Poverty and underdevelopment plague millions of people in the world today. Interestingly, the 800 million people that are currently living on less than a dollar a day correlate very closely with the 750 million people who were under colonial subjugation in 1945. In an effort to understand how the disparities in development came about, the theory of self-determination will be defined and historically assessed. Through qualitative evaluation of the principle and history of self-determination and case studies on three key regions that have never known genuine self-rule, it will become clear that the doctrine of self-determination only ever existed in rhetoric. Resource trap theory will be applied to those who have been plagued by outside rule and a general assessment of the state of self-determination in the world will be given. Lastly, an argument for what right transcendently will be given based on the current state of affairs and on Kantian ethics.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo levantar o perfil motivacional de alunos das três séries do ensino médio, de três escolas públicas da cidade de São Carlos/SP, nas aulas de Química. Para uma aprendizagem com mais qualidade é fundamental que os alunos estejam motivados. A motivação para a realização ou não de determinada atividade pode estar relacionada a causas internas ou externas. Para melhor entendimento da motivação no contexto escolar foi utilizado como referencial teórico a Teoria da Autodeterminação, que descreve seis possíveis níveis motivacionais que um indivíduo pode apresentar, propondo assim um continuum de autodeterminação partindo da desmotivação, passando pelos quatro tipos de regulação: externa, introjetada, identificada e integrada e por fim a motivação intrínseca. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados dois instrumentos, um quantitativo que foi um questionário de escala Likert de cinco pontos, onde os alunos assinalaram o nível de concordância, dentre cinco níveis, para cada uma das 18 afirmações propostas. Responderam ao questionário 376 alunos da Escola \"A\", 104 alunos da Escola \"B\" e 142 alunos da Escola \"C\". O segundo instrumento foi qualitativo, sendo duas entrevistas semiestruturadas, uma para três professores responsáveis pelas aulas de Química de cada escola, e a outra com 18 alunos selecionados a partir da análise dos questionários. Para análise dos dados coletados pelo questionário foi utilizado o método do Ranking Médio. Já as entrevistas semiestruturadas foram analisadas utilizando análise de conteúdo. A análise do questionário mostrou que a maioria dos alunos das três escolas apresentou como perfil motivacional a regulação Integrada, importante resultado no que tange aos motivos para a aprendizagem. Esse resultado pode ser complementado pela análise das entrevistas, na qual os professores apresentaram estilo motivacional promotor de autonomia, um importante fator que contribui para um perfil motivacional mais autorregulado. As entrevistas com os alunos em relação ao interesse pelas aulas de Química mostraram correspondência, na maioria dos casos, com as respostas do questionário de cada entrevistado, complementando assim a visão do perfil motivacional dos alunos. Por fim destacaram-se alguns fatores que podem afetar a motivação dos alunos como: família, recompensas externas, aulas práticas e ambiente escolar. Assim, os instrumentos de coleta de dados quantitativo e qualitativo mostraram-se adequados para os objetivos do trabalho, porém é importante a continuidade das pesquisas sobre a motivação nas aulas de Química, buscando o melhoramento dos instrumentos de coleta de dados e também novos métodos de análise dos mesmos, para um melhor entendimento desse fenômeno, já que esse tema ainda é escasso no cenário brasileiro. / The present study aimed to raise the motivational profile of students from the three high school grades, three public schools in the city of São Carlos / SP, in classes of Chemistry. For a higher quality learning is critical that students are motivated. The motivation for performing or not a determined activity can be related to internal or external causes. For a better understanding of motivation in school context was used as a theoretical framework of Self-Determination Theory, which describes six possible motivational levels that an individual may have, thus proposing a continuum of self-determination based on the motivation, through the four types of regulation: external, introjected, identified, integrated and finally intrinsic motivation. To collect data were used two instruments: a quantitative, which was a questionnaire of Likert five-point scale, where students marked the level of agreement among five levels for each of the 18 proposed statements. The student\'s number that answered the questionnaire was: 376 students from the school \"A\", 104 students from the School \"B\" and 142 students from the School \"C\". The second instrument was a qualitative, two semi-structured interviews, one to three teachers responsible for classes in Chemistry from each school, and the other with 18 students selected from the analysis of the questionnaires. To analyze the data collected by the questionnaire was used the Middle Ranking method. The semi-structured interviews were analyzed through the content analysis. The analysis of the questionnaire showed that most students of the three schools presented as motivational profile the integrated regulation, important result regarding the motives for learning. This result can be complemented by the analysis of the interviews in which teachers presented motivational style promoter of autonomy, an important factor that contributes to a more self-regulated motivational profile. The interview with students about the interest in chemistry classes showed correspondence, in most cases, with the questionnaire\'s answers of each interviewed, complementing thus the vision of the motivational profile of students. Finally highlight some factors that may affect students\' motivation as: family, external rewards, practical classes and school environment. Thus, the instruments for collecting quantitative and qualitative data were adequate for the purposes of work, but it is important to continue the research on motivation in chemistry classes, seeking improved tools for data collection and also new methods analysis of them for a better understanding of this phenomenon, since this topic is still scarce in the Brazilian scenario.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo levantar o perfil motivacional de alunos das três séries do ensino médio, de três escolas públicas da cidade de São Carlos/SP, nas aulas de Química. Para uma aprendizagem com mais qualidade é fundamental que os alunos estejam motivados. A motivação para a realização ou não de determinada atividade pode estar relacionada a causas internas ou externas. Para melhor entendimento da motivação no contexto escolar foi utilizado como referencial teórico a Teoria da Autodeterminação, que descreve seis possíveis níveis motivacionais que um indivíduo pode apresentar, propondo assim um continuum de autodeterminação partindo da desmotivação, passando pelos quatro tipos de regulação: externa, introjetada, identificada e integrada e por fim a motivação intrínseca. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados dois instrumentos, um quantitativo que foi um questionário de escala Likert de cinco pontos, onde os alunos assinalaram o nível de concordância, dentre cinco níveis, para cada uma das 18 afirmações propostas. Responderam ao questionário 376 alunos da Escola \"A\", 104 alunos da Escola \"B\" e 142 alunos da Escola \"C\". O segundo instrumento foi qualitativo, sendo duas entrevistas semiestruturadas, uma para três professores responsáveis pelas aulas de Química de cada escola, e a outra com 18 alunos selecionados a partir da análise dos questionários. Para análise dos dados coletados pelo questionário foi utilizado o método do Ranking Médio. Já as entrevistas semiestruturadas foram analisadas utilizando análise de conteúdo. A análise do questionário mostrou que a maioria dos alunos das três escolas apresentou como perfil motivacional a regulação Integrada, importante resultado no que tange aos motivos para a aprendizagem. Esse resultado pode ser complementado pela análise das entrevistas, na qual os professores apresentaram estilo motivacional promotor de autonomia, um importante fator que contribui para um perfil motivacional mais autorregulado. As entrevistas com os alunos em relação ao interesse pelas aulas de Química mostraram correspondência, na maioria dos casos, com as respostas do questionário de cada entrevistado, complementando assim a visão do perfil motivacional dos alunos. Por fim destacaram-se alguns fatores que podem afetar a motivação dos alunos como: família, recompensas externas, aulas práticas e ambiente escolar. Assim, os instrumentos de coleta de dados quantitativo e qualitativo mostraram-se adequados para os objetivos do trabalho, porém é importante a continuidade das pesquisas sobre a motivação nas aulas de Química, buscando o melhoramento dos instrumentos de coleta de dados e também novos métodos de análise dos mesmos, para um melhor entendimento desse fenômeno, já que esse tema ainda é escasso no cenário brasileiro. / The present study aimed to raise the motivational profile of students from the three high school grades, three public schools in the city of São Carlos / SP, in classes of Chemistry. For a higher quality learning is critical that students are motivated. The motivation for performing or not a determined activity can be related to internal or external causes. For a better understanding of motivation in school context was used as a theoretical framework of Self-Determination Theory, which describes six possible motivational levels that an individual may have, thus proposing a continuum of self-determination based on the motivation, through the four types of regulation: external, introjected, identified, integrated and finally intrinsic motivation. To collect data were used two instruments: a quantitative, which was a questionnaire of Likert five-point scale, where students marked the level of agreement among five levels for each of the 18 proposed statements. The student\'s number that answered the questionnaire was: 376 students from the school \"A\", 104 students from the School \"B\" and 142 students from the School \"C\". The second instrument was a qualitative, two semi-structured interviews, one to three teachers responsible for classes in Chemistry from each school, and the other with 18 students selected from the analysis of the questionnaires. To analyze the data collected by the questionnaire was used the Middle Ranking method. The semi-structured interviews were analyzed through the content analysis. The analysis of the questionnaire showed that most students of the three schools presented as motivational profile the integrated regulation, important result regarding the motives for learning. This result can be complemented by the analysis of the interviews in which teachers presented motivational style promoter of autonomy, an important factor that contributes to a more self-regulated motivational profile. The interview with students about the interest in chemistry classes showed correspondence, in most cases, with the questionnaire\'s answers of each interviewed, complementing thus the vision of the motivational profile of students. Finally highlight some factors that may affect students\' motivation as: family, external rewards, practical classes and school environment. Thus, the instruments for collecting quantitative and qualitative data were adequate for the purposes of work, but it is important to continue the research on motivation in chemistry classes, seeking improved tools for data collection and also new methods analysis of them for a better understanding of this phenomenon, since this topic is still scarce in the Brazilian scenario.

Le thème de la motivation au travail en lien avec la performance des employés captive l’intérêt des théoriciens, des chercheurs, des praticiens et des gestionnaires depuis déjà près d’un siècle. L’engouement pour l’étude de ces concepts a permis de faire des avancées scientifiques notables permettant de mieux éclairer la pratique. Cependant, on constate que la popularité de la motivation présente également certains enjeux. Notamment, la pluralité des théories rend le domaine presque étourdissant par ses connaissances éparses et ses résultats équivoques. En premier lieu, cette thèse présente une méta-analyse multithéorique réalisée à partir d’études effectuées sur le terrain examinant les liens entre la motivation au travail et la performance des travailleurs entre 1985 et 2010. Les résultats de ce bilan nous indiquent que, peu importe la théorie motivationnelle employée, la force et la direction de la relation motivation-performance sont similaires plutôt que différentes. Parmi les variables modératrices examinées, seule la source des mesures s’est révélée significative indiquant que la relation entre les variables d’intérêt est plus forte lorsque les mesures proviennent de la même source – dans notre étude elles s’avèrent toutes autodéclarées – comparativement à lorsqu’elles sont recueillies auprès de sources différentes. En second lieu, une étude en laboratoire a permis d’observer que la motivation peut évoluer sur une période très courte, soit de moins de 90 minutes, à partir de 3 mesures de motivation réparties dans le temps d’expérimentation. Plus spécifiquement, l’étude de la motivation par type et par quantité, en considérant le facteur temps, nous renseigne que la motivation intrinsèque a augmenté tandis que la motivation extrinsèque et l’amotivation ont connu une diminution. Cette étude, considérant une perspective multidimensionnelle et dynamique de la motivation, telle que proposée par le cadre conceptuel de la théorie de l’autodétermination, montre que l’évolution de la motivation de tous les participants à l’étude est semblable, peu importe leur performance. En plus de permettre l’avancement des connaissances dans le domaine de la motivation et de la performance au travail, cette thèse se démarque à plusieurs égards. D’un côté, il s’agit de la première méta-analyse multithéorique de la motivation qui soit réalisée. De l’autre côté, l’étude en laboratoire a examiné simultanément, le type et la quantité de la motivation à l’aide d’un devis à mesures répétées alors que la majorité des études se concentrent soit sur la quantité, soit sur le type et néglige souvent de considérer la variable temps. En outre, cette étude en laboratoire a été réalisée à partir d’une activité à haut potentiel de validité écologique, s’apparentant à une tâche de sélection de candidats en ressources humaines. En somme, cette thèse apporte un éclairage intéressant tant sur le plan des connaissances concernant les variables modératrices déterminantes impliquées dans les relations motivation-performance et sur le plan du rythme des variations des types de motivation que sur le plan de l’utilisation optimale et complémentaire de techniques de recherche sophistiquées. L’ensemble des recommandations découlant de ces deux études concernant la recherche et l’intervention est présenté en conclusion. / The topic of motivation at work in relation to employee performance has captivated the interest of theorists, researchers, practitioners and managers for close to a century. Keen interest in the study of these concepts has led to significant scientific advances that clarify practices. However, one notes that the popularity of this topic also presents certain challenges. In particular, the multitude of theories in this area is almost dizzying with their scattered knowledge and ambiguous results. This thesis will first present a multi-theory meta-analysis conducted from field studies that examined the relationship between motivation at work and the performance of workers between 1985 and 2010. The results of this review indicate that, regardless of the motivational theory used, the strength and direction of the motivation-performance relationship are similar rather than different. Of the moderating variables examined, only the source of the measures was significant in indicating that the relationship between the variables of interest is stronger when the measures come from the same source – in our study they all proved to be self-reported – versus when collected from different sources. Second, a laboratory study observed that motivation may change over a short period of time, less than 90 minutes, as per 3 measures of motivation used throughout the experiment. More specifically, the study of motivation by type and quantity, considering the time factor, indicates that intrinsic motivation increased while extrinsic motivation and amotivation decreased. This study, employing a multi-dimensional and dynamic perspective of motivation, as proposed by the framework of the theory of self-determination, shows that the evolution of all study participants’ motivation was similar regardless of their performance. In addition to the advancement of knowledge in the field of motivation and performance at work, this thesis distinguishes itself in several respects. On one hand, it is the first multi-theory meta-analysis of motivation to be conducted. On the other hand, the laboratory study simultaneously examined the type and quantity of motivation using a repeated measures design while most studies focus on either the quantity or the type and often neglect to consider the time variable. In addition, this laboratory study was conducted from a high-potential activity with ecological validity, similar to a human resource candidate selection task. In summary, this thesis brings an interesting light both in terms of knowledge about the determining moderating variables involved in motivation-performance relationships, in terms of the rhythm of changes in types of motivation, and in terms of the optimal and complementary use of sophisticated research techniques. All recommendations for research and intervention ensuing from these two studies are presented in the conclusion.

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Av styrdokument framkommer det att eleverna ska ges möjligheter att fysiskt eller virtuellt arbeta med en konstruktion där något som kan programmeras ingår som en del i arbetet. Tidigare forskning lyfter fram elevers motivation som en väsentlig komponent i lärandeprocessen, där motivation som kommer inifrån prefereras. Således ansågs en jämförande undersökning befogad för att synliggöra hur virtuella konstruktioner och fysiska konstruktioner inverkar på elevers inre motivation. Studiens har sin teoretiska utgångspunkt i socialkonstruktivismen och  självbestämmandeteorin. För att mäta elevernas motivation genomfördes en kvantitativ enkätundersökning. Totalt medverkade 38 elever i undersökningen, varav 18 elever programmerade en fysisk konstruktion och 20 elever programmerade en virtuell konstruktion. Efter programmeringsuppgiften besvarade deltagarna en enkät med påståenden kopplade till intresse & glädje, användbarhet & värde, upplevd kompetens och press & spändhet som är vedertagna indikatorer för inre motivation. Resultatet visade att både den virtuella konstruktionen och den fysiska konstruktionen gav upphov till högt till medelhögt intresse & glädje, medelhög användbarhet & värde och upplevd kompetens samt medellåg nivå av press & spändhet. Av eleverna som arbetade med den virtuella konstruktionen ansåg 85% vilja lära sig mer om programmering. Motsvarande siffra för den fysiska konstruktionen var 89%. Ovanstående resultat tyder på att både virtuella och fysiska programmeringsaktiviteter ger upphov till goda förutsättningar för lärande ur ett motivationsteoretiskt perspektiv. Några generaliserbara slutsatser i motivationsnivå mellan de två respondentgrupperna går inte att se eftersom resultatet saknar tillräcklig statistisk signifikans. Således anses vidare forskning inom området befogat för att vidare klarlägga virtuella och fysiska konstruktioners inverkan på elevmotivation. / The Swedish curriculum states that the students must be given opportunities to work physically or virtually with a construction where something programmable is included. Previous research highlights students' motivation as an essential component in the learning process, where motivation from within is preferred. Thus, a comparative study was justified to examine how virtual constructions and physical constructions affect students' intrinsic motivation. The theoretical framework of the study was social constructivism and self-determination theory. A quantitative survey was conducted to measure students' motivation. A total of 38 students participated in the survey, of which 18 students programmed a physical construction and 20 students programmed a virtual construction. After the programming task, the participants answered a questionnaire with statements linked to interest & enjoyment, usefulness & value, perceived competence, and pressure & tension which are accepted indicators of intrinsic motivation. The results showed that both the virtual construction and the physical construction gave rise to high to medium-high interest & joy, medium usefulness & value and perceived competence as well as medium level of pressure & tension. 85% of the participants in the virtual construction wanted to continue learning in the field of programming. The corresponding figure of the physical construction was 89%. The above results suggest that both virtual and physical programming activities give rise to good conditions for learning from a motivation theoretic standpoint. Any generalizable differences in motivation level between the two constructions could not be seen because of the insufficient statistic significance. Thus, further research in the field is justified to further clarify the impact of virtual and physical constructions on student motivation.

The aim of this survey is to examine how teachers at The Swedish National board of special directories (Statens institutionsstyrelse, SiS) perceive the juvenile students’ text worlds/ Literacy, and how they are used as resources in their reading- and writing-related education. Questions regarding how this category of juveniles should be met in the public school system, and the means used to support the students in their reading and writing development, have also been touched upon. The cumulative results signify that these teachers tend to express that the use of the students’ Literacy is important and constructive, and that the students’ own choices should be at the centre of the education in this school environment. There seems to be a tendency that teachers employing reading and writing to a greater extent in their teaching have more explicit views on the students’ Literacy, and its usefulness for their reading and writing development. The preferred methods of educational strategies are those who engage the students by giving them an understanding of the reasons and purposes of their study assignments. This creates an enhanced intrinsic motivation, which fosters the students’ study abilities. / Denna undersöknings syfte är att undersöka lärares åsikter och uppfattningar om hur undervisningsmetoder anknutna till Critical Literacy är använd och hur dessa metoder fungerar som hjälp för ungdomar inom Statens institutionsstyrelses skolverksamhet. I undersökningen har frågor som berör lärares åsikter om elevernas textvärld undersökts och på vilket sätt elever med behov av stöd inom läs-och skrivproblematik undervisas. Lärare har även tillfrågats vad de skulle rekommendera för elever som riskerar att komma inom institutionsvården. Undersökningen har utförts med hjälp av en webbenkät inom myndighetens eget system, samt analyserades med hjälp av statistikanalysprogrammet SPSS. Undersökningens resultat visar tecken på att lärare inom Statens institutionsstyrelse har en tendens att använda metoder för läs-och skrivutvecklande stöd, som innefattar personlig kontakt och en strävan efter att utveckla en inre motivation. Detta sker genom att aktivt arbeta på ett sådant sätt att elevens förståelse för syftet med undervisningen prioriteras. Kunskapen om de begrepp som behandlas är generellt god och den samlade bilden av vad lärare tenderar att föreslå som arbetsmetoder för det allmänna skolsystemet är sådana som är ämnesöverskridande och gynnar ett omedelbart återkopplande av resultaten av elevens arbete och ger en möjlighet att delta i den offentliga debatten. Resultatet tyder även på att lärare i denna undersökning ser elevens egen inre motivation till utveckling av läs-och skrivförmågan som centralt, för att kunna lyckas med detta.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-27T13:28:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Maico_Schnell2017.pdf: 1534605 bytes, checksum: 9b1897cd96f1a149eccc3d50a66b0bc4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-27T13:28:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Maico_Schnell2017.pdf: 1534605 bytes, checksum: 9b1897cd96f1a149eccc3d50a66b0bc4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-13 / The objective of the study was to know how the different stages of motivation / demotivation influence the performance of the students of the course of Accounting Sciences of a private and a public institution, according to the Theory of Self-determination. A sample of 261 respondents from the questionnaires structured based on the Academic Motivation Scale (EMA) was selected, and also had the participation of 25 interviewees, considering the three dimensions of intrinsic, extrinsic motivation and demotivation, presented by the Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan, 1985). The collected data were analyzed with software SPSS 20 and Atlas.TI 7.0, through descriptive analysis and content analysis. The results showed that there are differences between the factors that generate the academic motivation among the students of Private and Public HEI. Beginning students of IES Private are more motivated extrinsically by identification, presenting as a preponderant factor, that university education will increase their competence as a professional, while the final students are more motivated by external control. The students of the Public HEI are more motivated extrinsically by external control, being the factors preponderant, in order to have a good remuneration in the future and, for the final students, was in order to obtain a prestigious job in the future. Regarding the types of motivation / demotivation and academic performance, the students oriented by intrinsic motivation presented themselves with the highest self-perception of performance among the students starting and finishing the HEI Private. In the public IES, the intrinsically motivated beginner students are the ones with the highest performance self-perception score, except for the final students in whom the self-perception score was higher among those motivated extrinsically, that is, there are differences between the factors that generate motivation / demotivation and self-perception of performance among beginners and undergraduates and between private and public HEI. Thus, the study concluded that students recognize that they are protagonists in the training process, therefore, responsible for the quality of learning, failing to transfer responsibility to courses, HEI and teachers. Finally, it is believed that the results of this study can contribute to the improvement of teaching and research in the Public and Private HEI courses in public and private HEIs, as well as teaching and research in other areas. / O objetivo do estudo foi conhecer como os diferentes estágios de motivação/desmotivação influenciam no desempenho dos discentes do curso de Ciências Contábeis de uma instituição de ensino privada e uma pública, conforme a Teoria da Autodeterminação. Foram selecionados alunos em estágio inicial (iniciantes) e final (concluintes) do curso, tendo sido formada uma amostra com 261 respondentes dos questionários estruturados com base na Escala de Motivação Acadêmica (EMA) e, também, contou com a participação de 25 entrevistados, considerando as três dimensões de motivação intrínseca, extrínseca e desmotivação, apresentadas pela Teoria da Autodeterminação (Deci e Ryan, 1985). Os dados coletados foram analisados com software SPSS 20 e Atlas.TI 7.0, por meio de análise descritiva e análise de conteúdo. Os resultados encontrados apontaram que existem diferenças entre os fatores que geram a motivação acadêmica entre os alunos de IES Privada e Pública. Os estudantes iniciantes de IES Privada são mais motivados extrinsecamente por identificação apresentando como fator preponderante, que a formação universitária aumentará sua competência como profissional, enquanto, os alunos concluintes são mais motivados por controle externo. Já os estudantes da IES Pública são mais motivados extrinsecamente por controle externo, sendo os fatores preponderantes, a fim de ter uma boa remuneração no futuro e, para os alunos concluintes, foi afim de obter um emprego de prestígio no futuro. Quanto aos tipos de motivação/desmotivação e o desempenho acadêmico, os alunos orientados por motivação intrínseca apresentaram-se com a nota maior de autopercepção de desempenho entre os alunos iniciantes e concluintes da IES Privada. Na IES Pública os alunos iniciantes motivados intrinsecamente são os que apresentaram maior nota de autopercepção de desempenho, com exceção dos alunos concluintes em que a nota de autopercepção foi maior entre aqueles motivados extrinsecamente, ou seja, existem diferenças entre os fatores que geram motivação/desmotivação e autopercepção de desempenho entre alunos iniciantes e concluintes e entre IES Privada e Pública. Assim, o estudo, concluiu que os estudantes reconheçam que são protagonistas no processo de formação, portanto, responsáveis pela qualidade da aprendizagem, deixando de transferir a responsabilidade aos cursos, IES e docentes. Por fim, acredita-se que os resultados deste estudo possam contribuir para o aprimoramento do ensino e da pesquisa nos Cursos de Ciências Contábeis de IES públicas e privadas do país, como também, para o ensino e pesquisa em outras áreas.