Thesis (MA (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / In its Preface the WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH claims to be suitable for both native and foreign speakers of Afrikaans and German. This study presents an evaluation of WOORDEBOEK/ WÖRTERBUCH to determine to what extent the dictionary can be regarded as a helpful and up-to-date tool for the user, whether he or she is a native or foreign speaker of the language pair treated in this dictionary. This ultimate aim is to determine to what degree WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH can serve as a helpful tool in translation. Theoretically and methodically the study is based on the dictionary usage research by HE Wiegand, with the genuine purpose of the dictionary as the main principle. The genuine purpose of the dictionary forms the basis of the theoretical and practical analysis. The study contains a short overview of the development of WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH from when it was first published as a monolingual dictionary for native speakers of Afrikaans who wanted to learn German in 1925 to the publication of the eighth edition in 1983, which claims to be a new and more effective source of information for both languages, to enable closer relations between South Africa and Germany. This is followed by a lexicographic discussion on the concepts underlying the planning of a dictionary, with the emphasis on lexicographic processes and lexicographic functions. The problematic issue of active and passive dictionaries is discussed, concluding with the preference for a dictionary orientated towards text production in the case of WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH, which would enable translation from Afrikaans into German and vice versa. The problematic nature of equivalent relations is discussed in detail and forms the main focus of the empirical study and the practical study. The evaluation of WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH is continued in the practical study, where the genuine purpose of the dictionary and the lexicographic functions are the main criteria. The empirical study analyses the actual problems target users have when consulting the dictionary in the context of the genuine purpose of the dictionary. The study is concluded with the statement that WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH should be revised thoroughly and that this revision can only be successful if it is based on an up-to-date, representative corpus of both Afrikaans and German; and when the lexicographer is steered by the lexicographic functions and the needs of the target user, which determine the genuine purpose of the dictionary.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / In this thesis the translating strategies of domestication and foreignisation in Antjie Krog’s anthology die sterre sê ‘tsau’ (2004) are investigated. A descriptive approach is followed in the analysis, with the main focus on Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) and the poststructuralist concept différance (Derrida 1982). The researcher states that Krog, in her translation of the /Xam narratives, 1) follows a foreignising strategy by moving the target reader towards the source text; 2) is visible as translator as a result of her use of annotations, for example; and 3) that, in addition to foreignisation, she moves the source text towards the target reader by domesticating towards her own poetic style. The introductory chapter is followed by a discussion of those translational models relevant to the analysis. The discussion focuses on Venuti’s (1995) model of domestication/ foreignisation, as well as on some aspects of deconstruction and différance. Lambert and Van Gorp’s (1985) descriptive model is expounded as the primary model for the analysis of the anthology. The following chapter involves a literary historic overview of the language and culture of the /Xam in order to fully contextualise both the source and target texts. In the following chapter the most relevant aspects of Krog’s poetics and translational strategy are discussed as far as they coincide with the main argument of the thesis. In the practical part of the thesis five poems from the anthology are discussed on macro-, micro- and systemic level in order to establish Krog’s translational strategy as well as the presence in the translation of her poetic style. In the final chapter the extent to which the findings in the analysis correspond to the hypothesis is concluded.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is generally accepted that illustrative examples are useful in dictionaries, particularly school and learner’s dictionaries. The South African school situation presents unique challenges to lexicographers, as most learners are being taught in English, which is not their home language, so a monolingual school dictionary is used as a learner’s dictionary, and a bilingual school dictionary may not contain the learner’s first language. This research aims to find out how useful examples are to South African learners, and how one can evaluate the effectiveness of examples in dictionaries. The first method used in this thesis is the development of a table of categories, which is used to analyse, compare and evaluate illustrative examples in five different South African school dictionaries. The data from this table is presented in detail, and the results are discussed and conclusions drawn. The second method makes use of questionnaires given to learners to find out whether they are aware of the supportive functions of examples in dictionaries. The result of the table of categories is a set of guidelines and recommendations for selecting or inventing suitable examples for use in school dictionaries. The table of categories can also be used to analyse and compare the examples in existing dictionaries. The result of the learner questionnaires is that learners do actively look for support for the definition in examples, especially if the headword is new to them, or they do not understand the definition. The conclusion of this thesis is that examples are an important part of a dictionary entry and need to be chosen with care, to provide as much support as possible, within the space constraints of that particular dictionary / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar word algemeen aanvaar dat voorbeeldmateriaal in woordeboeke, veral in skool- en aanleerderswoordeboeke, baie nuttig is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse skoolbestel bied unieke uitdagings aan leksikograwe, aangesien die meeste leerders in Engels (wat nie hulle moedertaal is nie) onderrig ontvang. Gevolglik word 'n eentalige skoolwoordeboek dikwels gebruik as 'n aanleerderswoordeboek, en 'n tweetalige woordeboek bevat dikwels nie die leerder se moedertaal nie. Met hierdie navorsing word gepoog om uit te vind hoe nuttig Suid- Afrikaanse leerders voorbeeldmateriaal vind, en hoe 'n mens die effektiwiteit van voorbeeldmateriaal kan evalueer. Die eerste metode wat in hierdie tesis gebruik word, is die samestelling van 'n tabel van kategorieë wat dan gebruik word om voorbeeldmateriaal in vyf verskillende Suid-Afrikaanse skoolwoordeboeke te analiseer, vergelyk en evalueer. Die data in hierdie tabel word omvattend aangebied, die resultate word bespreek en daar word dan tot gevolgtrekkings gekom. Die tweede metode maak gebruik van vraelyste wat onder leerders versprei is om uit te vind of hulle bewus was van die ondersteunende funksies van voorbeeldmateriaal in woordeboeke. Die resultaat van die tabel van kategorieë is 'n stel riglyne en aanbevelings aan die hand waarvan geskikte voorbeelde vir gebruik in skoolwoordeboeke gekies of geskep kan word. Die tabel van kategorieë kan ook gebruik word om die voorbeeldmateriaal in bestaande woordeboeke te analiseer en vergelyk. Die uitkoms van die leerdervraelyste toon aan dat leerders wel aktief in voorbeelde na ondersteuning vir die definisie soek, veral as die trefwoord by hulle onbekend is of as hulle nie die definisie verstaan nie. Die gevolgtrekking van hierdie tesis is dat voorbeeldmateriaal 'n belangrike deel van die woordeboekartikel is en dat voorbeelde met sorg gekies moet word om soveel as moontlik ondersteuning te bied sonder om die beskikbare ruimte in die spesifieke woordeboek te oorskry.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Over the past decade many studies have shown that ad hoc interpreting services are still the norm for the health care sector in the South African context. The health care sector of South Africa, specifically in the Western Cape, is characterised by primarily Afrikaans- and English-speaking doctors, or medical practitioners in general, who do not understand Xhosaspeaking patients. In order to bridge this language gap, ad hoc interpreting services are employed, which are rendered by family members of a patient, nurses, or at times, even by porters or cleaners. As a result of the fact that these ad hoc interpreters lack training in interpreting theory and practice, they tend to distort communication, which impact negatively on the quality of the health care that the patient receives. This consequent lack of quality in health care can therefore directly be related to the quality of the interpreted utterances or product that the interpreter renders. Even though ad hoc interpreters are generally more used in the health care sector, some hospitals employ professionally trained interpreters to relieve the burden of a language barrier. In 1996, due to the erratic nature of health care interpreting services and language barriers between medical practitioners and patients, the National Language Project trained 22 community interpreters to be placed in hospitals within the boundaries of the Western Cape. Three of these interpreters were placed at Tygerberg Hospital, three at Groote Schuur Hospital, and three at Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital. By 2008 none remained in Tygerberg Hospital, one was still employed by Groote Schuur Hospital, and two employed by Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital. In 2007, Groote Schuur Hospital identified a need to train and place interpreters within the hospital, due to the language barrier between medical practitioners and patients, as well as to optimise health care. These trainees were formerly employed by the hospital in positions such as cleaners. Even though they were then professionally trained, they were still remunerated as cleaners, for example. In addition to the two interpreters employed at Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, another interpreter was employed on a full-time basis. Some departments within the hospital make use of their own interpreters, who are not employed by the hospital. Tygerberg Hospital has one officially employed interpreter who is a nursing assistant by profession, and who has received no training in interpreting whatsoever. The aim of this study was firstly to investigate interpreting practices within these three tertiary hospitals, and secondly to investigate the quality of the interpreted product delivered by the interpreters at these hospitals, whether on an ad hoc basis or as professionally trained interpreters. The outcomes of the quality of the interpreted product, measured against a quality table, were compared with the attitudes of medical practitioners, interpreters and patients present in an interpreting session. This was done to determine whether the actual quality of the interpreted product took precedence over the attitudes of the role players, or vice versa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oor die afgelope dekade het ’n aantal studies aangedui dat ad hoc-tolkdienste steeds die norm vir die gesondheidsektor binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse gesondheidsektor, veral in die Wes-Kaap, word hoofsaaklik gekenmerk deur Afrikaans- en Engelssprekende dokters, of mediese praktisyns oor die algemeen, wat nie hul Xhosasprekende pasiënte verstaan nie. Om hierdie taalgaping te oorbrug, word ad hoc-tolkdienste gebruik wat gelewer word deur ’n pasiënt se familielede, verpleegsters en soms selfs portiers of skoonmakers. Omdat hierdie ad hoc-tolke geen opleiding in tolkteorie en -praktyk ontvang het nie, is hulle geneig om kommunikasie te verdraai. Dit lei daartoe dat die gesondheidsorg wat die pasiënt kry, nie na wense is nie. Die gebrek aan kwaliteit van die gesondheidsorg wat die pasiënt ontvang, hou dus direk verband met die kwaliteit van die tolkuitinge of -produk wat die tolk lewer. Ten spyte daarvan dat ad hoc-tolke meer algemeen in die gesondheidsektor gebruik word, het sommige hospitale tolke aangestel wat professioneel opgelei is om die taalgaping te verminder. As gevolg van die wisselvallige gehalte van tolking in die gesondheidsektor en taalgapings tussen mediese praktisyns en pasiënte, het die National Language Project (NLP) in 1996 22 gemeenskapstolke opgelei wat in hospitale binne die Wes-Kaap geplaas sou word. Drie van hierdie tolke is by die Tygerberg Hospitaal geplaas, drie by die Groote Schuur Hospitaal en drie by die Rooikruis Kinderhospitaal. In 2008 was daar nie meer een van hierdie tolke by die Tygerberg Hospitaal nie, een was steeds in diens by die Groote Schuur Hospitaal en twee by die Rooikruis Kinderhospitaal. In 2007 het die Groote Schuur Hospitaal ’n behoefte geïdentifiseer om tolke op te lei en binne die hospitaal te plaas omdat daar ’n taalgaping was tussen mediese praktisyns en pasiënte, asook om gesondheidsorg te optimaliseer. Hierdie persone wat opleiding ontvang het, was voorheen in diens van die hospitaal as byvoorbeeld skoonmakers. Selfs nadat hulle professionele tolkopleiding ontvang het, het hulle steeds besoldiging as skoonmakers ontvang. Buiten die twee tolke wat by die Rooikruis Kinderhospitaal in diens is, is nog ’n tolk voltyds aangestel. Sommige departemente binne die hospitaal gebruik hul eie tolke wat nie deur die hospitaal aangestel is nie. Tygerberg Hospitaal het een amptelike tolk, wat eintlik ’n verpleegassistent is, en wat hoegenaamd geen tolkopleiding ontvang het nie. Hierdie studie het dit ten doel om tolkpraktyk eerstens binne bogenoemde drie tersiêre hospitale te ondersoek, en tweedens om die kwaliteit van die tolkproduk by hierdie hospitale te ondersoek, hetsy die opleiding op ’n ad hoc- of professionele basis geskied het. Die kwaliteit van die tolkproduk, gemeet teen ’n kwaliteitstabel, is vergelyk met die sienswyses van die mediese praktisyns, tolke en pasiënte wat teenwoordig was in ’n tolksessie, om te bepaal of die kwaliteit van die tolkproduk voorkeur geniet het bo die sienswyses van die rolspelers, en omgekeerd.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis the importance of knowledge about translation theories during the preparatory phase of a translation project is examined. Theorists agree that translated children’s literature in general and children’s Bibles in particular are transmitters of cultural and ideological norms, and that source texts are therefore to a greater or lesser degree manipulated when they are translated. This thesis is an attempt to ascertain in which ways insight into various translation theories regarding translation as manipulation as well as theories about Bible translation empowers a translator to deliver a functional target text in which she can motivate and defend her translation choices and strategies. For this reason manipulation theories, Venuti’s insights about domestication and foreignisation and the theories of Nida, Nord and Gutt about Bible translation are described. A particular translation project is then analysed by comparing the source text, the Read and Learn Bible by Eva Moore, with the target text, the Lees-en-Leer Bybel, to discover in which ways insight into the various translation theories can lead to a functional translation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die belangrikheid van kennis omtrent vertaalteorieë tydens die voorbereidingsfase van ’n vertaalprojek ondersoek. Teoretici is dit eens dat vertaalde kinderliteratuur in die algemeen en Kinderbybels in die besonder draers is van kulturele en ideologiese norme, en dat brontekste daarom in mindere of meerdere mate herskryf word wanneer hulle vertaal word. Hierdie tesis is ’n poging om vas te stel in watter mate kennis van verskeie teorieë wat insigte lewer oor vertaling as herskrywing en ook vertaalteorieë wat meer spesifiek op Bybelvertaling fokus, ’n vertaler in die voorbereidingsfase in staat kan stel om uiteindelik ’n deurdagte produk te lewer waarin sy haar vertaalkeuses en -strategieë kan motiveer en verantwoord. Om dit te kan doen word eerstens die teorieë van die Manipulasieskool, Venuti se insigte oor domestikering en vervreemding en die teorieë van Nida, Nord en Gutt oor Bybelvertaling beskryf. Daarna word ’n gevallestudie van ’n vertaalprojek gedoen deur die bronteks, die Read and Learn Bible deur Eva Moore, en die doelteks, die Lees-en- Leer Bybel, te analiseer en vas te stel in watter mate kennis van die verskillende vertaalteorieë kan lei tot ’n funksionele vertaling.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In lexicography different types of equivalent relations can be identified regarding bilingual dictionaries namely full equivalence, partial equivalence and zero equivalence. Zero equivalence prevails where the target language has no item to be co-coordinated as a translation equivalent with a lemma representing a source language item. Lexical gaps occur where a language lacks a word for a given concept. Dagut (1981) identifies different types of semantic gaps in the transfer of a text from one language to another. He distinguishes between gaps due to linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. These two categories are called linguistic and referential gaps respectively. A solution for the above mentioned lexicographic problem is given in the present theory of zero equivalence namely surrogate equivalents. The present theory of zero equivalence is expanded in this thesis by making specific reference to its occurrence in Pharos (2005). Different factors that lead to zero-equivalence are discussed and these factors are used to identify different types of zero equivalence. These types of zero equivalence are the following: zero equivalence caused by linguistic and referential gaps as well as grammatical zero equivalence and partial zero equivalence. In a multilingual society like South Africa where many different culture groups exist and people are encouraged to learn an additional language many different types of bilingual dictionaries are needed. When two languages are compared with each other during the compilation of a bilingual dictionary the lexicographer will always be confronted with zero equivalence, especially when the users of the two languages have vastly different cultures. Thus it is necessary to expand on the present theory of zero equivalence within the South African context. In the last section of the thesis the different options at the lexicographer‟s disposal in dealing with the different types of zero equivalence are discussed. Another aspect that gets attention throughout this thesis is the dictionary users of certain dictionaries, among others Pharos (2005), and their specific needs. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die leksikografie word daar tussen verskillende ekwivalentverhoudinge wat in tweetalige woordeboeke voorkom, onderskei, naamlik absolute ekwivalensie, gedeeltelike ekwivalensie en zero-ekwivalensie. Zero-ekwivalensie ontstaan wanneer die doeltaal nie ‟n item het wat as ‟n vertaalekwivalent gekoördineer kan word met ‟n lemma van die brontaal nie. Leksikale gapings kom voor wanneer ‟n taal nie ‟n woord vir ‟n spesifieke konsep het nie. Dagut (1981) identifiseer verskillende semantiese gapings na aanleiding van linguistiese en ekstra-linguistiese faktore. Hierdie twee kategorieë staan afsonderlik as linguistiese en referensiële gapings bekend. ‟n Oplossing vir dié leksikografiese probleem is surrogaatekwivalente, wat in die bestaande teorie van zero-ekwivalensie aanbeveel word. Hierdie tesis brei uit op die bestaande teorie van zero-ekwivalensie in die leksikografie deur onder andere spesifiek na die hantering daarvan in Pharos (2005) te verwys. Daar word aandag geskenk aan die verskillende faktore wat aanleiding tot die verskynsel van zero-ekwivalensie gee. Op grond van hierdie faktore word verskillende tipes zero-ekwivalensie geïdentifiseer; naamlik zero-ekwivalensie wat as gevolg van linguistiese of referensiële gapings ontstaan asook grammatiese zero-ekwivalensie en gedeeltelike zero-ekwivalensie. In ‟n meertalige gemeenskap soos Suid-Afrika waar daar verskeie kultuurgroepe voorkom en mense aangemoedig word om ‟n addisionele taal aan te leer, word verskeie soorte tweetalige woordeboeke benodig. Wanneer enige twee tale vergelyk word, word die leksikograaf met zero-ekwivalensie gekonfronteer veral wanneer die taalpaar wat in die tweetalige woordeboek aan bod kom wat kultuur betref uitermate van mekaar verskil. Dit is dus nodig om binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks die teorie van zero-ekwivalensie uit te brei. Daar word in die laaste afdeling van hierdie tesis aandag geskenk aan die verskillende opsies wat die leksikograaf tot sy beskikking het om die verskillende tipes zero-ekwivalensie te hanteer. Nog ‟n aspek wat deurgaans aandag geniet, is die gebruikers van spesifieke woordeboeke, byvoorbeeld Pharos (2005), en die behoeftes van dié gebruikers.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to produce an English translation of the first part of Karel Schoeman's novel Hierdie lewe, translated as This Life. The thought processes of the translator are illustrated by means of descriptive annotations. The choice of source text is motivated and the specifications of the target text are formulated. The problem is stated that relatively few of Schoeman's fictional works have been translated into English or other languages and it is suggested that this might be because Schoeman's work is difficult to translate, or even untranslatable. A possible reason for this may be Schoeman's distinctive style: rhythmic, lyrical and rich in imagery. The source culture may also be too specific and the cultural gap too wide. A hypothesis is formulated that translation is possible if the translational problems are identified. Certain strategies are devised and solutions suggested. A hermeneutic interpretation of the source text and an overall strategy of resistancy are advocated, resulting in a target text with a marked source-text inscription. However, a measure of domestication is unavoidable in the light of the final goal to create an equivalent text which is still readable and will not alienate its addressees. A discussion of relevant concepts from translation studies theory substantiates and motivates the choice of translation strategies and solutions. A thorough reading analysis of the source text supplies the context for an interpretation. Descriptive annotations focus on the translator's methodology. Conclusions are drawn about the effectiveness of the chosen strategies and suggestions are made for further study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is die produksie van 'n vertaling in Engels van die eerste deel van Karel Schoeman se roman Hierdie lewe, vertaal as This Life. Daarby word deur middel van beskrywende annotasies verslag gedoen oor die denkprosesse van die vertaler tydens die vertaalproses. Die keuse van bronteks word gemotiveer en die vereistes vir die doelteks word geformuleer. Die probleem word gestel dat relatief min van Schoeman se fiksie reeds in Engels en ander tale vertaal is, moontlik as gevolg van 'n persepsie dat Schoeman se werk moeilik vertaalbaar, of selfs onvertaalbaar is. Een rede hiervoor is 'n besondere beeldryke, liriese, ritmiese skryfwyse, kenmerkend van Schoeman. Dat die bronkultuur te spesifiek en die kulturele gaping te groot is, kan ook 'n rol speel. 'n Hipotese word gestel dat vertaling wel moontlik is mits die vertaalprobleme geïdentifiseer word en strategieë om die probleme op te los, bedink word. 'n Hermeneutiese interpretasie van die bronteks word aanbeveel en 'n oorhoofse weerstandstrategie word voorgestel, met die bronteksinskripsie duidelik in die doelteks waarneembaar. Sekere toegewings aan die brontekskultuur (domestication) is egter onvermydelik in die lig van die einddoelom 'n ekwivalente teks te skep wat tog ook leesbaar is en nie die teikenlesers sal vervreem nie. 'n Bespreking van relevante konsepte uit die vertaalteorie ondersteun en motiveer die keuse van vertaalstrategieë en -oplossings. 'n Deeglike analise van die bronteks verskaf die konteks vir 'n interpretasie. Beskrywende annotasies bevat inligting oor die werkwyse van die vertaler en afleidings word gemaak oor die doeltreffendheid van die gekose strategieë. Die moontlikheid van verdere studie word aangedui.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is no new news that the use of a bilingual dictionary forms part of the day-to-day process of communication within a multilingual society like the one we live in. Whether it is a student, expert, language practitioner or a translator consulting a specific dictionary for meaning, spelling, pronunciation or grammatical information, it is of the utmost importance that that dictionary (regarding its macro as well as micro structure) is compiled in a such a way that the user is at all times capable of optimal retrieval of information. Bilingual dictionaries, whether general or specialised, are probably one of the most important sources of information that a translator has to his/her disposal. The most common problem that so often arises in this case, is the fact that these dictionaries are never really compiled with the translator, as possible user thereof, in mind. Because lexicographers in general do not bare in mind that the average translator (who, in the field of specialised language, is actually no more than a layman) may approach the specific dictionary for help, the vast majority of translators often experience great difficulty with the effectiveness of bilingual dictionaries with regard to a) the type of data that is brought about as well as b) the way in which this data is treated and presented in these dictionaries. The way in which aspects such as the correct way of indicating among other things equivalent relations and the use of, for example, context and cotext guidance, are supposed to be applied in order to ensure optimal information retrieval and, subsequently, that the user (which, in this case, is the translator) benefits from this,. should be studied thoroughly beforehand. The importance of other aspects such as lexicographical functions, specific user needs and the influence of cultural gaps on the data found in dictionaries, may also not be ignored when planning the structure and compilation of a bilingual dictionary. All these aspects are supposed to be treated as a lexicographical duty. And this goes for any bilingual dictionary. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is nie nuwe nuus dat die gebruik van 'n vertalende woordeboek deel vorm van die daaglikse proses van kommunikasie binne 'n multitalige samelewing soos ons eie nie. Hetsy dit 'n student, vakkundige, taalpraktisyn of vertaler is wat 'n betrokke tweetalige woordeboek raadpleeg ter wille van betekenis, spelling, uitspraak of grammatikale inligting, is dit van die uiterste belang dat daardie woordeboek (wat die spesifieke gebruiker met 'n doel gekies het) op so 'n wyse saamgestel is (wat mikrosowel as makrostrukturele aspekte betref) dat die gebruiker te alle tye tot optimale inligtingsonttrekking in staat is. Vertalende woordeboeke, hetsyalgemene of vakwoordeboeke, is waarskynlik een van die heel belangrikste inligtingsbronne wat 'n vertaler tot sy/haar beskikking het. Die algemeenste probleem wat so dikwels hier ter sprake kom, is die feit dat sulke woordeboeke as't ware nooit saamgestel word met die oog op die vertaler as moontlike gebruiker daarvan nie. Omdat leksikograwe oor die algemeen nie III gedagte hou dat vertalers (wat veralop die gebied van vaktaal basies niks anders as leke is nie) dalk die betrokke woordeboek sal nader vir hulp nie, ondervind die oorgrote meerderheid vertalers meestal probleme met die doeltreffendheid van vertalende woordeboeke ten opsigte van a) die tipe data wat daargestel word asook b) die manier waarop hierdie data bewerk word en aangebied word. Die mamer waarop aspekte soos die korrekte aanduiding van onder andere ekwivalentverhoudinge en die gebruik van byvoorbeeld konteks- en koteksleiding toegepas moet word ten einde optimale inligtingsonttrekking te verseker en, vervolgens, tot voordeel van die gebruiker (in hierdie geval die vertaler) te kan lei, moet vooraf deeglik bestudeer word. Die belangrikheid van ander kwessies soos leksikografiese funksies, spesifieke gebruikersbehoeftes en die invloed van kulturele gapings op die data wat in woordeboeke aangetref word, kan ook nie buite rekening gelaat word wanneer die struktuur en samestelling van 'n vertalende woordeboek beplan word nie. Al hierdie aspekte behoort as 'n leksikografiese plig behandel te word. En dit geld vir enige vertalende woordeboek.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Dictionaries are important translation tools, but cause a lot of frustration when they either fail to provide the help required or offer very little guidance. This study examines the reasons that bilingual dictionaries in particular do not always provide satisfactory support to professional translators. Translation theory and different approaches to both the process and the product of translation are investigated. Specific attention is paid to linguistic, text-linguistic and functionalist approaches to translation. The study traces the development of lexicographic theory and practice, and highlights the linguistic genealogy of lexicography. Lexicography and translation studies share this genealogy. The concept of equivalence as it relates to both these academic disciplines - translation studies and lexicography - is investigated. Professional translation entails more than translating individual words or choosing the correct translation equivalent from a bilingual dictionary, and professional translators therefore tend to regard most existing bilingual dictionaries as unsatisfactory, insufficient and inadequate. The terms "bilingual dictionary", "translating/translatory dictionary", and "translation dictionary" are discussed. Requirements for a translation dictionary are identified based on research findings concerning the translation process, translation strategies, typical translation problems, and the requisite skills of professional translators. A translation dictionary should be designed so as to assist professional translators in solving problems related to the reception, translation, and production of texts. It should be based on a representative corpus of real language use. Finally, a lexicographic model of an English-Afrikaans translation dictionary is constructed, based on the genuine purpose and the lexicographic functions of a dictionary aimed at the needs of professional translators. A process of simultaneous feedback is recommended when new dictionaries are compiled. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Woordeboeke is 'n belangrike hulpmiddel vir vertalers, maar is dikwels ook 'n bron van frustrasie wanneer hulle óf geen hulp nie óf gebrekkige leiding verskaf Hierdie studie ondersoek redes waarom spesifiek tweetalige woordeboeke nie 'n voldoende hulpmiddel vir professionele vertalers is nie. In die proses word teorieë oor en benaderings tot vertaling as produk en proses belig. Daar word veral klem gelê op linguistiese, tekslinguistiese en funksionalistiese werkswyses in vertaling. Die ontwikkeling van leksikografie en die leksikografiese beskouing ten opsigte van tweetalige woordeboeke word daarna aangesny. Soos vertaalkunde, het leksikografie uit die linguistiek as studiegebied ontwikkel. Dit het op die vormingsjare van die twee jonger studierigtings - vertaalstudie en leksikografie - 'n soortgelyke invloed uitgeoefen. Die problematiek om ekwivalensie in sowel vertaalteorie as tweetalige woordeboeke word uitgelig. Professionele vertaling behels meer as die vertaal van woorde of die korrekte keuse van vertaalekwivalente. Tweetalige woordeboeke is nie 'n voldoende hulpmiddel vir vertalers nie, omdat hulle nie 'n bevredigende, genoegsame of toereikende hulpmiddel is nie. Die gebruik van die terme "tweetalige woordeboek", "vertalende woordeboek" en "vertaalwoordeboek" word bespreek. Vereistes waaraan 'n vertaalwoordeboek behoort te voldoen, word ondersoek, onder meer aan die hand van insigte uit navorsing oor die vertaalproses, vertaalstrategieë, tipiese vertaalprobleme en die vaardighede waaroor professionele vertalers (moet) beskik. 'n Vertaalwoordeboek moet aan professionele vertalers hulp verleen met probleme wat hulle ondervind met die resepsie, oordrag en produksie van tekste. Verteenwoordigende korpusse van werklike taalgebruik moet die grondslag vorm vir die saamstel van sodanige woordeboek. Op grond van die werklike doel van 'n vertaalwoordeboek en die funksies wat dit moet verrig, word 'n model voorgestel VIr 'n vertaalwoordeboek vir vertalers uit Engels III Afrikaans. Bewerkingsvoorstelle vir enkele voorbeeldlemmas word aan die hand gedoen. 'n Proses van gelyktydige terugvoer behoort by die saamstel van nuwe woordeboeke gevolg te word.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bilingual dictionaries should have a decoding as well as an encoding function. Decoding dictionaries want to assist the user in interpreting the language, while encoding dictionaries want to help the user with the usage of the language. The present role of a bilingual or translation dictionary has to change from that of supplying only translation equivalents to one of supplying a more comprehensive data presentation. This should also include additional semantic and pragmatic information. The main aim of a bilingual dictionary should not only be the establishment of a relation of semantic equivalence between source and target language, but also reaching communicative equivalence in the process. This means that the user must be able to find the applicable equivalent of the source language item in the target language. One of the best ways for a lexicographer to test the communicative aptness of a given translation equivalent, is by means of the reversibility principle. It means that lexical item A, included as translation equivalent of lemma B in the X-section of a bidirectional translation dictionary, has to be included as a lemma in the Y-section ofthe dictionary with at least the lexical item B, the relevant lemma from the X-section, as one of its translation equivalents. Each lexical item included as a translation equivalent in the Y-section has to be included as the lemma in the X-section of the dictionary with at least the respective lemma from the Ysection as a translation equivalent. This thesis tries to show how, if not adhered to the above principles, an inferior product can be the result of many hours of painstaking work. The main problematic areas are inter alia those of labels, spelling inconsistencies and an absence of translation equivalents. However, some of the less obvious problematic areas are also touched upon. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tweetalige woordeboeke behoort 'n dekoderende sowel as 'n enkoderende funksie te hê. Dekoderende woordeboeke moet die gebruiker help om die taal te interpreteer, terwyl enkoderende woordeboeke die gebruiker moet help met die gebruik van 'n woodeboek. Die huidige rol van 'n tweetalige ofvertalende woordeboek moet verander van een wat slegs vertalingsekwivalente verskaf, na een met meer omvattende data. 'n Tweetalige woordeboek behoort nie slegs die gebruiker van vertalingsekwivalente te voorsien nie, maar behoort ook addisionele semantiese en pragmatiese inligting in te sluit. Een van die beste maniere vir 'n leksikograaf om die kommunikatiewe geskiktheid van 'n gegewe vertalingsekwivalent te toets, is deur middel van die omkeerbaarheidsbeginsel. Hiermee word bedoel dat leksikale item A, wat ingesluit is as 'n vertalingsekwivalent van lemma B in the X-seksie van 'n tweerigtingwoordeboek, ook ingesluit moet word as 'n lemma in die Y-seksie van die woordeboek met ten minste the leksikale item B, die relevante lemma van die X-seksie, as een van sy vertalingsekwivalente. Hierdie tesis gaan aandui hoe, wanneer daar nie aan hierdie vereistes voldoen word nie, 'n minderwaardige produk die resultaat is van baie ure se harde werk. Die hoofareas onder bespreking is onder meer etikette, Spellingonreëlmatighede en die afwesigheid van vertalingsekwivalente. Daar word egter ook aandag geskenk aan probleme wat nie op so 'n groot skaal voor kom nie.