed how this phenomenon, to rekindle the dynamics of networks, can get them donations of both production and health care, how much suffering. Social networks showed up with the potential to take care when in the form of affection, solidarity and citizenship, respect and recognize their values in the diseased peasants of the place, or rather, cause suffering to disrespect them in their specificities. However being able to turn his illness into a situation of chronic illness, the sick acts arousing new answers surrounding social or new relationships. All this is the understanding that the ill dignified, not elsewhere than in everyday bond with others, giving, receiving, and returning recognition.

Trata-se de um estudo que teve o objetivo compreender a implicação que os encontros em redes sociais têm no adoecer crônico rural. O ponto de partida foi problematizar o cotidiano das pessoas, e com isso apreender o mundo vivido pelos adoecidos crônicos. Um vivido que não é só biológico, individual e local, mas também cultural, relacional e inserido na contemporaneidade, com as benesses e as contradições que ela traz. Para tanto, foi realizado estudo etnográfico de maio de 2011 a janeiro de 2012 na localidade rural Rincão dos Maia, no município de Canguçu/RS. Os dados foram produzidos por meio de observação participante, anotações em diário de campo e entrevistas semiestruturadas. O processo analítico foi orientado pela antropologia interpretativa, tendo como base o referencial teórico da Dádiva de Marcel Mauss. Como achado apreendeu-se que mesmo que se tenha menos tempo para alimentar as relações face a face, mesmo que muitas das políticas públicas persistam em chegar até eles com um cunho assistencial, e mesmo que as formas de se trabalhar estejam sendo modificadas pela indústria fumageira, há resistências. Resistências essas que os caracterizam e aparecem tanto na sua forma de viver a vida quanto de experienciar o adoecimento: o valor da presença da família; a coragem/valentia para enfrentar os problemas; a busca pelo direito que preserve a dignidade; o valor do outro e o compromisso que lhe é dedicado em qualquer relação. Ler o adoecimento pela ótica da dádiva mostrou que esse fenômeno, ao reacender a dinâmica das redes, pode obter delas doações tanto de cuidado e produção de saúde quanto de sofrimento. As redes sociais mostraramse com potencial para cuidar quando, na forma de afeto, cidadania e solidariedade reconhecem os adoecidos em seus valores camponeses locais, ou ao contrário, causam sofrimento ao desrespeitá-los nas suas especificidades. No entanto, sendo capaz de transformar seu adoecer em uma "situação" de adoecimento crônico, o adoecido age despertando novas respostas do entorno social ou novas relações. Disso tudo fica o entendimento de que o adoecer digno não está em outra parte que não no vínculo cotidiano com os outros, doando, recebendo e retribuindo reconhecimento. / This is a study that aimed to understand the implication that social networks have in the rural chronic illness. In this sense, the starting point was to problematize the daily lives of the rural people, and therefore understand the world experienced by chronically diseased this place. An experience that is not only biological, individual and local level. But also cultural, relational and inserted in contemporary, with the blessings and contradictions that living brings. Therefore, ethnographic study was conducted from May 2011 to January 2012, with the daily life of rural locality Rincão dos Maia, in the municipality of Canguçu/RS. Data were produced through participant observation, field notes on daily and semi-structured interviews. The analytical process was guided by interpretive anthropology, based on the theoretical framework of the Gift of Marcel Mauss. How to find seized that even if people have less time to nurture relationships face-to-face, even though many public policies persist in reaching out to them with a stamp assistance and even ways of working are being modified by the tobacco industry, there is resistance. These resistances that characterize and up appearing on your way to live life and experience of the illness, which are: the value of family presence; courage / bravery to face the problems, the search for the right to preserve their dignity; the value of the other and the commitment that is put to him in any relationship. Read the illness from the perspective of the gift showed how this phenomenon, to rekindle the dynamics of networks, can get them donations of both production and health care, how much suffering. Social networks showed up with the potential to take care when in the form of affection, solidarity and citizenship, respect and recognize their values in the diseased peasants of the place, or rather, cause suffering to disrespect them in their specificities. However being able to turn his illness into a situation of chronic illness, the sick acts arousing new answers surrounding social or new relationships. All this is the understanding that the ill dignified, not elsewhere than in everyday bond with others, giving, receiving, and returning recognition.

This work aims to identify how the processes of exchange in the public rituals of candomblé, more precisely in the xirês (festivities of worship to orixá), interfere in the maintenance of sociability and the circulation of axé. Analyzing the xirê from the theoretical reference interactionist, whose thinking is centered on non-utilitarian exchange, the research concludes that, in candomblé, there is an intricate system of exchanges that favors the interaction between practitioners and this system is maintained by factors such as: the need for socialization; the attribution of meaning that the festive calendar gives the members of candomblé and the circularity of the gift. The proposal was to do a study of xirê, ritual whose core is in the interaction between humans and gods, between humans and humans and still between gods and gods. In the xirê, the exchange is seen as a central and perennial element during the rite. In this perspective, the ethnographic data produced in the field revealed disagreements between the individualist western way of life and the community way of life of candomblé’s houses. From the methodological point of view, this is an investigation of ethnographic approach, of Olubajé's study. Although there are academic papers on the subject of candomblé, this research proposes a look from the Sciences of Religion, with the production of knowledge, allowing to clarify a subject not sufficiently investigated within the scope of the religious phenomenon in Brazil. In addition to its relevance and breadth, the present study intends to be an innovative contribution in the line of research that involves the Brazilian religious field, making possible to understand subjects that permeate the decisive role of religions of African matrix in the constitution of the socio-cultural identities of the country and in human relations and social. This research can contribute still bringing new concepts and new forms of understanding of the reality in the theme of religions of African matrix. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar de que forma os processos de troca nos rituais públicos do candomblé, mais precisamente nos xirês (festividades de culto a orixá), interferem na manutenção da sociabilidade e na circulação de axé. Analisando o xirê a partir do referencial teórico interacionista, cujo pensamento está centrado na troca não-utilitária, a pesquisa conclui que, no candomblé, existe um intrincado sistema de trocas que favorece a interação entre os praticantes e esse sistema mantém-se por fatores como: a necessidade de socialização; a atribuição de sentido que o calendário festivo dá aos membros do candomblé e a circularidade do dom. A proposta foi fazer um estudo do xirê, ritual cujo cerne está no interacionismo entre humanos e deuses, entre humanos e humanos e ainda entre deuses e deuses. No xirê, a troca é vista como elemento central e perene no decorrer do rito. Nessa perspectiva, os dados etnográficos produzidos em campo revelaram desencontros entre o modo de vida ocidental individualista e o modo de vida em comunidade dos terreiros de candomblé. Do ponto de vista metodológico, esta é uma investigação de abordagem etnográfica, de estudo do Olubajé. Por mais que existam trabalhos acadêmicos sobre a temática do candomblé, esta pesquisa propõe um olhar a partir das Ciências da Religião, com a produção de conhecimento, permitindo esclarecer um assunto não suficientemente investigado no âmbito do fenômeno religioso no Brasil. Além de sua relevância e amplitude, o presente estudo pretende ser uma contribuição inovadora na linha de pesquisa que envolve o campo religioso brasileiro, possibilitando compreender assuntos que permeiam o papel decisivo das religiões de matriz africana na constituição das identidades socioculturais do país e nas relações humanas e sociais. Esta pesquisa pode contribuir ainda trazendo novos conceitos e novas formas de entendimento da realidade na temática das religiões de matriz africana. / São Cristóvão, SE

Esta pesquisa se apresenta como um ensaio sobre a reciprocidade a\'uw?-xavante e a dádiva, analizando relações que abarcam também elementos como predação e tradição. Os dados e assuntos tratados foram selecionados através da leitura de etnografias sobre o povo A?uw?-Xavante, orientada também por análises de etnologia ameríndia amazônica e do Brasil Central. A partir de uma recuperação da noção de dádiva com seus paradoxos constituintes e suas transformações, aplicada a uma variedade de aspectos como o parentesco, a casa, o tangível e o intangível ? igualmente simbólicos ? e assim por diante, também procurou-se reconstruir o interesse teórico de Mauss, seja para a antropologia em geral, seja para a etnologia ameríndia em particular. Com esses elementos, circuitos de dádiva e reciprocidade ameríndios podem ser repensados a partir da aplicação ao caso estudado. / This research presents itself as an essay about a\'uw?-xavante reciprocity and the gift, analyzing relations which also encompass elements such as predation and tradition. The data and issues treated here were selected through the reading of ethnographic works about the A?uw?-Xavante people, also oriented by analysis of Amazonian Amerindian and Central Brazilian ethnology. Through a recuperation of the notion of gift with its paradoxes and transformations, applied to a variety of aspects like kinship, the house, the material and immaterial ? equally symbolical ? and so on, a reconstruction of the theoretical interest in Mauss was searched too, on behalf of anthropology in general or of Amerindian ethnology in particular. With such elements, the Amerindian reciprocity and gift circles can be thought over by its application to the studied case.

Une approche sociologique de l’autorité en milieu scolaire identifie des échanges entre apprenants et enseignants, fondés sur le principe de don (donner, recevoir, rendre). De ce point de vue, l’autorité n’est plus un pouvoir s’exerçant de manière verticale, hiérarchique. Au contraire, le pouvoir de l’autorité est le garant de la qualité des échanges entre enseignants et apprenants : l’enseignant donne, organise les apprentissages (les savoirs, les mises en situation d’apprentissage) et laisse advenir les retours possibles, rendus par les apprenants – dans un esprit de complète réciprocité. De leurs échanges, apprenants et enseignants tirent des enseignements utiles à l’amélioration de leurs conditions, d’éducation pour les uns et de travail pour les autres. Et, l’autorité des enseignants ne peut plus être pensée comme le résultat d’un charisme ou d’une disposition naturelle. Elle est une compétence professionnelle que l’enseignant ne cesse de travailler pour l’accroître. / A sociological approach of the authority in teaching highlights exchanges between teachers and trainees based on the gift concept defined by M. Mauss (give, receive and return). In this point of view, the authority is not perceived as a power enforced from top to bottom, hierarchically. In fact, the authority is the warrant of the exchanges quality between teachers and trainees: the teacher gives and organizes the teaching (knowledge, teaching practices) and the trainees return their end product. Teachers and trainees learn from these exchanges, improving their respective working and learning conditions. Using this concept, teachers’ authority cannot be conceived as a result of a natural charisma. Teachers’ authority becomes a professional competence that the teacher must acquire and improve lifelong.

Farewell in the Garden is a Qing dynasty (1644-1911) copy of a parting gift painted by Wen Zhengming (1470-1559) for his student Wang Chong (1494-1533) to mark the occasion of Wang Chong’s visit before he left to write the civil service examination. In addition to this painting, three other versions bearing similar poetic inscriptions exist. These four paintings present an intriguing riddle and oppourtunity to consider copies as works worthy of scholarly attention. The compelling scene of farewell between teacher and student who both failed the examinations numerous times resonated with audiences who empathized with their disappointments. A longing to serve in the government is visible when these paintings are considered in relation to earlier literati art. The sketch-like traces of a ledge that is in all of the copies except Farewell in the Garden, hint to the visual possibility of this scene being situated on a shore. Wen Zhengming, through his subtle lines, alludes to this powerful site of parting which is frequently depicted in literati landscape painting and associated with scholar officials and men of merit. This thesis situates Farewell in the Garden and its copies within the wider tradition of literati painting through the theme of service. Government service, as a Confucian ideal, and as a recurring theme in literati painting, transforms in appearance over time, reflecting political, economic, and philosophical shifts. In the Ming dynasty, the ideal of service is manifest and demonstrated in the continued pursuit to serve in office, and the garden, reminiscent of the locations depicted in literati painting, becomes a suitable setting for this enactment. I argue that this parting scene of Wen Zhengming and Wang Chong came to implicitly represent the commitment to serve in government. The cogent Confucian ideal demonstrated by teacher and student is the unyielding determination to serve, and it is this very sentiment or quality in the copies of the farewell painting – the tenacious endeavour to be of service – that is at once consoling and persuasive. / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate

The purposes of this study were to determine and describe the roles of persons other than professional development staff in the solicitation of major gifts from private individuals for selected senior colleges and universities as perceived by senior development officers. The activities of four groups of nondevelopment staff, trustees, president/chancellor, private citizens, and nondevelopment staff/faculty, were examined through the four steps of the major gift solicitation process: identification and rating, cultivation, the in person solicitation, and the thank-you process following the gift. The population encompassed all accredited, degree granting four year colleges and universities in the United States which solicit major gifts from private individuals. The sample consisted of the 223 schools which had received one or more gifts of one million dollars or more from private individuals as reported in Giving USA. Philanthronin Digest, or The Chronicle of Higher Education, between January 1, 1985, and December 31, 1987. The research instrument was a mailed questionnaire which was sent to the Chief Development Officer of the 223 schools in the sample. Replies were received from 162 institutions, for a response rate of 72.7%. Examination of the results of this study indicated that the services of nondevelopment personnel were used in the major gift solicitation process at the vast majority of schools in the United States, that over half of the major gift dollars solicited were attributable to the efforts of these individuals, and that the president/chancel lor was the most important advocate for an institution's development program followed by the trustees, private citizens, and finally the nondevelopment staff/faculty. Further examination of the data revealed specific determinants which a senior development officer should, for different nondevelopment groups, weigh more or less heavily when deciding which individual(s) will have the greatest likelihood of being influential with major donor prospects.