Key words: gift, talent, education of gifted children, teaching methods and forms of working oganization This graduation theses is focused on gifted children and their signs. The theoretical part contains legislature relevant to educating of gifted children in the Czech Republic and various options of the optimalisation of educating process for gifted pupils. It also focus on different methods of recognising gifted children, educating them in school, options of educating and its problems, it deals with the formes of organisation of the teaching methods and basic approaches to educating of gifted pupils. The experimental part of this work is divided into two parts. The first one shows the pupils' oppinion about education, who visit the school for gifted children, the second one contents interview with teachers and examples of the good work with educating children.

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Esta pesquisa se apresenta como um ensaio sobre a reciprocidade a\'uw?-xavante e a dádiva, analizando relações que abarcam também elementos como predação e tradição. Os dados e assuntos tratados foram selecionados através da leitura de etnografias sobre o povo A?uw?-Xavante, orientada também por análises de etnologia ameríndia amazônica e do Brasil Central. A partir de uma recuperação da noção de dádiva com seus paradoxos constituintes e suas transformações, aplicada a uma variedade de aspectos como o parentesco, a casa, o tangível e o intangível ? igualmente simbólicos ? e assim por diante, também procurou-se reconstruir o interesse teórico de Mauss, seja para a antropologia em geral, seja para a etnologia ameríndia em particular. Com esses elementos, circuitos de dádiva e reciprocidade ameríndios podem ser repensados a partir da aplicação ao caso estudado. / This research presents itself as an essay about a\'uw?-xavante reciprocity and the gift, analyzing relations which also encompass elements such as predation and tradition. The data and issues treated here were selected through the reading of ethnographic works about the A?uw?-Xavante people, also oriented by analysis of Amazonian Amerindian and Central Brazilian ethnology. Through a recuperation of the notion of gift with its paradoxes and transformations, applied to a variety of aspects like kinship, the house, the material and immaterial ? equally symbolical ? and so on, a reconstruction of the theoretical interest in Mauss was searched too, on behalf of anthropology in general or of Amerindian ethnology in particular. With such elements, the Amerindian reciprocity and gift circles can be thought over by its application to the studied case.

Este trabalho investiga como qualidades urbanísticas do espaço público relacionadas à diversidade, à permeabilidade, à legibilidade e ao conforto, entendidas como atributos espaciais de hospitalidade urbana, são capazes de evidenciar a condição de cidade hospitaleira, contribuindo para o prolongamento da estadia do visitante e para a qualidade de vida dos moradores. Tem como foco as grandes cidades que, apesar de se constituírem como os locais mais atraentes do planeta, não são necessariamente lugares hospitaleiros e acolhedores. Para tanto, este estudo aplica os atributos espaciais de hospitalidade urbana em três ruas paulistanas que simbolizam momentos distintos de apropriação do espaço público na cidade de São Paulo: Rua São Bento, Avenida Paulista e Avenida Engenheiro Luis Carlos Berrini. Neste percurso discute-se a aproximação entre o conceito da dádiva e da hospitalidade urbana representadas em ações de civilidade e cidadania por parte do anfitrião (o gestor público) e do hóspede (morador e turista), que culminem no reforço do vínculo com o lugar. As contribuições deste trabalho objetivam subsidiar políticas públicas no tocante à qualidade do espaço público e à inclusão da hospitalidade urbana como elemento fundamental da gestão urbana colaborando para transformar as grandes cidades em locais atraentes e acolhedores. / This research investigates how urbanistic qualities of the public space related to diversity, permeability, imageability and comfort, understood as an spatial attributes of urban hospitality, are able to show the condition of hospitable city, contributing to the prolongation of the visitor\'s stay and the residents\' quality of life. It focuses on big cities, although they are the most attractive places in the world, they are not necessarily hospitable and welcoming places. Therefore, this study applies the spatial attributes of urban hospitality in three streets that symbolize different moments of public space\'s appropriation in the city of São Paulo: Rua São Bento, Avenida Paulista and Avenida Engenheiro Luis Carlos Berrini. It also discusses the connection between the concept of the gift and the urban hospitality represented in actions of civility and citizenship from the host (the public administrator) and guest (resident and tourist), culminating in strengthening the bond with the place. The contributions of this work aim to support public policies related to the quality of the public space and the inclusion of urban hospitality as a key element of urban management, collaborating to turn cities into attractive and welcoming places.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:10:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia T Liberatore.pdf: 4575661 bytes, checksum: 50a729debd987c7e3cd5962d13098186 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-04 / When people (or organizations) exchange gifts, there are more meaningful interventions in those acts than actions of offering, accepting and thanking (giving back or not) may seem to express. Concepts related to situations and purposes that are ingrained in the memory of the past and that will determine relationships in the future are created or reinforced. The present work aims at highlighting the simple habit of giving gifts, so common that it passes by unnoticed but which can help build and strengthen bonds. Among different organized social groups there is no survival without support, as there is not a person who is not a giver and a receiver of attention at the same time, either by objective means that can be evaluated directly or by abstract actions, which are less likely to be defined. All in all, there is a wide range of possibilities to find some criteria in writings from different authors in several areas (already defined) of knowledge and others begin to form. The essential reciprocity of the gift is the common element of communication and its equivalent reason for existing: without reciprocity there is no communication, there is no social group that can organize itself and therefore survive. It is in this reciprocity of attention (and of objects) that knowledge is added, new habits are created, and cultures can mingle and integrate: these are the simultaneous experiences and experimentations which establish inclusion amongst common cultural background. In the present research, the foundation for the understanding of rituals of object exchanging as social contracts is laid on the works of authors such as Mauss and Bystrina while the look on the Latin-American reality, especially the Brazilian one, is from Gruzinski, Canclini, and (Viveiros de) Castro, which show what was, is and can be the exchange of gifts as the creation of new contexts that include different cultures. Other authors are important for the course of the research and many are not mentioned here but they are crucial for the beginning and the end of the purpose of this study. Objects which are gifts (bonding celebrations) and presents (that keep their memories in the absence), indicate alterations incorporated in situations of giving presents, hypothesis of this research when analyzing the communication strategy in company cases and real life examples / Quando pessoas (ou organizações) trocam presentes existem mais significados intervenientes do que fazem parecer as ações de oferecer, aceitar e agradecer (retribuindo ou não). São criados, ou reforçados, conceitos vinculados às situações e propósitos que estarão na memória do passado e pautarão o relacionamento no futuro. Está ai o percurso deste trabalho que procura dar destaque ao hábito banal do presentear, tão comum que não chama a atenção, mas que tem importância muito especial para que vinculas se construam e fortaleçam. Entre diferentes grupos sociais organizados, não há sobrevivência sem apoio, como não há pessoa que não seja, ao mesmo tempo, doadora e recebedora de atenção daqueles que a cercam, seja por meio de objetos concretos de possível avaliação direta, ou de ações abstratas, pouco passáveis de configuração ou definição. Entre uns e outros, há uma enorme gama de possibilidades para as quais se fazem aqui indicações de alguns critérios que podem ser encontrados em vários autores de muitos campos dá definidos) do conhecimento e outros que começam a se delinear. A reciprocidade essencial da dádiva é o elemento comum para a comunicação e seu equivalente motivo de existência: sem reciprocidade não há comunicação, não há grupo social que se organize e, portanto, sobreviva. É nessa reciprocidade de atenção (e de objetos) que se acrescentam conhecimentos, criam-se novos hábitos, misturam-se e integram-se culturas: são as experiências e experimentações simultâneas que estabelecem a inclusão entre mútuos repertórios culturais. Nesta pesquisa, a base para o entendimento dos rituais de trocas de objetos como contratos sociais está em autores como Mauss e Bystrina, enquanto o olhar que aproxima a realidade latino-americana, em especial a brasileira, foi encontrado em Gruzinski, Canclini, e (Viveiros de) Castro, que nos indicam o que foi, é, e pode ser a troca de presentes como criação de novos contextos que incluam diferentes culturas. Outros autores são importantes para o percurso da pesquisa, e muitos não estão aqui incluídos, mas são fundamentais para os momentos de partida e de chegada ao propósito deste estudo. Objetos que sejam brindes (comemorações de vinculação) e presentes (que mantenham a memória na ausência), indicam alteridades incorporadas nas situações de presentear, hipótese desta pesquisa ao analisar a estratégia comunicacional das organizações em casos e exemplos reais

Este trabalho investiga como qualidades urbanísticas do espaço público relacionadas à diversidade, à permeabilidade, à legibilidade e ao conforto, entendidas como atributos espaciais de hospitalidade urbana, são capazes de evidenciar a condição de cidade hospitaleira, contribuindo para o prolongamento da estadia do visitante e para a qualidade de vida dos moradores. Tem como foco as grandes cidades que, apesar de se constituírem como os locais mais atraentes do planeta, não são necessariamente lugares hospitaleiros e acolhedores. Para tanto, este estudo aplica os atributos espaciais de hospitalidade urbana em três ruas paulistanas que simbolizam momentos distintos de apropriação do espaço público na cidade de São Paulo: Rua São Bento, Avenida Paulista e Avenida Engenheiro Luis Carlos Berrini. Neste percurso discute-se a aproximação entre o conceito da dádiva e da hospitalidade urbana representadas em ações de civilidade e cidadania por parte do anfitrião (o gestor público) e do hóspede (morador e turista), que culminem no reforço do vínculo com o lugar. As contribuições deste trabalho objetivam subsidiar políticas públicas no tocante à qualidade do espaço público e à inclusão da hospitalidade urbana como elemento fundamental da gestão urbana colaborando para transformar as grandes cidades em locais atraentes e acolhedores. / This research investigates how urbanistic qualities of the public space related to diversity, permeability, imageability and comfort, understood as an spatial attributes of urban hospitality, are able to show the condition of hospitable city, contributing to the prolongation of the visitor\'s stay and the residents\' quality of life. It focuses on big cities, although they are the most attractive places in the world, they are not necessarily hospitable and welcoming places. Therefore, this study applies the spatial attributes of urban hospitality in three streets that symbolize different moments of public space\'s appropriation in the city of São Paulo: Rua São Bento, Avenida Paulista and Avenida Engenheiro Luis Carlos Berrini. It also discusses the connection between the concept of the gift and the urban hospitality represented in actions of civility and citizenship from the host (the public administrator) and guest (resident and tourist), culminating in strengthening the bond with the place. The contributions of this work aim to support public policies related to the quality of the public space and the inclusion of urban hospitality as a key element of urban management, collaborating to turn cities into attractive and welcoming places.

La justice et le pardon sont comme deux pôles d'une dialectique qui les unit au point de les rendre inséparables. Le pardon est un don gratuit relèvant d'une démarche personnelle tandis que la justice est un droit naturel ou légal inhérent à toute personne humaine. En effet, le pardon ne s'oppose pas à la justice. Il s'y superpose sans interférer. Le travail de l'un est complété par l'apport de l'autre. À cet égard, il ne peut y avoir de guérison avec le pardon sans la justice. De même, il ne peut y avoir de réconciliation avec la justice sans le pardon. Ainsi, le pardon est le fruit de la justice. Car dans l'acte du pardon, c'est l'amour au-delà de la faute qui brise la douleur et la haine. Le pardon grandit celui qui l'offre et contribue au bonheur d'autrui. Le passé est vaincu et transcendé. La justice est un rempart contre tout ce qui se dresse contre l'homme et supprime les discordes et les inégalités. De ce point de vue, justice et pardon qui sont deux vertus en interaction, apportent l'épanouissement moral et spirituel à l'homme. Ils sont au service de la charité. / Justice and forgiveness are like two poles of a dialectic that unites them to the point of making them inseparable. Forgiveness is a free gift that comes from a personal approach while justice is a natural or legal right that every human being is entitled. Indeed, forgiveness is not incompatible with justice. It coexists with justice without interfering. The work of one is supplemented by the contribution of the other. In this regard, there cannot be closure with forgiveness without justice. Likewise, there can be no reconciliation with justice without forgiveness. Thus, forgiveness is the fruit of justice. In fact, forgiveness is an act of love beyond fault that breaks pain and hatred. Forgiveness grows whoever offers it and contributes to the happiness of others. The past is vanquished and transcended. Justice is a safeguard that removes discord and inequality. From this point of view, justice and forgiveness are two interacting virtues that bring moral and spiritual fulfillment to human being. They are at the service of charity.

In two essays I investigate two antecedents of self-concept change in consumers: Threats to the self and the activated self-construal and its effect on goal conflict resolution. In the first essay, I explore identity strictly as consumers define themselves in terms of the possessions with which they associate. I argue that ironically the very effort to maintain self-consistency through living up to the value of materialism after facing a mortality salience threat can actually undermine consistency on the level of the extended self of highly materialistic consumers. Specifically, when faced with a mortality salience threat, the consistency of highly materialistic consumers self-concept is disrupted in which they not only detach from formerly intrinsic possessions, but also make formerly extrinsic possessions a more central part of the extended self-concept. I further argue that consumers can be protected from a disruption to self-concept consistency through the process of self-affirmation. In the second essay, I explore how the activated self-construal impacts whether consumers maximize pleasure or engage in self-presentational behavior after they have been invited to choose a gift for themselves. I demonstrate that consumers with an independent (interdependent) self-construal make more indulgent (modest) gift choices for themselves, and that this effect is driven by the activation of a goal to maximize pleasure (behave normatively appropriate). I also identify a boundary condition: When consumers are able to satisfy their activated goal before selecting a gift, the effects cease to exist. / Marketing

Farewell in the Garden is a Qing dynasty (1644-1911) copy of a parting gift painted by Wen Zhengming (1470-1559) for his student Wang Chong (1494-1533) to mark the occasion of Wang Chong’s visit before he left to write the civil service examination. In addition to this painting, three other versions bearing similar poetic inscriptions exist. These four paintings present an intriguing riddle and oppourtunity to consider copies as works worthy of scholarly attention. The compelling scene of farewell between teacher and student who both failed the examinations numerous times resonated with audiences who empathized with their disappointments. A longing to serve in the government is visible when these paintings are considered in relation to earlier literati art. The sketch-like traces of a ledge that is in all of the copies except Farewell in the Garden, hint to the visual possibility of this scene being situated on a shore. Wen Zhengming, through his subtle lines, alludes to this powerful site of parting which is frequently depicted in literati landscape painting and associated with scholar officials and men of merit. This thesis situates Farewell in the Garden and its copies within the wider tradition of literati painting through the theme of service. Government service, as a Confucian ideal, and as a recurring theme in literati painting, transforms in appearance over time, reflecting political, economic, and philosophical shifts. In the Ming dynasty, the ideal of service is manifest and demonstrated in the continued pursuit to serve in office, and the garden, reminiscent of the locations depicted in literati painting, becomes a suitable setting for this enactment. I argue that this parting scene of Wen Zhengming and Wang Chong came to implicitly represent the commitment to serve in government. The cogent Confucian ideal demonstrated by teacher and student is the unyielding determination to serve, and it is this very sentiment or quality in the copies of the farewell painting – the tenacious endeavour to be of service – that is at once consoling and persuasive.

For several decades, Turkey has witnessed increasing investments in housing. There is evidence that some households benefited from this increase. The transfer of housing assets today is also an extensive social and economic phenomenon different from the traditional processes. There are several issues related to this process the most significant being the universal concern for its contribution to wealth polarization. Supply impacts in the markets are other aspect of the same process. Since greater accumulation of housing wealth has pooled in the hands of household heads aging 50 and more, the process of housing wealth transfers will gain significance soon. No extensive study of this process has yet been made. After reviewing the factors affecting the process of wealth transfers and elaborating the institutional background of inheritance, the intergenerational property transfers in Turkey are examined with the 1994 Households Income and Consumption Expenditures Survey, The Population Census and The Death Statistics of Turkey. It is possible to develop a model to investigate the number of potential benefactors and beneficiaries and, the prospective property transferred in one year as a result of inheritance. Then, the amount of transfer taxes by Ministry of Finance could be compared with taxes realized for the same year, as one method of exploring problems of process of housing inheritance in Turkey. The results depict that in one year 30 477 individual property owners die and approximately 102 000 individuals benefit. It is concluded that property wealth is in general transferred to those who are already homeowners. It is observed that the amount to be taken by the Treasury as inheritance tax should be 13 times greater than the actual amount transferred. And finally, it is concluded that taxation system should not be the only solution for the problems in inheritance processes, but Reverse Mortgage may be a solution for transmission of wealth inequalities and for the efficient use of inherited property. It is also mentioned that inherited properties may be pilot areas for new rehabilitation projects for declining neighborhoods.