The COVID-19 pandemic is a global crisis with every country being affected. It is one of the widely reported crisis over the past few months. Crisis of such degree and range of influence demands a well-informed reporting with an understanding of the possible impact. As the media coverage is largely influenced by journalistic frames and their interpretations, it is highly important and relevant to study this crisis from a framing perspective. Therefore, this research aims to explore the construction of frames, to what extent they exist in the text in comparison to each other, and how they appear across different time periods by studying the online editorial coverage of the COVID-19 crisis published by New York Times. Eight constructive and seven negative frames have been deductively coded to conduct the research through qualitative content analysis with quantitative elements of the editorials published during three specific periods in January, February, and March of 2020. Constructive frames have been coded with the help of constructive journalism which is used as an analytical concept in this research, while negative frames have been retrieved from literature on the framing of previous crises. The analysis suggests that the editorial coverage of the COVID-19 crisis by New York Times is overall constructive but with focus on few dominant constructive and negative frames. Among constructive frames the most dominant frames are ‘solution-oriented’ and ‘mathematical’. Among negative frames the most dominant frames are ‘blame attribution’, frame of ‘consequences’ and ‘conflict’. Findings revealed that blame attribution is dominant as compared to the frame of solidarity and denial is dominant as compared to the frame of concern. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that the construction and appearance of frames change over different time periods with changed intensity level of crisis. This change requires versatile coverage and shift in attention towards newly emerging challenges.

En este artículo propongo una relación entre la noción moderna de ruina y determinadas representaciones fotográficas de la ciudad de Nueva York durante las primeras semanas de impacto de la pandemia de covid-19, en marzo de 2020. El corpus de imágenes está constituido por fotografías publicadas durante este periodo en la portada del diario The New York Times, seleccionadas por considerarlas representativas de un género fotográfico que denomino de lo que no está. Este género se caracteriza por representar espacios referenciales de la ciudad (casi) vacíos de personas. En mi análisis, identifico aspectos comunes entre este género y las representaciones de ruinas popularizadas en Europa durante los siglos XVII y XVIII, los momentos iniciales de la modernidad. Para establecer estos vínculos me baso de la noción de «supervivencia» acuñada por Aby Warburg, la cual permite identificar reapariciones culturales anacrónicas -inesperadas- que ofrecen claves para reflexionar sobre el presente.

In the American press, news publishers and advertisers have enjoyed a close relationship well before the birth of our nation. When Benjamin Franklin bought The Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729, he became the owner of a communications platform and printed both information and advertisements. Today, news publishers and tech companies like Facebook and Twitter do the same—they publish and distribute news and commercial messages. Organizations like The New York Times and Washington Post produce more than news stories. News outlets have new departments—branded content studios, product marketing teams, and innovation teams—that are dedicated to creating and placing marketing messages beneath our gaze as we turn the physical page of a paper or scroll, click, and tap our screens throughout the day. This dissertation examines how advertisers aim to invisibly inject their messages into and alongside news stories by investigating the relationship between the business and newsroom side of various news publications. The research methodology is qualitative and draws upon over 125 interviews with people who work at news organizations, ad agencies, media and tech companies. This dissertation has a simple premise: compare the words of CEOs, executive leadership, and mission statements with the actions of news organizations to identify where discrepancies exist between the core tenets of journalism and its practice.

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Aim: To examine how the New York Times portrays Melania Trump in her role as First Lady. Methodology: A qualitative discourse analysis of newspaper articles from the New York Time’s online publication. The main theoretical and methodological foundation is Fairclough’s concept of critical discourse analysis (CDA) and Yvonne Hirdman’s theories about gender system and gender contract. Main results: The main results of the analysis is that Melania Trump is depicted as absent, non-traditional, irresponsible, unhappy, greedy, non-supportive, illiterate, that she is mimicking other First Ladies, responsible for her husband’s actions, that she prioritizes motherhood over the First Lady role, and that she is compared to other women in a negative light.

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The research and statistics gathered in this thesis begin in 2000. Newspapers began experiencing change due to technology before 2000. However, the information necessary to complete this thesis only goes back to that year. Since the year 2000, the newspaper industry has struggled to adapt to the age of ever-changing technology. Newspapers across the US, including large and well-established publications have been forced to find new strategies that allow them to keep up with new digital technologies. The New York Times was the focus of this study, but it is only one part of a very large industry. However, it is one of the most successful papers of the digital age and offers a thorough look into the newspaper industry. Therefore, its strategies to adapt to digital and its overall business model were compared to newspapers throughout the nation. The intent of this thesis is to have a better understanding of the future of the newspaper industry in the digital age, including newspapers in small, medium and large markets. A look into The New York Times’ history provides a better understanding of how newspapers have already been affected by the digital age, and its business model offers guidance for other newspapers on how to adapt. This thesis focused on analyzing at least one newspaper to represent each market including a small, medium and large market newspaper then determining if the methods The New York Times uses would be adaptable and scalable to their newspapers. This thesis determines which newspapers could use The New York Times’ strategies to their benefit and draws conclusions on the future of the newspaper industry as a whole.

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The 1980’s were troublesome years for the Nicaraguan Sandinist government and its citizens. After accomplishing the task of overthrowing the 43 years of Somoza rule in Nicaragua, a new challenge was waiting in the shape of the American war against communism. The former Somoza National Guard transformed into the notorious contras, also known as the CIA- and American government-backed freedom fighters who worked hard to recoup the nation and halter the socialist movement in the Central Americas. Today in 2007 the world knows what kind of interventions the Sandinist rule stood victims of; air-raids, sabotage, embargos and mining of the Nicaraguan harbour. Eventually the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that the United States should immediately cease and refrain from any action restricting access to or from Nicaraguan ports, and, in particular, the laying of mines. But what did the American public know about its country’s silent war against Nicaragua? This is the core question of this paper. How did the media, and more specifically, how did one of the largest American newspapers the New York Times present the events in Nicaragua to its readers? This essay examines New York Times-headlines and articles covering the years between 1979-1990 in the Nicaraguan history, by means of using the agenda-setting theory, developed by Maxwell McCombs in cooperation with his colleagues Don Shaw and David Weaver. The results of this study will show confirmation of how the New York Times framed the nation of Nicaragua into a communist framework, describing the country as a authentic threat against the American society and its values. The information provided by the New York Times during this era played without doubt a key role in the construction of the American public’s visions of the Nicaraguan reality. By using attributes when mentioning Nicaragua such as “Cuba”, “the threat of nuclear war”, “Soviet” and “communism”, the American public opinion most certainly came to reflect and support the media agenda. To paraphrase McCombs, ‘The media set the agenda when they are successful in riveting attention on a problem. They build the public agenda when they supply the context that determines how people think about the issue and evaluates its merits.’

This thesis sets out to investigate the representation of smartphones by one of the biggest English daily newspapers of the world – the New York Times – and further sheds light on the potential influence the newspaper has on the norms of smartphone behavior. The research is conducted in two parts. For the first research question through a quantitative and the second research question a qualitative content analysis of New York Times articles about smartphones from the years 2007 and 2016. For the content analysis as well as the analysis of the results three different theoretical frameworks are applied: Stuart Hall’s (1997b) representation theory, McGuire’s (2001) media effect factors and social norms theory, mainly according to Cristina Bicchieri (2017). Since assumptions on the outcome of research question one exist on the grounds of previous research conducted in the field, two hypotheses were formed:H1 – In 2007 the coverage of smartphones will be mainly positive and focus on technological aspects.H2 – In 2016 the coverage will be more critical about the consequences of the pervasion and influence of the smartphone in society.The main findings of the thesis are, for research question one, a validation of the hypotheses through the quantitative content analysis and application of the representation theory through which a distinction in the representation of the smartphones denotation and connotation could be made. And for research question two, that the strongest potential of influence on norms of smartphone behavior lies in conveying and updating and thus sometimes changing of empirical and normative expectations together with further intertwined factors.