Au Sénégal, les normes sociales instituent le mariage et la procréation comme des règles fondamentales pour les couples. Les personnes infertiles sont de ce fait stigmatisées et subissent des pressions de la part de leurs familles et de leur entourage. D’une part, elles ont des difficultés à structurer leur identité sociale dans ce pays où la féminité est associée à la maternité et où la masculinité est associée à la paternité. D’autre part, elles sont symboliquement endettées par rapport à leurs familles car l’« enfant » constitue le contre-don de la vie qu’elles ont reçue à la naissance. Le genre et le don structurent ainsi la problématique du rejet des personnes infertiles au Sénégal. Malgré les souffrances psychologiques et sociales induites par l’infertilité, les politiques sanitaires se détournent de cette situation et occultent la pratique de l’assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP). Pourtant, l’AMP permet aux couples infertiles, lorsqu’elle aboutit à une grossesse, une sortie de la stigmatisation sociale. Dans le cas contraire, la relation peut s’orienter vers une rupture. Les technologies de reproduction réalisées dans la société sénégalaise restent très inégalitaires et délaissent toute une partie de la population qui souhaiterait bénéficier de ces techniques médicales. Les couples moins aisés se dirigent vers la médecine traditionnelle ou poursuivent leurs consultations dans le secteur public. L’AMP au Sénégal propose une solution à l’infertilité, mais les couples qui y recourent, le font dans le plus grand secret de peur de bouleverser les normes reproductives et de filiation. / In Senegal, the social standards establish the marriage and the reproduction as fundamental rules for the couples. The barren persons are of this fact stigmatized and undergo pressures by their families and of their circle of acquaintances. On one hand, they have difficulties to structure their social identity in this country where the femininity is associated to the maternity and where the manliness is associated to the paternity. On the other hand, they are symbolically got into debt with regard to their families because the "child" constitutes the against gift of the life that they received in the birth. The gender and the gift structure the problem of rejection of the barren persons in Sénégal. In spite of the psychological and social sufferings induced by the infertility, the sanitary politics turn away from this situation and hide the practice of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Nevertheless, ART allows the barren couples, when it ends in a pregnancy, an exit of the social stigmatization. Should the opposite occur, the relation can turn to a marital breakdown. The new technologies of reproduction realized in the Senegalese society remain very unegalitarian and abandon a whole part of the population which would like to benefit from these medical techniques. The couples with modest incomes go to the traditional medicine or pursue their consultations in the public sector. ART in Senegal proposes a solution for infertility, but the couples which resort to it, make it in the greatest secrecy for fear of upsetting the reproductive standards and of filiation.

Att besöka museum är ett populärt nöje, och ett sätt att erhålla ny kunskap. Tidigare studier har visat på positiva resultat av att öka meningsfullheten av besöken genom användning av teknologi. Denna forskning introducerade en design som framtagits genom deltagande design. Forskningen visar på möjligheten att förstärka upplevelsen av museibesöket genom digitalt gåvo-givande beteende. Deltagarna besöker ett museum som ett par, där den ena parten agerar gåvogivare och den andra mottagare. Under besöket ritar deltagarna sketcher, hittar objekt, svarar på frågor angående utställningsföremålen och samlar därigenom ledtrådar för att avkryptera gåvan. Denna forskning förklarar hur gåvo-givande beteende bidrar till den sociala upplevelsen mellan romantiska par och hur denna bidrar till upplevelsen av museibesöket. Resultatet erbjuder möjligheter för vidare forskning om hur nära förhållanden påverkar meningsfulla upplevelser. / Museums are popular among people to relax and obtain knowledge. Prior studies showed great efforts on increasing meaningfulness of the museum tour with the support of technology. This research introduces a design created through participatory design practice. The interaction presents its potential of enhancing the museum visiting experience for visitors in intimate relationships through digital gift- giving behavior. Participants visit the museum as couples, with one party acting as the gift giver and the other as the gift receiver. During the visit, participants draw sketches, find objects, answer questions related to the objects and collect the clues to decrypt the given gift. This research explains how gift- giving behavior enhances the social experience between the intimate couple and how social interaction between intimate couple enhances the museum visiting experience. This research suggests the opportunity for research on the effect of the close relationship on meaningful experiences.

Submitted by Odilio Hilario Moreira Júnior (odilio@espm.br) on 2016-11-25T17:23:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Belizário.pdf: 428507 bytes, checksum: 43b48680503d6e6fe74a3da3c7776311 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Cristina Bonfim Aquarone (deborabonfim@espm.br) on 2016-11-25T17:24:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Belizário.pdf: 428507 bytes, checksum: 43b48680503d6e6fe74a3da3c7776311 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Cristina Bonfim Aquarone (deborabonfim@espm.br) on 2016-11-25T17:26:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Belizário.pdf: 428507 bytes, checksum: 43b48680503d6e6fe74a3da3c7776311 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-25T17:26:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Belizário.pdf: 428507 bytes, checksum: 43b48680503d6e6fe74a3da3c7776311 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-31 / It aims to understand how the reception of social responsibility discourse is realized in social projects sponsored by private companies. We know this discourse can be interpreted from 2 point of views, the functionalist, which institutionalizes the official discourse, and the strategic, which understands the company’s social activism as market strategy and intention to empower its social control. So, instead of analyze only what companies say about their social projects, we tried to identify what the benefited of these project have to say about them. After the discourse analysis of them, two main reflections are possible. The first one, characterizes and presents the implications of understanding these projects as gifts by the benefiters. The second one, presents the reflection before, inside a citizenship concept, which understands the public arena as a place which creates social actors with capability of exercising rights. This capability, in the communication’s point of view, defines such as private companies’ representations in public arena, as indicates paths to circulation of different models of value institutionalization in societies / O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender como a recepção do discurso da responsabilidade social se dá no dia-a-dia dos projetos sociais realizados ou patrocinados por empresas privadas. Sabemos que este discurso pode ser interpretado a partir de dois pontos de vista diferentes, o funcionalista, que institucionaliza o discurso oficial ,e o estratégico, que enxerga o ativismo social empresarial como uma estratégia de mercado e aumento do controle social das empresas. Dessa forma, em vez de analisar somente o que as empresas falam sobre seus projetos, o trabalho buscou identificar o que os beneficiários desses projetos têm a dizer sobre eles. Após a análise da recepção desses discursos, duas reflexões são possíveis, a primeira caracteriza e discute as implicações do entendimento desses projetos como dádiva por parte dos beneficiários. A segunda, insere essa reflexão dentro de um conceito de cidadania que compreende o espaço público como espaço de constituição de atores sociais com capacidade de exercer direitos. Essa capacidade, do ponto de vista da comunicação, define tanto as representações das empresas privadas no espaço público, como indica caminhos para a circulação de novos modelos de institucionalização de valores

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:47:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Pinheiro.pdf: 439290 bytes, checksum: 18a6495b703c7e2e818ba94df16529dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-08-19 / This dissertation is a bibliographic and empirical study which intends to aunch in the academic milieu not only the gift-giving analysis but its role in production and reproduction of social ties as well as its place and importance in the different forms of societies. Based on Mauss theory, gift-giving is in all societies, be modern, be traditional. This theory comprises of a genuine social system, with its own specificities and differences. The present study contains a discussion based on those authors who were inspired by Maussian literature. Mauss argues that the gift-giving is a paradigm which is peculiar to social sciences and he suggests that a societys formed by a primary social rule, that is, the process of gift-exchange for giving, receiving and rewarding. All of them create the cement bonds of social solidarity which are more important than the output of goods. In the light of Mauss theory, this research aims to link his ideas and Procissão do Fogaréu da Cidade de Goiás Cresset Procession in Goiás Town -. It presupposes that the procession is seen as an event which dramatizes the major gift-giving act in the Christian imaginary, that is, Jesus Christ donation to save the world. The procession is a dramatic representation whose ritual reports the bible text, and at same time, the local tradition which is experienced and defined by the people who live in Goiás Town. / O presente trabalho é um estudo bibliográfico e empírico que busca colocar no meio acadêmico, a análise da dádiva e seu papel na produção e reprodução do laço social, bem como seu lugar e importância nas diversas formas de sociedade que coexistem nos dias de hoje. Segundo essa teoria, a dádiva está presente em todas as partes da sociedade, tanto nas modernas, como nas mais tradicionais. Desta forma, ela constitui um sistema social genuíno, com especificidades próprias e diferentes dos outros sistemas existentes na sociedade. Todo o trabalho demonstra uma maior afinidade por aqueles autores inspirados por leituras maussianas. Para Mauss, a dádiva é um paradigma próprio das ciências sociais e sugere que a sociedade se forma a partir de uma regra social primeira, a obrigação de dar, receber, retribuir e que a constituição do vínculo social é mais importante do que a produção de bens. A proposta da dissertação objetiva estabelecer uma conexão entre os estudos de Mauss e a Procissão do Fogaréu da Cidade De Goiás, partindo do pressuposto de que o evento teatraliza o maior ato de gratuidade do imaginário cristão: a entrega de Jesus Cristo para a salvação do mundo. A procissão é um ritual que, narrando um texto bíblico, superpõe, através de sua representação dramática, uma tradição vivida e definida localmente.

Nesta etnografia, a devoção ao Divino Espírito Santo é abordada por um trilha menos explorada. Em vez de se postar no centro do arraial em homenagem ao Santo, segue-se em viagem com a bandeira e os cantadores da folia do Divino em seu giro peditório de casa em casa na zona rural e urbana. A antropologia da experiência é eleita como princípio de composição para um giro teórico em que a experiência dos devotos e a do Divino Espírito Santo são os principais aspectos a serem discutidos. / In this etnography, the Holy Spirit devotion is approched by a less explored trail. Instead of staying fixed in the center of the festival in honour of the Holy Spirit, the researcher goes into journey with the \"bandeira\" and the singers of the \"folia do Divino\" in their begging peregrination house to house in urban and rural areas. The anthropology of experience is elected as the composition principle for a theoretical journey in which the experience of the devotees and that of the Holy Spirit are the most important aspects to be discussed.

Malgré l’importance des interactions économiques dans les sociétés humaines, l’étude de la prise de décision dans le contexte économique chez les enfants reste rare. Dans ce travail, j’ai testé 802 enfants âgés de 14 mois à 10 ans dans des situations expérimentales faisant intervenir une tâche d’échange afin (1) de déterminer l’âge auquel les enfants comprennent l’utilisation du don et de l’échange comme des outils permettant de maximiser leur gain, (2) de tester s’ils intègrent le coût temporel associé à un échange, (3) de rechercher s’ils sont capables d’ajuster leur investissement aucomportement du ou des partenaires d’échange, et (4) d’évaluer leur aptitude à prendre en compte le risque inhérent à la situation d’échange. Pour chacune de ces questions, j’ai cherché à identifier d’éventuels parallèles entre l’efficacité des décisions économiques chez l’enfant et les stades connus du développement cognitif. Les résultats montrent un changement majeur entre 18 et 22 mois dans la capacité à donner et échanger. Les enfants sont capables d’ajuster leur temps d’attente à la quantité de récompense offerte à partir de trois ans. Enfin, on constate que les enfants de plus decinq ans peuvent adapter leur choix d’investissement selon le comportement des partenaires et le risque de perte associé à un échange. Il apparaît que les compétences des enfants correspondent à ce que l’on connaît des stades de développement dans les facultés de calcul numérique, de jugement temporel et de compréhension des états mentaux d’autrui. Ce travail devra se poursuivre chez d'autres sociétés aux normes économiques différentes de manière à évaluer la généralité des résultats obtenus dans cette thèse. / Given the importance of economic interactions in European societies, we have relatively little knowledge about children’s decision-making in an economic context. In this work, I tested 802 children aged from 14 months to 10 years in experimental situations based on an exchange task in order (1) to determine the age from which children understand that they can use gifts and exchanges as means to maximize their gain, (2) to test whether they understand the temporal cost associated with an exchange, (3) to study whether they are able to adjust their investment according to the exchange partner(s), and (4) to evaluate their capacity to take a risk during an exchange. For each question, I aimed at identifying potential parallels between the efficiency of economic decisions and the stages of cognitive development already known in children. Results revealed a major shift between 18 and 22 months in the ability to give and exchange. Children were able to adjust their waiting time to the quantity of reward being offered from the age of 3. Finally, I found that children aged over 5 could adapt their investment according to the behavior of partners and the risk of losing related to an exchange. It appears that children’s competencies match what is known of the stages of development in numeric competency, temporal judgment and understanding of others’ mental states. This work should be conducted in other societies with different cultural and economic norms in order to assess the generality of the results found in this thesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joelson Alves do Nascimento.pdf: 4150729 bytes, checksum: ea420e90fda0a4640790c7165e77fc18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The process of concentration of wealth has created a division between the world of the rich and the poor, further increasing the distances between individuals / consumers and those who are not considered by the capitalist economic system because they have no purchasing power, are outside the globalization processes and are relegated to large clusters of poverty and violence in most cases. The formation of social networks as a possibility for coping with poverty will be addressed in this dissertation through the proposal of the Economy of Communion, which brings as innovative precisely the sharing of profits made by entrepreneurs. Was used in the construction of this path the theory of social networks and, as supporting references, social capital and donation, which will help us follow its development and discoveries during the research. It starts from the assumption that the formation of networks through shared values around a common goal, a culture of sharing, through the donation, which puts into practice reciprocity relations as opposed to utilitarist view, capable of supporting the interpersonal and interorganizational social relations. The research methodology is qualitative and quantitative, carried out through participant observation, interviews and questionnaires with the Business Pole Spartaco, and it was possible to identify the existing relationships within the project scope of Economy of Communion. Besides identifying the relationships, it was also possible to identify the intensity of those relations and the perception they have on their ability to accomplish the propagation of the culture of sharing. The study revealed that the project is a network of horizontal profile, with high density and cohesiveness of its actors, especially some actors that are articulated in a network of mutual help and that are interconnected with other social networks / O processo de concentração de riqueza gerou uma divisão entre o mundo dos ricos e dos pobres, aumentando ainda mais as distâncias entre os indivíduos/consumidores e aqueles que não são considerados pelo sistema econômico capitalista, pois não possuem capacidade de compra, estão fora dos processos de globalização, estão relegados aos grandes bolsões de pobreza e violência na maior parte das vezes. A formação de redes sociais como sendo uma possibilidade para o enfrentamento da pobreza será abordada nesta dissertação, por meio da proposta da Economia de Comunhão, que traz como novidade justamente a partilha dos lucros efetuada pelos empresários. Utiliza-se na construção desse caminho a teoria de redes sociais e de forma coadjuvante os referenciais sobre capital social e dádiva, que nos ajudarão a acompanhar o seu desenvolvimento e descobertas durante a pesquisa. Parte-se do pressuposto que a formação de redes por meio de valores compartilhados em torno de um objetivo comum, de uma cultura da partilha, por meio da dádiva, que coloca em prática relações de reciprocidade em contraposição a visão utilitarista, capazes de favorecer as relações sociais interpessoais e interorganizacionais. A metodologia da pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa, realizada por meio de observação participante, de entrevistas e aplicação de questionários junto ao Pólo Empresarial Spartaco, e permitiu identificar as relações no âmbito do projeto de Economia de Comunhão. Além de identificar as relações, foi também possível identificar a intensidade dessas relações e a percepção que tem sobre sua capacidade de efetivação de propagação da cultura da partilha. O estudo revelou que o projeto é uma rede de perfil horizontal, com alta densidade e coesão dos seus atores, com destaque para alguns atores que se articulam numa rede de ajuda recíproca e que se interconectam com outras redes sociais

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Helen de Montille Ferreira.pdf: 3880375 bytes, checksum: 5e00b4027d62f1629c7a7f3517903bce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-13 / A service club is a voluntary association of individuals, professionals with a common goal. It is an area of civic and political socialization where its members implement citizenship. Rotary International is one of the largest service club in the world with 105 years of existence. It has been conducted a quantitative and qualitative research to verify the characteristics of a service club of Rotary International, Rotary Club São Paulo Avenida Paulista, which develops social projects in various areas relevant to society. It is presented the socio-economic relations of the associates and relationships that they lay in the formulation and implementation of social projects. The analysis of network and social capital is the pillar of support of the members for the existence of social relevance. It discusses the importance of partnerships in the implementation of projects. The donation system, that permeates the club, brings an understanding for the commitment of the volunteers involved. Through network analysis it has been verified the internal and external relationships of the club, as well as the movement of capital by reciprocity and the motivations of volunteers. The research has revealed that the associate profile is a well established businessman, interested in using their profession to improve the quality of life of society. The internal network between members, reveals a leadership based on knowledge. The leadership does not follow the hierarchical structure of the club. The national and international network has proved to be small without large amounts of bonds. There are subgroups where the members participate in several at once. Social capital highlights the cooperation and trust between members of the international organization. The associates use the individual networks to implement the projects. There is a retribution of volunteer work performed, proving the theory of giving supports and motivates members / Um clube de serviço é uma associação voluntária de pessoas, profissionais, com um objetivo comum. É um espaço de socialização política e cívica onde seus associados implementam a cidadania. O Rotary Internacional é um dos maiores clubes de serviços no mundo, com 105 anos de existência. Foi feita uma pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa para verificar as características de um clube de serviço do Rotary Internacional, o Rotary Club São Paulo Avenida Paulista, que elabora projetos sociais relevantes em diversas áreas para a sociedade. É apresentado o perfil sócio-econômico dos associados e as relações que eles estabelecem na formulação e execução dos projetos sociais. A análise da rede e do capital social constitui o pilar de sustentação dos associados para existência de projetos sociais de relevância. Discute-se a importância das parcerias na execução dos projetos. O sistema de dádiva que permeia o clube traz um entendimento sobre o comprometimento dos associados voluntários. Mediante a análise da rede, verificaram-se os relacionamentos internos e externos do clube, assim como a circulação do capital social pela reciprocidade e pelas motivações dos voluntários. A pesquisa revelou que o perfil do associado é o de um empresário já bem estabelecido, interessado em realizar por meio de sua profissão a melhoria de qualidade de vida da sociedade. A rede interna entre os associados revela uma liderança baseada no conhecimento e não na estrutura hierárquica do clube. A rede nacional e internacional revelou-se pequena, sem grande quantidade de laços. As motivações formam subgrupos nos quais os associados podem participar em vários ao mesmo tempo. O capital social evidencia a cooperação e a confiança existente entre os membros da organização internacional. Os associados se utilizam de suas redes individuais para implementar os projetos. Existe uma retribuição do trabalho voluntário efetuado, comprovando a teoria da dádiva como sustentação da motivação dos associados

Cette thèse porte sur la tradition philanthropique aux États-Unis et sur la place qu’occupent les institutions philanthropiques, c’est à dire les fondations caritatives, au sein de la société américaine contemporaine. La tradition philanthropique américaine s’exprime, en partie, à travers les divers organismes non lucratifs formant le « troisième secteur » américain, le nonprofit sector. Elle est représentée par une société civile américaine promouvant les notions de charité, d’autonomie individuelle vis à vis du pouvoir fédéral et d’entraide sociale. Toutefois, ce sont les fondations caritatives, du fait de leurs importantes ressources financières, qui sont devenues des interlocutrices majeures dans la gestion de l’intérêt général aux États-Unis. De nombreux débats quant à leur efficacité et leur légitimité apparaissent aujourd'hui. L’étude de terrain menée auprès de treize dirigeants de fondations dans le Massachusetts et en Californie a contribué à apporter quelques réponses aux principales interrogations sur l’impact réel des fondations dans la société américaine. Ces observations, réalisées à la fin 2009 et au début 2011, permettent de souligner le fait que la philanthropie est ancrée dans le capitalisme américain, ce qui la rend dépendante de la conjoncture économique. On conclut également que, tandis que la philanthropie est souvent perçue comme un vecteur de valeurs démocratiques, les fondations ne semblent pas toujours prendre en compte l’intérêt général dans le financement de leurs projets. Enfin, en même temps que les richesses se sont accrues depuis les années 1980, les inégalités sociales se sont creusées, et la philanthropie n’a en rien comblé ces inégalités. Pourtant, les enjeux des actions philanthropiques sont considérables et il ne tient qu’aux philanthropes et aux institutions philanthropiques d’agir en faveur du progrès social. / This dissertation focuses on the philanthropic tradition in the United States and on the role of philanthropic institutions, or charitable foundations, in contemporary society. The American philanthropic tradition can be displayed through the various nonprofit organizations that make the « third sector » or nonprofit sector. This tradition is characterized by a strong civil society that promotes ideas such as charity, individualism and mutual aid. However, foundations have become the main agents for the management of the ‘general welfare’ in the United States, which creates new debates regarding their efficiency and their legitimacy. The case studies of foundations in Massachusetts and California helped bring new answers to questions about the social and economic impact of foundations on U.S. society. Final conclusions emphasize the idea that philanthropy represents an integral part of U.S. capitalism and depends on the economic situation of the country. Moreover, whereas philanthropy is often viewed as a tool for democratic advocacy, it appears that foundations do not always promote the general welfare when supporting philanthropic programs. Last but not least, since the 1980s, significant wealth has been accumulated by some individuals and while social inequalities have widened substantially, American philanthropy has not done much to reduce them. Yet, philanthropic activity can significantly impact U.S. society, provided that philanthropists and philanthropic foundations act for social progress.