Doctor Legum - LLD / Legal Process Outsourcing (LPO), the act of sending legal work to an offshore destination or onshore to another location within the same country by a law firm or legal department to a legal outsourcing company, has steadily grown to become a billion dollar industry, transforming the legal landscape from the traditional law firm set up and firmly entrenching itself as a valued accessory to any law firm vying for success. The integration of the LPO business model arguably offers lower labour costs, 24-hour service delivery and direct access to a pool of professional lawyers specialising in a multitude of disciplines

Since 1986 and especially during the early 90s, environmental protection has become a constitutional principle in Vietnam as regulated by Articles 17 and 29 of the 1992 Constitution. The first Law on Environmental Protection, passed by the National Assembly on December 27, 1993 created a foundation for environmental legislation becoming an important field in Vietnam’s legal system. In the following, Vietnam enacted its very first Law on Water Resources (No. 08/1998/QH10) in January 1999 aiming to provide a foundational framework for managing the water sector in Vietnam. In recent years, the legislative framework on water resources management has further developed. Important water-related regulations on the guidance and implementation of the Law on Water Resources have been issued and often amended to meet the requirements of the country’s development, and its international integration. To date, Vietnam’s legislation on the water sector consists of a complex system of legal documents issued by different state agencies. Though legislation of water sector management in Vietnam has greatly improved during the last decade, it has obviously not yet come to full fruition. Hence, the paper intends to provide an overview of achievements as well as problems and conflicting issues within Vietnam’s current water sector management legislation. / Kể từ năm 1986, đặc biệt là những năm đầu của thập kỷ 90, bảo vệ môi trường đã trở thành nguyên tắc hiến định (được quy định tại Điều 17 và 29 Hiến pháp 1992). Luật Bảo vệ môi trường đầu tiên được Quốc hội thông qua ngày 27 tháng 12 năm 1993 đã đặt nền móng cho việc hình thành hệ thống pháp luật về môi trường ở Việt Nam. Tiếp theo đó, ngày 20 tháng 05 năm 1998, Quốc hội nước Cộng hòa xã hội Việt Nam khóa X, kỳ họp thứ 3 đã thông qua văn bản luật đầu tiên về tài nguyên nước - Luật Tài nguyên nước số 08/1998/QH10 hình thành một nền tảng pháp lý cho hệ thống pháp luật bảo vệ nguồn tài nguyên nước ở Việt Nam. Trong những năm gần đây, hầu hết các văn bản dưới luật quan trọng và cần thiết cho việc hướng dẫn thi hành Luật Tài nguyên nước đã được ban hành và không ngừng được sửa đổi, bổ sung nhằm đáp ứng nhu cầu phát triển và hội nhập quốc tế của đất nước trong nhiều lĩnh vực khác nhau. Tuy nhiên, khung pháp lý hiện hành về tài nguyên nước ở Việt Nam bao gồm một hệ thống các văn bản quy phạm pháp luật khá phức tạp, nhiều tầng nấc, được ban hành bởi nhiều cơ quan có thẩm quyền khác nhau. Mặc dù hệ thống pháp luật về tài nguyên nước đã được liên tục sửa đổi, bổ sung và hoàn thiện trong suốt một thập kỷ qua, nhưng rõ ràng vẫn chưa thực sự đi vào cuộc sống. Bài viết dưới đây đề cập chủ yến đến một số các thành tựu cũng như những vấn đề mâu thuẫn hiện tại của pháp luật bảo vệ nguồn tài nguyên nước ở Việt Nam.

Yes / This article provides an overview of the current stage of development as well as the outlook for future cooperation in the field of renewable energy between the European Union and the countries of Middle East and North Africa (MENA). To continue with the progress achieved in the context of the Mediterranean Solar Plan the MENA region should adopt a regionally coordinated approach due to the absence of an established institutional and regulatory framework for trans-regional cooperation. While several studies have highlighted the competitiveness of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in MENA, governments and policy makers in the region should carefully assess their ability to ensure a sustainable policy framework for the renewables sector and opportunities for trans-regional exchanges of electricity. This article proposes that in order to address governance issues and facilitate the creation of a regional energy market, MENA countries may need to adopt an intergovernmental instrument such as the Energy Charter Treaty or the International Energy Charter.

Pour enrayer la progression des résistances bactériennes aux antibiotiques (AB), liée, en partie, à un mésusage de ces médicaments, l’Union européenne (UE) s’est mobilisée en adoptant, en 2001, une recommandation prônant un usage prudent des AB. En 2008, sous l’égide de la Commission européenne, nous avons évalué la mise en œuvre de cette recommandation et son impact dans les Etats membres, et nous avons réalisé une analyse du cadre juridique développé dans 12 de ces Etats. De plus, une étude a été conduite entre 2005 et 2009 sur 74 établissements de santé (ES) volontaires du Sud-Ouest de la France pour identifier l’impact du cadre juridique sur l’évolution des consommations d’AB. Les Etats de l’UE ont engagé un grand nombre d’actions pour rationaliser l’utilisation des AB, mais des progrès dans le champ de l’évaluation demeurent nécessaires. Il ressort de l’analyse sur 12 Etats qu’un cadre juridique plus important semble associé à une plus grande sensibilisation de la population générale et à une meilleure maîtrise de la consommation de fluoroquinolones. Dans les ES du Sud-Ouest, les politiques locales de bon usage des AB ont progressé. Une combinaison de mesures telles que la présence d’un référent « AB », l’organisation de formations et le recours à des prescriptions à durée limitée, était associée à une réduction significative de la consommation des fluoroquinolones. L’amélioration de l’utilisation des AB implique de préciser les conditions d’efficacité optimale des actions et de renforcer l’encadrement juridique dans les Etats de l’UE, notamment en matière de surveillance, d’évaluation, de moyens d’incitation, en l’adaptant aux caractéristiques nationales. / Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a public health problem worldwide. As antibiotic (AB) use is one of the drivers of AMR, the Council of the European Union adopted in 2001 a recommendation on the prudent use of antimicrobial agents. To analyze the way Member States (MS) had implemented this recommendation and to approach its efficacy, we performed a survey under the auspices of the European Commission in 2008, completed by a thorough analysis of the legal framework in twelve Member States. In addition, relationships between AB stewardship programmes (ABS) and trends in AB consumption were studied from 2005 to 2009 in 74 voluntary hospitals in Southwestern France. MS had implemented a broad range of activities to improve AB use, but differences were seen namely in evaluation systems. Further analysis in 12 MS highlighted discrepancies regarding the scope of the legal framework, incentives for its enforcement, and means of evaluation. A legal framework regarding surveillance and national organisation seemed in favor of higher citizens’ knowledge and awareness and appeared to be associated with lower increase in fluoroquinolone (FQ) use. In French hospitals, ABS had sharply improved and AB consumption remained stable when adjusted on activity. The presence of an antibiotic advisor combined with provision of training and use of prescriptions with stop-orders was associated with a significant decrease in FQ use. Progress in the use of AB could be achieved by sharing experience on best practices and by enforcing legal framework, tailored to MS organisation and epidemiology, targeting activities such as surveillance and evaluation

L’innovation permet d’améliorer la santé des patients mais elle est aussi importante pour le développement économique du secteur pharmaceutique. En dépit de son importance, la définition de cette notion dans le domaine de la santé est très complexe. Dans notre travail nous apportons des éléments de réponse à la définition de la notion de « médicament innovant » dans une perspective communautaire et nationale. Puis nous avons procédé à une analyse des normes juridiques appliquées à la régulation du marché des médicaments innovants. L’Union européenne, ainsi que la France, mettent en œuvre des initiatives politiques favorisant la recherche dans le domaine de l’innovation pharmaceutique. Les normes juridiques sont utilisées pour organiser un accès précoce aux médicaments prometteurs ; elles peuvent également inciter au développement de médicaments innovants et jouer un rôle important dans leur valorisation. Une étude comparative entre la France et l’Angleterre a mis en évidence une tendance au développement d’outils similaires utilisés dans le champ de la régulation du marché des médicaments innovants. Enfin, dans ce domaine dans lequel l’innovation n’est pas définie par les usagers, le cadre juridique joue un rôle crucial, renforcé à l’heure actuelle par un contexte de contrainte budgétaire. / Innovation improves the health of patients, and it is also important for economic development of the pharmaceutical sector. Despite its importance, the definition of this concept in the field of healthcare is very complicated. In our work we provide answers to the definition of the term "innovative drug" from European community and national perspectives. Then we analyze the use of legal norms in regulating the market of innovative medicines. The European Union and France have policy initiatives encouraging research of innovative drugs. Legal standards are used to organize early access to promising drugs, they also serve to promote the discovery of innovative drugs, as well as play an important role in the development of these drugs. A comparative study between France and England showed the tendency in using the same tool regulating the market of innovative drugs. Finally, in the field where innovation is not defined by the users a legal framework plays a crucial role, and considering current budget constraints, its role is strengthened.

Goals of this thesis are following: Explanation of audit framework in the Czech republic and practical example of verification od financial statements. The thesis explains basic definition and historical development of audit profession. The thesis explains international harmonisation of audit, mainly focused on International standards on auditing and Direction 2006/43/ES. It is also devoted to legal and professional framework mainly focused on law number 93/2009, Chamber of auditors of the Czech republic and Ethical codex. Finally, the thesis shows practicle example of verification of financial statements. The fourth phase of the audit process is demonstrated on the ABC, a.s.

Trata-se de dissertação de mestrado sobre o regime jurídico dos assim chamados contratos de colaboração, instrumentos negociais de caráter continuado celebrados entre o Estado Brasileiro e o terceiro setor, organizações da sociedade civil sem fins lucrativos de objetivos sociais. Situa-se no contexto do crescente processo de emparceiramento dos setores público e privado brasileiros vivenciado nas últimas duas décadas, resultado da redemocratização do país comandada pela Constituição Federal de 1988, com a revitalização da cidadania ativa e reintrodução do homem no centro do jogo político, econômico e social. Tem como pano de fundo a mudança paradigmática da Administração Pública Brasileira operada pela Reforma da década de 1990, que substituiu o perfil essencialmente burocrático dos órgãos e entidades administrativas pelo modelo gerencial de gestão pública, caracterizado pela flexibilização de procedimentos, recurso à consensualidade, estímulo à participação cidadã, foco na eficiência das prestações administrativas e incorporação do controle de resultados. Examinando a natureza jurídica desses vínculos formais de parceria nos serviços sociais, das partes envolvidas e do seu objeto, este trabalho constrói um estatuto jurídico mínimo/comum de toda e qualquer relação colaborativa social entabulada entre o Estado Brasileiro e a iniciativa privada sem fins lucrativos, rompendo com a dicotomia estanque dos regimes de Direito Público e Direito Privado. É nessa perspectiva que se analisam 04 (quatro) sub-regimes: de seleção de entidades privadas de colaboração; de prestação colaborada de serviços sociais; de contratação de terceiros pelas entidades privadas de colaboração; e de controle dos contratos de colaboração. / This is a Masters Thesis on the legal framework of the so-called collaboration contracts, continuous trading instruments concluded between the Brazilian State and the third sector, non-profit organizations with social objectives. It is located in the context of the growing partnership process betwixt the Brazilian public and private sectors experienced in the last two decades, a consequence of the re-democratization of the country coordinated by the Federal Constitution of 1988, with the revitalization of active citizenship and reintroduction of the man at the center of political, economic and social game. Its background is the paradigm shift of the Brazilian Public Administration operated by the Reform of the 1990s, which replaced the essentially bureaucratic profile of organs and administrative bodies by the managerial model of public management, characterized by the easing of procedures, use of consensuality, encouraging of citizen participation, focus on the efficiency of administrative services and incorporation of the control over results. Examining the legal nature of these partnerships in social services, of the parties involved and of their object, this study develops a minimum/common legal framework of any social collaborative relationship engaged by the Brazilian State with the non-profit private initiative, breaking with the tight dichotomy of Public Law and Private Law regimes. In this perspective, it is analyzed four sub-schemes: selection of collaborative private entities; collaboratively provision of social services; contracting of third parties by collaborative entities; and control of collaboration contracts.

A presente dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo tratar do regime jurídico da informação no mercado de valores mobiliários brasileiro. De modo geral, em um mundo marcado pela assimetria informacional, a informação, por ser definida em termos de sua (i) relevância e (ii) novidade, se presta, invariavelmente, às funções de conferir segurança e de reduzir as incertezas dos indivíduos que a possuem. Em razão destas características, a informação exerce um papel fundamental no mercado de valores mobiliários, vez que permite a tomada de decisão, a formação de preços, e o exercício de direitos, deveres e poderes de conteúdo patrimonial. Contudo, por conta das características do mercado de valores mobiliários, nele a natureza da informação como expressão de poder e dominação se revela de forma mais aguda do que em outros mercados. É dever do Estado brasileiro zelar pela existência e evolução do regime jurídico da informação no mercado de valores mobiliários, disciplinando a atuação dos participantes do mercado de modo a garantir interações mais ordenadas, seguras e justas. Somente assim poderá o mercado de valores mobiliários atingir suas finalidades constitucionais de promoção do desenvolvimento nacional e do bem-estar. / The purpose of this masters degree dissertation is to discuss the legal framework for information (particularly disclosure rules) in securities markets. Information can be defined in terms of its (i) relevance and (ii) novelty to individuals. Generally, in a world where information asymmetry is the rule, information can be said to reduce uncertainty and confer safety to act to the person that possesses it. Due to its characteristics, information plays a central role in securities markets. It allows for decision making, price formation and the exercise of rights, duties and powers by investors. Information can be understood as an expression of power and domination over others. This nature is revealed more prominently in the securities markets context, however, because of characteristics inherent to this market, as compared to other markets. It is therefore the duty of the Brazilian State to care for the existence and development of a legal framework for information in the national securities market, disciplining the conduct of market participants to ensure more orderly, safer and juster interactions. Only through the States action can the securities market achieve its constitutionally prescribed purposes of furthering national development and the well-being of the Brazilian people.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a emergência de novos partidos políticos no Brasil entre 1979 e 2015 visando a compreender se o arcabouço legal é suficiente para explicar este fenômeno. Com base na literatura de Ciência política, estudamos a formação de novas organizações partidárias na Nova Democracia a partir de três dimensões: aspecto político, contexto socioeconômico e arcabouço legal. A pesquisa está dividida em quatro capítulos: sendo que o primeiro consiste em uma revisão da literatura sobre novos partidos e o segundo é destinado às considerações metodológicas que orientaram o trabalho. O terceiro capítulo analisa o surgimento de novos partidos no Brasil sob a ótica do contexto político, do aspecto socioeconômico e do arcabouço legal de acordo com os cenários dos seis períodos históricos recortados: 1979 a 1984, 1985 a 1989, 1990 a 1994, 1995 a 2002, 2003 a 2010 e 2011 a 2015. Dentro de cada um destes períodos, as variáveis foram classificadas como incentivadoras ou inibidoras em relação à criação de novos partidos. Por fim, o último capítulo é dedicado a responder ao problema de pesquisa, articulando as análises dos períodos de forma comparada. Os resultados encontrados confirmaram a hipótese de que um arcabouço legal é necessário para compreender o surgimento de novas organizações partidárias, mas não é suficiente para explicar este fenômeno, que é complexo e multicausal. / This paper aims to analyze the new political parties’ emergence in Brazil between 1979 and 2015 in order to understand if the legal framework is sufficient to explain this phenomenon. Based on the Political Science literature, the formation of new parties is studied from three variables: political, socioeconomic and legal framework. This research is divided in four chapters: the first consists in a literature review about new parties’ formation and the second is dedicated to the methodological considerations that guided this study. The third chapter analyses the new political parties’ emergence in Brazil considering political, socioeconomic and legal aspects according to the scenarios of the six historical periods determined: 1979 to 1984, 1985 to 1989, 1990 to 1994, 1995 to 2002, 2003 to 2010 and 2011 to 2015. For each period, the variables were classified as encourager or inhibitor of new parties’ formation. The last chapter articulates the analysis of the periods in a comparative perspective. The results confirmed the hypothesis: the legal framework is required to understand new parties’ formation, even though it is not enough to explain this phenomenon, which is complex and multifactorial.

This thesis addresses the question of how data protection law should respond to the challenges arising from the ever-increasing prevalence of big data. The investigation is conducted with the case study of online behavioural advertising (OBA) and within the EU data protection legal framework, especially the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It is argued that data protection law should respond to the big data challenges by leveraging the regulatory options that are either already in place in the current legal regime or potentially available to policymakers. With the highly complex, powerful and opaque OBA network, in both technical and economic terms, the use of big data may pose fundamental threats to certain individualistic, collective or societal values. Despite a limited number of economic benefits such as free access to online services and the growth of the digital market, the latent risks of OBA call for an effective regulatory regime on big data. While the EU's GDPR represents the latest and most comprehensive legal framework regulating the use of personal data, it has still fallen short on certain important aspects. The regulatory model characterised by individualised consent and the necessity test remains insufficient in fully protecting data subjects as autonomous persons, consumers and citizens in the context of OBA. There is thus a pressing need for policymakers to review their regulatory toolbox in the light of the potential threats. On the one hand, it is necessary to reconsider the possibilities to blacklist or whitelist certain data uses with mechanisms that are either in place in the legal framework or can be introduced additionally. On the other hand, it is also necessary to realise the full range of policy options that can be adopted to assist individuals in making informed decisions in the age of big data.