The purposes of this study were to determine and describe the roles of persons other than professional development staff in the solicitation of major gifts from private individuals for selected senior colleges and universities as perceived by senior development officers. The activities of four groups of nondevelopment staff, trustees, president/chancellor, private citizens, and nondevelopment staff/faculty, were examined through the four steps of the major gift solicitation process: identification and rating, cultivation, the in person solicitation, and the thank-you process following the gift. The population encompassed all accredited, degree granting four year colleges and universities in the United States which solicit major gifts from private individuals. The sample consisted of the 223 schools which had received one or more gifts of one million dollars or more from private individuals as reported in Giving USA. Philanthronin Digest, or The Chronicle of Higher Education, between January 1, 1985, and December 31, 1987. The research instrument was a mailed questionnaire which was sent to the Chief Development Officer of the 223 schools in the sample. Replies were received from 162 institutions, for a response rate of 72.7%. Examination of the results of this study indicated that the services of nondevelopment personnel were used in the major gift solicitation process at the vast majority of schools in the United States, that over half of the major gift dollars solicited were attributable to the efforts of these individuals, and that the president/chancel lor was the most important advocate for an institution's development program followed by the trustees, private citizens, and finally the nondevelopment staff/faculty. Further examination of the data revealed specific determinants which a senior development officer should, for different nondevelopment groups, weigh more or less heavily when deciding which individual(s) will have the greatest likelihood of being influential with major donor prospects.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre le processus d’articulation entre la GRH et l’innovation en PME. Nous faisons le choix de rompre avec l’approche traditionnelle qui consiste à souligner les enjeux de l’alignement stratégique entre ces deux éléments. A partir des enseignements tirés de la pré-étude exploratoire menée auprès de quatre PME innovantes, nousnous inscrivons dans une perspective relationnelle au travers du don. L’analyse se fonde donc sur la théorie du don/contre-don, couplée à une grille de lecture sur la GRH en PME.Une étude de cas multiples, s’appuyant sur 52 entretiens semi-directifs, des observations ainsi que des analyses documentaires, a été conduite auprès de trois PME innovantes. Nous aboutissons à une structuration des données et à une modélisation processuelle selon la méthode dite « à la Gioia ». Les résultats de la recherche montrent que l’articulation entre la GRH et l’innovation en PME, au travers des relations de don/contre-don entre acteurs, repose sur un processus composé de trois étapes : libérer les dons, mobiliser les dons et repenser les dons. Enfin, nous sensibilisons les dirigeants et les relais RH aux trois éléments suivants : l’évolution du contexte organisationnel, le rôle des liens sociaux intenses et les pratiques de GRHmobilisées. / This thesis aims to understand the process of articulation between HRM and innovation in SMEs. We choose to break with the traditional approach of highlighting the issues of strategic alignment between these two elements. Based on the lessons learned from the exploratory prestudy carried out in four innovative SMEs, we opt for a relational perspective through gift. The analysis is therefore based on the theory of gift exchange, combined with an interpretative framework on HRM in SMEs.A multi-case study, based on 52 semi-structured interviews, observations and documentary analysis, was conducted on three innovative SMEs. We lead to a data structuring and a processual modeling according to the ‘Gioia’ method. The results show that the articulation between HRM and innovation in SMEs, through gift exchange relationships between actors, is based on a process consisting of three stages: unleashing gifts, mobilizing gifts and rethinking gifts. Finally, we raise the awareness of owner-managers and HR relays to the following three elements: the evolution of the organizational context, the role of the intense social ties and the mobilized HRM practices.

Uppsatsen är gjord i form av en stilistisk analys med mål att utforska dokumentärfilmens autenticitet och mer specifikt en analys av mockumentärfilmers stilelement. Tanken är att genom att analysera vilka stilelement som används i mockumentärfilmer och analysera hur filmskaparna använder dem inom en film skapad ur fiktion, att se ut som en dokumentärfilms form av autenticitet. För analysen valde jag ut tre mockumentärfilmer: This Is Spinal Tap (1984), Man Bites Dog (1992) och Exit Through The Gift Shop (2010). Dessutom valdes ytterligare nio dokumentärfilmer ut, som används i analysens del för att kunna ge exempel från mockumentär till dokumentär. Analysen visar att filmskapare av mockumentärfilmer och dokumentärfilmer använder samma stilelement, men skillnaden ligger i hur filmskaparna använder dem. En mockumentärfilmskapare använder dokumentära stilelement med avsikt att filmen ska få samma utseende som en dokumentärfilm. Analysen visar också att en stor skillnad mellan dokumentärfilmen och mockumentärfilmen finns inom kontraktet till tittaren. Mockumentärfilmskapare knyter ett kontrakt till tittaren för att få åskådaren att förstå att filmen är fiktion. Med hjälp av detta kontrakt och samma förståelse av filmens mockumentära innehåll ger detta åskådaren det fulla spektrumet av filmens innehåll.

First of all, my research is not only my research but our research. It has been made together with my long-time art companion Marjut Hernesniemi. The starting point for our research was our experience of the western modern circus, what it does, and how it cares for the cosmos. From our experience, the western modern circus is based on techniques, risk, danger, and spectacle. Human is in the center of it, often presented as superhuman controlling and manipulating everything. By looking at the current situation in the world, human domination has caused us problems in a form of climate change and other ecological crises such as mass extinction. However, there are different ways of relating to the world. In this research we have looked beyond the western modern circus, to the roots of circus in China and Japan, and to the archaic rituals, to find other ways of relating to the world through circus and trying to bring them to the present day. This research was set out with the question of trying to combine circus and other aspects of life as one sustainable or regenerative practice. The theoretical framework of the research has been ritual. The thought behind that has been the efficacy of the ritual in contrast to entertainment. That is circus can make a difference. From an animistic perspective, the purpose of the ritual is to sustain and renew, preserve or bring back the balance between the psyche, body, social, cosmic, and circle of life. With this in mind, we have made use of the anti-structure of liminality as a playground while working in the studio. In this playground, we have not been bound by the custom, convention, or ceremonials of the western modern circus. Instead, we’ve had the possibility to play. Use the definition of western modern circus as a launching pad and try to run as far as possible, but still have the connection point as the one that we left from. The rules of the play were simple, such as we don’t climb the rope, you are not allowed to hurt the rope, instead of objects, materials of becoming, instead of human exceptionalism, appreciation of the other, what if there was no human on stage. All these rules created different possibilities.  While in liminality we have been bound by another thing that can appear in a liminal phase, communitas. Communitas as an unstructured communion of equal individuals working towards a collective task with full attention. In our communitas, the task has been a sustainable circus. Moreover, in our communitas, ropes and nature were included as equals. Together we have been imagining and making different kinds of possible futures. These relations between us, nature, and the ropes have been intimate relations. During the process of making, humans have been ”affected” as much as the significant other.  Our task was to combine circus and other aspects of life as one sustainable or regenerative practice. As performances in circus consist of ritualized gestures that show the relationship between us and the cosmos, we need to rethink what we are presenting. To find a more sustainable and regenerative future, we need collective survival skills instead of individual ones. These survival skills should include all life in its diversity. For change to happen liminality, communitas and play are all needed. Liminality to open up a playground outside of the structured society. Play to come up with solutions to challenges. Communitas to form a special bond between the players, speak for the weak, and not forget that we work for the same cause.  Circus can transform, however it requires that the artists are willing to go through the liminal space themselves and take circus with them.

The Japanese way of tea has been explored with scientific rigor through the fields of anthropology, aesthetics, philosophy, religion, semiotics, and other academic disciplines. This thesis will examine the phenomenon of the "bowl of tea" (considered here as the axis mundi of a tea gathering) on three levels: as a gift, as the basis for the foundation of responsible and considerate relationships in the community, and as a medium of transformation into peacefulness. First, it will explore the nature of the gift in different social practices of exchange in general and in the way of tea in particular. Second, it will present research connecting the gift and the process of giving as a mode of hospitality in the tea gathering. Third, it will assess, through concepts of spatial semiotics, the transformative nature of the way of tea. It will conclude with a statement as to the potential of the way of tea experience to transform human experience and behaviour to others via the phenomenon of gift. Key words Japanese way of tea, Gift, Hospitality, Peacefulness, Transformation, Medium, Semiotics

Detta är en kvalitativ observationsstudie som vittnar om att ritandet och tillägnandet av sina teckningar spelar roll för barnen på olika sätt. Syftet är därför att undersöka vilken betydelse tillägnandet av barns teckningar till någon nära person har, för barn i 3-5 års ålder under fri lek på en förskola, samt hur man kan se tillägnandet som en del av anknytningsprocessen och i förhållande till begreppen intermediärt område och övergångsobjekt. Studien försöker genom ett brett perspektiv förstå bakomliggande aspekter av vad barns skapande av teckningar och tillägnande av dem till en nära person har för betydelse för dem utifrån olika känslor barnen uttrycker i dessa sammanhang. Metoder som används är sex öppna observationer och en semistrukturerad intervju. Analysen har en abduktiv hermeneutisk tolkningsansats. Genom att låta två perspektiv, anknytningsteorins (Bowlby, 1988) och det intermediära områdets (Winnicott, 1971) begrepp samverka i analysen tillsammans med forskning om gåvogivande och barns bildskapande, framträder en komplex bild över vad barns skapade teckningar och tillägnande har för betydelse för dem. Resultatet visar att olika psykologiska verktyg blir synliga som barnen förhåller sig till: Utforska från en trygg bas, inre arbetsmodeller, att vara i det intermediära området där fantasi, lek, kreativitet och symbolisering av övergångsobjekt sker, samt internalisera objekt och känslor från vuxenvärlden till tankeverktyg och bidrag till ritningsaktiviteter. Med hjälp av dessa verktyg spelar det roll ifall och hur barnen tänker på den nära personen de vill ge sin teckning till, samt ifall och i hur stor omfattning anknytningssystemet gör sig påmint i samverkan med utforskarsystemet och det intermediära området. Barnen ger uttryck för olika känsloområden när de har en tanke bakom tillägnandet till en viss person med anledningar som: att glädja någon som är ledsen eller oroar sig för världen, att någon fyller år, att barnet oroar sig för en kompis eller känner empati för den eller en personal, att värna om en relation, att ge för att få något i utbyte; antingen gåvor eller känslor, att vara stolt över sina färdigheter, tänka om döden eller när hen är ledsen.

El crecimiento poblacional es importante para el desarrollo de un país. La mayoría de las familias se organizan para celebrar la llegada del recién nacido, ya sea a lo grande realizando un babyshower o haciendo una pequeña reunión familiar. Para tales acontecimientos, se tiene que elegir un regalo especial que sea útil y detallista. Los invitados o familiares a dichos eventos tienen distintas opciones para elegir el presente a regalar, tales como un conjunto de ropa, coches, pañales o juguetes. Aunque las primeras opciones sea lo más común que se regala en este evento, existe una opción más personalizada para sacar de lo común aquel obsequio y convertirlo en el mejor detalle para regalar en dicha ocasión. “Jaiguawa” nace con la idea de brindar el mejor obsequio para la madre y el recién nacido, un arreglo de ropa de bebé con distintas presentaciones usando diversos accesorios de calidad para su mejor presentación, estos productos pueden llegar a ser de manera personalizada, de esta manera poder crear ese regalo u obsequio que nuestro cliente desee. Las personas que suelen trabajar y no tienen tiempo para encontrar un buen presente, tienden a comprar el regalo a última hora incluso retrasando su llegada al evento. Jaiguawa al ser una tienda online, realiza envíos vía delivery que permite evitar dichos sucesos y dando facilidades a nuestros clientes ahorrándose el tiempo invertido al buscar regalos de manera presencial. / Population growth is important for the development of a country. Most families organize to celebrate the arrival of the newborn, either in a big way by doing a babyshower or making a small family reunion. For such events, you have to choose a special gift that is useful and detailed. The guests or family members to these events have different options to choose the present, such as a set of clothes, cars for baby, diapers or toys. Although the first options are the most common that is given in this event, there is a more personalized option to take that gift out of the ordinary and turn it into the best detail to give on that occasion. "Jaiguawa" was born with the idea of providing the best gift for the mother and the newborn, an arrangement of baby clothes with different presentations using various quality accessories for their best presentation, these products can become personalized, in this way being able to create that gift or gift that our customer wants. People who usually work and don’t have time to find a good present, tend to buy the gift at the last minute even delaying their arrival at the event. Jaiguawa, being an online store, carries out shipments via delivery that allows to avoid such events and giving facilities to our clients saving the time invested when they look for a gift in person. / Trabajo de investigación

While some theorists have hinted at various social functions served by the gothic genre—such as providing an outlet for grief, anxiety, and violence in their various forms—recent research within the last few decades into sociology, military science, and trauma studies supplies compelling new ways of rereading the horror genre. In addition to providing an outlet for grief, anxiety, and violence in their various forms, horror media can now be read as a preemptive measure in an effort to mediate the immediate and long-term effects of the trauma and horror faced by humanity. I argue that in much the same way an author may write a self-help tract such as The Gift of Fear to try and inform women how to repel a sexual predator by graphically relating harrowing tales of sexual predation, so do some horror texts and film claim to preemptively mediate different types of trauma before, during, and after it occurs. This is done in each case not by merely scaring readers, but by inoculating them against them against future debilitating trauma before, during, and after it may occur. The relatively recent (or at least recently popularized) genre of self-help books that overtly seeks to prepare its audience for future trauma by exposing them to it in a controlled environment draws upon the canon of gothic literature for its inspiration as well as for its rhetorical strategies and literary devices. Without discounting the aesthetics and the utility of horror as a psychological outlet, I will show that gothic media can be reread and reconfigured within this new framework. By realigning horror studies within the framework of trauma studies and the possibility for inoculation against future trauma, this study will provide new insight into one how popular culture often portrays trauma through text, and I will seek to establish a new category affiliated with both trauma theory and horror, the study and representation of pre-memory. This thesis will also present as a case study the rhetorical self-inoculation of American horror author H.P. Lovecraft.

Many anthropological studies have shown the prevalence of the sacred in primitive societies, manifested primarily in significant gestures such as exchanges, rituals, festivals, and the use of time and space. Some studies, in particular those of Roger Caillois and Mircea Eliade, have demonstrated that traces of the sacred, though seemingly displaced, remain present in modern and secular societies. This thesis will examine and bring to light these remnants of sacred behavior in the contemporary settings of the stories of Gabrielle Roy, focusing primarily on food-sharing, gift-giving, and festivals. Each analysis presented will detail how different aspects of the sacred are manifested in contemporary, though fictional, society, and each will permit individuals to identify ways in which modern man, whether religious or secular, is still very connected to sacred practices.

Rock-a-Buy Baby: Consumerism by New, First-Time Mothers, is the first known sociological exploration of need-based consumption for babies, despite the baby gear industry being a $6-billion-dollar business (whattoexpect.com). Data stemmed from qualitative, semistructured interviews with new, first-time mothers (3 months – 1 year postpartum) conducted within participants‘ households. The insights gained from the present study tell us a great deal about the ―needs‖ that predominantly white, middle-class mothers socially constructed in anticipation of their first child, and the consumptive behaviors used to accomplish these "needs." Respondents had turned to similar resources (other mothers, online forums, consumer reports, books, magazines, etc.) to help them construct ―need‖ and formulate decisions among commodities. Provided they were relying on comparable, if not overlapping, bodies of knowledge, mothers‘ narratives about consumer ―need‖ were often congruent. Additionally, the ways expectant mothers accumulated items are ritualized and made tradition. The baby shower and gift registration process (which all of my respondents participated in to some variation) are social constructions; these practices, which are so strongly tied to consumption, also constituted reality for mothers, and inevitably, their babies.