Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the manner in which Marita van der Vyver’s semi-autobiographic novel Die hart van ons huis – ’n skrywer in Provence has been translated. The question that arises is who the reader of Marita van der Vyver’s translated works is – the local South African or the international English reader? If the text was translated for the local English reader, will the text be translated as if it was written by a local English speaker and if the text was translated for an international reader, are the Afrikaans cultural elements in the novel neutralised, adapted or omitted in such a way that the text would be fluent and understandable for the international English reader? In the first chapter, Van der Vyver’s background as an author is discussed and the source text used in this study is contextualised. The problem statement, research questions, methodology, and course of this study are also discussed. The next chapter provides the theoretical background used as background of this study, namely the descriptive and functionalist translation theories where translation is generally viewed as a cultural activity. The translation approaches used are domestication and foreignisation. Chapters 3 and 4 both contain the empirical analysis of the source text. This analysis is done by using an adapted model of Lambert and Van Gorp on both macro- and micro-levels: larger aspects of the target text are explored on macro-level, such as the genre, title, overall translation approach and paratext while analysis on the micro-level deals with pragmatic, intercultural and text-specific translation problems. The techniques the translator applies to adequately deal with these translation problems are also investigated. It is concluded that the translator generally transfers the culturally specific French and Afrikaans terms from the source text and makes use of a generally foreignising approach in the target text. The translator stays loyal to the author of the source text but also shows loyalty towards the reader by domesticating the target text on a linguistic level and generally making the target text more understandable for the English speaker. It is shown throughout the text that it isn’t only the target text that is foreignising to targer readers, but that the source text would also be foreignising for an Afrikaans reader because of the French cultural elements that are strongly featured throughout the text / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die wyse waarop Marita van der Vyver se deels outobiografiese roman Die hart van ons huis – ’n skrywer in Provence vertaal is. Die vraag wat ontstaan, is wie die spesifieke Engelse leser van Van der Vyver se vertaalde werke is – is dit die plaaslike Suid-Afrikaanse, of die internasionale Engelse leser? Indien die teks vir ’n plaaslike Suid-Afrikaanse leser vertaal word, word die teks so vertaal asof dit deur ’n plaaslike Engelssprekende geskryf is en indien dit vir ’n internasionale leser vertaal word, word die Afrikaanse kulturele gegewens geneutraliseer, aangepas of weggelaat sodat die teks vlot en verstaanbaar vir die internasionale leser sal lees? In die eerste hoofstuk word Van der Vyver se agtergrond as skrywer bespreek en die bronteks wat in die studie aan bod kom, gekontekstualiseer. Die probleemstelling, navorsingsvrae, metodologie en verloop van die studie word ook bespreek. Die volgende hoofstuk verskaf die teoretiese agtergrond waarteen die studie geplaas word, naamlik die deskriptiewe en funksionalistiese vertaalteorieë waarbinne vertaling hoofsaaklik as ’n kulturele handeling beskou word. Die vertaalbenaderings wat hanteer word, is domestikering en vervreemding. Hoofstuk 3 en 4 bevat die empiriese ontleding van die doelteks – dit geskied aan die hand van ’n aangepaste Lambert en Van Gorp-model op sowel makro- as mikrovlak; op die makrovlak word groter aspekte van die teks soos die genre, titel, oorkoepelende vertaalbenadering en parateks ondersoek terwyl ontleding op mikrovlak die fyner aspekte van die doelteks onder die loep neem – hier word gekyk na pragmatiese, interkulturele en teksspesifieke vertaalprobleme en die wyse waarop die vertaler daarmee in die doelteks omgaan. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die vertaler die spesifieke Franse en Afrikaanse verwysings in die doelteks behou en van ’n hoofsaaklik vervreemdende vertaalstrategie gebruik maak deur eg Afrikaanse en Franse kulturele aspekte in die doelteks te behou. Die vertaler bly deurlopend lojaal aan die outeur van die bronteks, maar toon ook lojaliteit teenoor die doelteksleser deurdat sy linguisties domestikeer en die teks sodoende meer verstaanbaar vir die doelteksleser maak. Daar word ook deurgaans aangetoon dat nie net die doelteks vervreemdend is vir die doeltekslesers nie, maar dat die bronteks reeds vervreemdend is ook vir die brontekslesers deur die Franse kultuur wat so sterk aan bod kom.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 1998. / Blog by Johann de Lange: http://johanndelange.blogspot.com/ / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie stel hom ten doel om die 19de-eeuse kulturele fin de siecle-intertekste in Johann de Lange se poësie, wat grotendeels postmodernisties van aard is, na te gaan ten einde die hipotese te toets dat sy werk sterk ooreenkomste met die kunsuitinge van die vorige eeuwending openbaar. Hieruit blyk duidelik 'n korrespondensie of ekwivalensie tussen die tydsgees en diskoers van die huidige fin de millennium en die van die 19de-eeuse fin de siecle. Die titel van die tesis is ontleen aan die gedig "Greenwichtyd" uit Snel grys fantoom (1986:29): Dit als terwyl ek stil slaap anderkant die horison, klein doen in 'n wêreld waar eeue wegtik met elke oogknip, 'n dag gebeur tussen een asemteug en die volgende [...] Omdat al sewe bundels van die digter ondersoek is, kon slegs drie gedigte in diepte geanaliseer word, naamlik "Correspondences" uit Wordende naak (1990:22), "Studie van 'n portret van 'n man" uit Snel grys fantoom (1986:56) en "Vlees van die berg" uit Vleiswond (1993:51-52). Die gedig "Correspondences", wat seminaal is vir die hipotese wat in hierdie studie gestel word, kom in 'n eie hoofstuk aan bod; "Studie van 'n portret van 'n man" is aanvullend tot die hipotese dat De Lange hom met die kunstenaars van die fin de siecle vereenselwig; terwyl "Vlees van die berg" op vele wyses De Lange se digterlike preokkupasies weerspieël. Enkele aspekte van die kunsstrominge van die Dekadentisme, Estetisisme en Simbolisme, wat in die eeuwending voorkom en ook in De Lange se verse neerslag vind, word in afsonderlike hoofstukke bespreek. Die digter se sosiopolitieke betrokkenheid wat deur die meeste kritici in die verlede misken is, word bevestig. As gevolg daarvan dat mistisisme en metapoësie by De Lange dikwels in 'n enkele gedig saamsmelt, word hierdie aspekte ten slotte in 'n afsonderlike hoofstuk onder die loep geneem. Daar word deurgaans gebruik gemaak van verwysings na geselekteerde gedigte uit De Lange se oeuvre, telkens gesitueer binne die konteks van die postmoderniteit. Ten einde die dinamika van intertekstuele en interdiskursiewe prosesse te demonstreer, word intertekstuele ekskursies of intertekstuele cruising dikwels onderneem. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the 19th century cultural fin de siecle intertexts in Johann de Lange's predominantly postmodernistic poetry in order to test the hypothesis that his work reveals strong correspondences to art forms of the previous turn of the century. As a result a correspondence or an equivalence between the cultural climates and discourses of the relevant ages, viz. the present fin de millennium and the fin de siecle of the 19th century, is indicated. The origin of the title of the thesis is the poem "Greenwichtyd" from Snel grys fantoom (1986:29): Dit als terwyl ek stil slaap anderkant die horison, klein doen in 'n wêreld waar eeue wegtik met elke oogknip, 'n dag gebeur tussen een asemteug en die volgende [...] The volume of work involved in the examination of the poet's entire oeuvre of seven volumes precluded the exhaustive analysis of vast numbers of poems. For this reason only three poems have been analysed in any depth. These are "Correspondences" from Wordende naak (1990:22), "Studie van 'n portret van 'n man" from Snel grys fantoom (1986:56) and "Vlees van die berg" from Vleiswond (1993:51-52). The poem "Correspondences" which is seminal to the hypothesis posed in this study is discussed in a separate chapter; "Studie van 'n portret van 'n man" is supplementary to the hypothesis that De Lange identifies with the artists of the fin de siecle; while "Vlees van die berg" reflects many of De Lange's poetic preoccupations. A few aspects of decadence (in the cultural sense), aestheticism and symbolism, schools of art prevalent at the turn of the century which all find expression in De Lange's poems, are examined in separate chapters. The sosio-political commitment of the poet, unrecognised by most critics in the past, is confirmed. Because De Lange often merges mysticism and metapoetry in a single poem, these aspects are finally investigated together in one chapter. Reference is made throughout to selected poems from De Lange's oeuvre as situated within the context of postmodernity. In order to demonstrate the dynamics of intertextual and interdiscursive processes, intertextual excursions or "cruises" are often undertaken.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / Blog by Johann de Lange: http://johanndelange.blogspot.com/ / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die term voyeurisme hoort normaalweg tuis binne die sielkunde, waar dit dui op 'n seksuele abnormaliteit en afwyking. Hierdie siening stigmatiseer egter die fenomeen voyeurisme as 'n perverse handeling. In die eerste hoofstuk van hierdie studie word 'n poging aangewend om die begrip voyeurisme te verruim. Die voyeurisme wys nie net op 'n seksuele afwyking nie, maar vorm 'n sentrale deel van die eietydse samelewing. Die voyeurisme is dus ook van kardinale belang vir die letterkunde. In hierdie tesis word die voyeuristiese elemente in die poësie van Johann de Lange ondersoek. Aan die hand van tekste uit De Lange se oeuvre word die hipotese getoets dat die voyeurisme 'n voorwaarde vir die letterkunde is. Voorts word daar beweer dat die voyeurisme 'n onmisbare funksie in die skryf-en-lees-proses vervul; dat nie net die digter nie, maar sowel die teks as die leser noodwendig deel in die voyeuristiese handeling. Die letterkunde is dus, volgens hierdie hipotese, te danke aan die perspektiwiese kompleksiteit van die voyeurisme. Om die sprong van die sielkunde na die letterkunde te maak, word daar eerstens aandag bestee aan die werk van die teoretici Jean-Paul Sartre, Jacques Lacan en Michel Foucault en die bydraes wat hulle tot die teoretisering oor persepsie lewer. Voorts word vier gedigte geanaliseer met konsentrasie op aspekte van die voyeurisme soos wat dit in De Lange se oeuvre manifesteer en funksioneer, naamlik: die skilderkuns, die fotografie, die religie en die verhouding tussen vader en seun. Hoewel hierdie tesis uitsluitlik oor die werk van Johann de Lange handel, wil dit 'n gesprek oor die voyeurisme in die Afrikaanse letterkunde tot stand bring. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The term voyeurism normally belongs to the field of psychology, where it is used to describe a sexual abnormality and deviation. However, this view stigmatises the phenomenon of voyeurism as a perverse act. In the first chapter of this study the author attempts to broaden the notion of voyeurism. Voyeurism not only indicates sexual deviation, it also forms a central part of contemporary society. Voyeurism is therefore also of the utmost importance in literature. In this thesis the voyeuristic elements in the poetry of Johann de Lange are examined. Using texts from De Lange's oeuvre the hypothesis that voyeurism is a condition for literature is tested. It is further argued that voyeurism fulfils an essential function in the reading and writing process; that, not only the poet, but both the text and the reader inevitably share in the voyeuristic action. Literature according to this hypothesis, has its origins in the perspective complexity of voyeurism. To explain the connection between psychology and literature attention is firstly devoted to the works of the theorists Jean-Paul Sartre, Jacques Lacan and Michel Foucault and the contributions they made on perception. Further four poems are analysed in detail, with emphasis on aspects of voyeurism as they manifest and function in De Lange's oeuvre, namely: the art of painting, photography, religion and the relationship between father and son. Although this thesis deals exclusively with the work of Johann de Lange, it wants to bring about a discussion on voyeurism in the Afrikaans literature.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The decision to investigate the lexicographic representation of Kinyarwanda phrasemes has been motivated by two problems. Firstly, the compilers of Kinyarwanda general dictionaries do not take cognisance of the wide-ranging nature of Kinyarwanda phrasemes. As a result, the confusion of different types of phrasemes entails inadequate treatment of phraseology in Kinyarwanda dictionaries. Furthermore, some types of phrasemes are mistakenly left out or under-represented in Kinyarwanda dictionaries due to the fact that the multifaceted nature of Kinyarwanda phrasemes is not recognised. Secondly, the representation of phrasemes in current Kinyarwanda dictionaries is unsatisfactory as far as data presentation, distribution and accessibility is concerned. Therefore, not only is the multifaceted nature of phrasemes not reflected in the representation of phrasemes in Kinyarwanda dictionaries but Kinyarwanda dictionaries also fall short as far as the application of adequate metalexicographic principles and tools is concerned. It is anticipatively argued that the use of innovative tools and suggestions offered by the contemporary theoretical lexicography coupled with insights from the linguistic classification of phrasemes will enable a user-friendly presentation of phrasemes in general dictionaries of Kinyarwanda. This thesis attempts to bring solutions to these shortcomings by formulating theoretically motivated proposals for lexicographic representation of phraseological items in Kinyarwanda general dictionaries. To achieve this goal and in order to formulate a model for lexicographic representation of phrasemes this study uses a positivist approach and utilises two theories of lexicography, namely the functional theory of lexicography mainly developed by Bergenholtz and Tarp and the general theory of lexicography outlined by Wiegand. The theory of lexicographic functions provided this study with decisive heuristics such as the concept of user situation, lexicographic function and user profile that have been employed to devise a function-motivated model of lexicographic representation of different types of phrasemes. Insights from the theory of dictionary structures were used to determine how various dictionary structures could be used to position phrasemes in the dictionary so that easy access is secured. These theories helped formulate policies for inclusion and treatment of different classes of phrasemes taking into account the function that the dictionary is purported to fulfil and the role different structures of the dictionary play in user-friendly distribution of lexicographic data. In addition, this research relied on various sources of data and used a qualitative approach to data analysis and argument construction. In Chapter 3 the concept of phraseme in the framework of Meaning-Text linguistics is defined and various pitfalls in lexicographic representation of phrasemes in existing dictionaries of Kinyarwanda are addressed. In Chapter 4, proposals have been made regarding both straight lemmatisation and sublemmatisation of Kinyarwanda idioms in the central list whereby the proposed models have been evaluated taking into account different lexicographic functions. In addition, suggestions have been made as to how to use both the central list section and the outer texts, especially the back matter and the middle matter to present proverbs in general language dictionaries of Kinyarwanda. Further, a model for lexicographic presentation of collocations has been formulated in Chapter 5, taking into account four lexicographic functions: text production, text translation, text reception and cognitive-oriented dictionary. In this chapter it is shown what the representation of collocations could look like when satisfying each of the above-mentioned lexicographic functions. Finally two models for the lexicographic representation of pragmatemes or pragmatic phrasemes are proposed in Chapter 6. In this chapter, both the internal-article treatment of pragmatemes in the central list and the presentation of pragmatemes in the outer texts are discussed and evaluated. Chapter 7 outlines the summary of major research findings along with related recommendations on the lexicographic treatment of different types of phrasemes and assesses whether the initial research questions have been properly answered, while at the same time paving the way for further research and more comprehensive discussions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die besluit om die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van Kinyarwanda fraseme te ondersoek, word deur twee probleme gemotiveer. Eerstens word die uiteenlopende aard van Kinyarwanda fraseme nie deur die samestellers van algemene woordeboeke vir Kinyarwanda in ag geneem nie. Die verwarring van die verskillende tipes fraseme lei tot onvoldoende hantering van fraseologie in Kinyarwanda woordeboeke. Voorts word sekere tipes fraseme eenvoudig uit Kinyarwanda woordeboeke weggelaat of swak verteenwoordig, juis omdat die veelsydige aard van Kinyarwanda fraseme misgekyk word. Tweedens is die verteenwoordiging van fraseme in die bestaande Kinyarwanda woordeboeke onbevredigend wat betref die aanbod, verspreiding en toeganklikheid van data. Daarom word die veelsydige aard van fraseme nie net swak verteenwoordig in Kinyarwanda woordeboeke nie, maar sodanige woordeboeke skiet ook ver te kort wat die toepassing van voldoende metaleksikografiese beginsels en toepassings betref. Daar word vooruitskouend ‘n saak voor uitgemaak dat die gebruik van innoverende instrumente en voorstelle vanuit die kontemporêre teoretiese leksikografie tesame met insigte oor die linguistiese klassifikasie van fraseme, ‘n gebruikersvriendelike fraseemaanbod in Kinyarwanda algemene woordeboeke sal bewerkstellig. Hierdie tesis probeer om oplossings vir die tekortkominge te bied deur middel van teoreties gemotiveerde voorstelle vir die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van fraseologiese items in Kinyarwanda algemene woordeboeke. Om hierdie doel te verwesenlik en om ‘n model vir die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van fraseme te ontwikkel, word ‘n positivistiese benadering gevolg en word twee leskikografieteorieë, naamlik die funksionele teorie, hoofsaaklik ontwikkel deur Bergenholtz en Tarp, en die algemene leksikografieteorie soos uiteengesit deur Wiegand, toegepas. Die teorie van leksikografiese funksies het hierdie studie van bepalende, deurslaggewende riglyne voorsien, soos die konsep van die gebruiker se situasie, die leksikografiese funksie, en die gebruikersprofiel wat gebruik is om ‘n funksie-gemotiveerde model van leksikografiese verteenwoordiging vir die verskillende tipes fraseme op te stel. Daarbenewens is insigte uit die woordeboekstruktuurteorie aangewend om te bepaal hoe verskillende woordeboekstrukture gebruik kan word om fraseme sodanig in woordeboeke te posisioneer dat vinnige en maklike toegang verseker word. Hierdie teorieë het bygedra tot beleidsformulering vir die insluiting en hantering van verskillende klasse fraseme met inagname van die veronderstelde woordeboekfunksie en die rol wat verskillende woordeboekstrukture in die gebruikersvriendelike verspreiding van leksikografiese data speel. Die navorsing het ook op verskeie databronne staatgemaak en ‘n kwalitatiewe benadering tot data-analise en argumentkonstruksie is gebruik. In hoofstuk 3 is die konsep fraseem binne die raamwerk van die linguistiese teorie van Meaning-Text (Betekenis-Teks) gedefinieer en verskeie slaggate in die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van fraseme in bestaande Kinyarwanda woordeboeke word ondersoek. In hoofstuk 4 word voorstelle ten opsigte van die gewone lemmatisering en sublemmatisering van Kinyarwanda idiome in die sentrale lys bespreek en die voorgestelde modelle word geёvalueer met inagname van die verskillende leksikografiese funksies. Daarbenewens word voorstelle gemaak oor hoe om sowel die sentrale lys as die buitetekste, veral die agter- en middelteks, te gebruik om spreekwoorde in Kinyarwanda woordeboeke vir algemene taal aan te bied. ‘n Model vir die leksikografiese voorstelling van kollokasies word in hoofstuk 5 geformuleer. Vier leksikografiese funksies word in ag geneem, naamlik teksproduksie, teksvertaling, teksresepsie en kognitief-georiёnteerde woordeboeke. Daar word aangetoon hoe kollokasies verteenwoordig kan word sodat elk van die bogenoemde leksikografiese funksies in ag geneem word. Twee modelle vir die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van pragmateme of pragmatiese fraseme word in hoofstuk 6 voorgestel. Sowel die interne-artikelhantering van pragmateme as die hantering van pragmateme in die buitetekste word bespreek en evalueer. Ten slotte word die belangrikste navorsingsresultate saam met ander voorstelle ten opsigte van die leksikografiese hantering van verskillende tipes fraseme in hoofstuk 7 uitgelig. Daar word ook gekyk of die navorsingsvrae behoorlik beantwoord is, terwyl die weg gebaan word vir verdere navorsing en meer omvattende bespreking.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 1981. / Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the microfiche copy. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming

Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / This study about formality in business texts is situated within the field of document design. For this reason, the definition of formality and the operasionalisation thereof in business texts are approached from a functional framework, which can lead to the realisation of useful guidelines to text producers based on the conclusions drawn from the research. With these guidelines, informed decisions can be made about formality in texts. In this study formality is defined and operasionalised in terms of the two notions context (in)dependency and deixis. Formality and deixis both involve distance. Greater distance between die text/writer and the reader or interlocutors mutually is associated with a higher degree of formality. On the other hand, a higher frequency deictic referential words such as personal pronouns (you, he, we, they), adverbs of place (here, there), direction (forwards, outside) and time (just now, only just, at present) implies a shorter social and spatio-temporal distance, and therefore a higher degree of informality. The reason for this is that deictic referential words (you, here, outside, now) and the reference to which such words refer should be deduced from the context immediately in order for the message to be understood unambiguously. For this reason, deictic referential words are context dependent in this study and because the context is immediately available and the distance thus shorter, these words are markers of informality. On the other hand, nondeictic referential words imply a greater distance and therefore a higher degree of formality. Grammatical variables that possibly have an effect on the degree of formality in annual reports and brochures, such as nouns, objective and subjective adjectives, verbs and pronouns, are divided in terms of their context dependence or context independence into one of two categories, namely a nondeictic category that is associated with context independence and formality, or a deictic category that is associated with context dependence and informality. Based on the frequencies of the various language variables in the two categories (context independent, nondeictic category and context dependent, deictic category) an empirical measure of formality is proposed with which formality (F-index) can be measured in Afrikaans business texts. Although the proposed measure should be refined, the study illustrates, among others, that the measure exhibits the capacity to point out variation based on differences in formality between the text types. The study further indicates that advice based on intuition should be regarded with caution. A survey aimed at readers showed that variables such as subject, tone, style, word choice and language usage play a greater role in the evaluation of the degree of formality of texts than grammatical variables such as the passive voice. In conclusion, the study gives clear guidelines as to how the language variables that were part of this study should be dealt with and in a sense be manipulated to ensure a suitable degree of formality of a text and thus the effective transfer of communication.

Thesis (DLitt (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / This study reports on a metalexicographical investigation into contextual guidance in Afrikaans translation dictionaries. The problem that gives rise to the need for such an investigation is demonstrated from a practical perspective, after which attention is paid to determining the genuine purpose of a dictionary by looking at the component parts of the concept, i.e. the typological placement and the target user group of the dictionary in question. The discussion of the target user group evolves into an in-depth look at the user aspect, which results in the development and presentation of the model of lexicographical parameters for user-friendly dictionaries. This model aims to provide a scientific description of lexicographical user friendliness. Existing proposed definitions of the genuine purpose of a dictionary coupled with the benefit of insights derived from the model of lexicographical parameters for user-friendly dictionaries make the presentation of a new definition of the genuine purpose of a (translation) dictionary possible, which is followed by defining a polyfunctional translation dictionary for Southern Africa. Attention is also paid to some macrostructural issues pertaining to standard translation dictionaries, among others vertical and horizontal alphabetical macrostructures and niching and nesting as manifestations of horizontal alphabetical macrostructures. With regard to nesting, the classification of first and second level nesting is expanded by the description of third and fourth level nesting. The influence of the organisation plan and the dictionary conceptualisation plan on the selection of lexical items for the macrostructure of a standard dictionary is touched upon. An in-depth evaluation of contextual guidance in Afrikaans standard translation dictionaries follows the exposition of the rationale for it and the definitions of the terms context, contextualisation and contextual guidance. The discussion produces the identification of the types of contextualising entries, among others meaning explanations, lexicographical labels and glosses, which fall under the main class of discriminators and which in turn functions alongside the main classes of cotext entries and inserted texts. Each type and subtype is studied meticulously, and distribution structures are determined and evaluated through the study of dictionary data. The study of the data also results in the identification of different levels of contextualisation as well as different types of translation equivalent paradigms. The discussion of lexicographical labels takes on the form of a critical overview of the existing literature on this topic and results in the presentation of a new and scientifically sounder model for the description of labelling in dictionaries in general, i.e. the deixis model. The study of contextualising entries is followed by a discussion of certain elements of the composition of dictionary articles that can support successful contextual guidance, i.e. types of microstructures and the rapid internal access structure. The in-depth study of contextualisation makes the revision of the definition for the term contextualising entry possible. Ultimately a practical model for more effective contextual guidance in polyfunctional Afrikaans translation dictionaries is presented in three main components, i.e. (i) standards for the application of contextual entries, (ii) the proposal of an adapted rapid internal access structure, and (iii) the effective application of functional types of microstructures. The requirements of lexicographical accountability and user-friendliness remain central motives throughout the study.

Thesis (DLitt (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / Prior to 1990, autobiographical texts have received little attention within the cadre of South African literary science, because they, by tradition, have not been regarded as part of “high” literature or of the canon. In spite of this, autobiography has been claiming an increasingly important position in literary studies in postapartheid South Africa. This study focuses on the hybrid forms of South African autobiographical texts published since 1990 and on the manner in which the autobiographical self is represented and constructed in these texts. The following autobiographical texts are discussed in the study: Breyten Breytenbach‟s Return to Paradise and Dog Heart, Hennie Aucamp‟s triptych of diaries, Gekaapte Tyd, Allersiele and Skuinslig, Rian Malan‟s My Traitor‟s Heart, Antjie Krog‟s Country of My Skull and ‟n Ander Tongval, Abraham Phillips‟s Die Verdwaalde Land, and A.H.M. Scholtz‟s Vatmaar. Their self-referential texts are analysed on the basis of theoretical consideration of different autobiographical forms, such as travel writing, the diary, essay, memoire, testimonio, autoethnography and the autobiographical novel. The studied autobiographical texts resist categorisation under a single genre and thereby demonstrate their generic hybridity. These heterogeneous and hybrid autobiographical forms reflect the inner struggle of the autobiographers in their continuous search for an appropriate form of self-representation in the new South Africa. Through the self-representation of the South African autobiographers, the re-confirmation of their ethnic and cultural identities gives form to a strategic positioning of their own collective identity and a future agency for rehabilitating the collective self within the new South African community. They are seen to be manifesting their cultural identity on the one hand, while attempting to position this identity within the multicultural South African society on the other. The study presents the hybridity of identities, as well as of the genre, which characterises contemporary South African autobiographical writing as a measure of the dynamic process of change (at political, sociocultural and personal levels) in postapartheid South Africa.

Thesis (DLitt)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation attempts a study in the design of school dictionaries for their use in the mother tongue or first language education. Pedagogical dictionaries have undergone changes, which are also due to changes, which had taken, place in the teaching of the mother tongue and in descriptive linguistics from the 1950s onwards. Features of the pedagogical model also have been affected by the development in language-teaching methodology. The teaching of the mother tongue is now less concerned with the knowledge and critical exploration of texts than with competence in oral and written expression.

Thesis (DLitt (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation is an attempt to design a theoretical model for an encyclopaedic dictionary for Gabonese languages. It makes specific reference to Yilumbu, a developing language of the Bantu phylum (B44, according to Guthrie’s classification) spoken in Gabon and in Congo. All existing metalexicographic studies on Gabonese languages (including Yilumbu) pursue the compilation of comprehensive language dictionaries. Most of them are bilingual languages. On the other hand, a number of encyclopaedic dictionaries exist for Gabonese languages. Most of them were compiled by Catholic and Protestant missionaries and colonial administrators. However, none of these reference works was compiled on the basis of a prior metalexicographic orientation. Ultimately, the present study is the first of its kind to propose an encyclopaedic dictionary for Gabonese languages on the basis of a comprehensive metalexicographic analysis. This dissertation also shows that the planned encyclopaedic dictionary reflects the language planning needs of Gabon. Developing and documenting the Gabonese languages on all levels of communication in order to address all the roles and user characteristics are a great challenge. As far as encyclopaedic dictionary compilation is concerned, acquaintance with state-of-the-art developments in the theory and practice of lexicography is necessary. This dissertation comprises nine chapters. Chapter 1 mainly focuses on the specific aims, the purpose and the motivation of the study. The research problem is also demarcated in this chapter. Furthermore, the chapter presents the theoretical model that provides the framework for this research as well as the methodological approach adopted. The potential impact of the study, the reasons for and the position of the source and target languages as well as the sociolinguistic situation of Yilumbu are also introduced in the first chapter. Chapter 2 is a review of the dictionary typology with reference to the proposed model. It aims to present a typological framework for the planned encyclopaedic dictionary. It also introduces various dictionary typologies and contrasts encyclopaedic lexicography and general lexicography. The chapter concludes with a typological profile of the planned encyclopaedic dictionary for Yilumbu before outlining specific principles of the proposed model for an encyclopaedic dictionary. Chapter 3 is a review of encyclopaedic lexicography in Gabon. It introduces the concept of encyclopaedic lexicography. Then it provides a literature review of lexicographic surveys in the Gabonese languages by presenting existing encyclopaedic works in Gabon. The chapter also outlines recent trends in Gabonese lexicography in order to explain the situation of encyclopaedic lexicography in Gabonese lexicographic studies. Finally, the need for research in encyclopaedic lexicography in the Gabonese languages is underlined and specific advantages of encyclopaedic research for Yilumbu lexicography are introduced. Chapter 4 focuses on the target users of the planned encyclopaedic dictionary and its lexicographic functions. The chapter starts with a broad outline of target users and the activity of dictionary compilation. It also reviews what is known as target users and outlines user characteristics. The lexicographic functions of the planned encyclopaedic dictionary are also outlined in this chapter. Chapter 5 gives a comprehensive presentation of the frame structure of the planned encyclopaedic dictionary of Yilumbu. More specifically, the chapter provides a definition of the concept of frame structure and schematises the frame structure, highlighting its components. It outlines the accessory texts and the outer texts of the planned dictionary. This chapter also contains an outline of the front matter and the back matter strategies used for the Yilumbu encyclopaedic dictionary project. The central word list is also dealt with in this chapter. Finally, the chapter reports on the proposed frame structure functions. Chapter 6 focuses on the macrostructure of the planned dictionary. In this chapter, a general overview of the concept of macrostructure is first given. Then the chapter presents the dictionary basis and the selection of the lemma candidate list. Further macrostructural issues are also described. In Chapter 7, different aspects of the microstructure are discussed, focusing on a number of contributions. The chapter presents the concept of microstructure according to Hausmann and Wiegand (1989) and enumerates the different types of article to be included in the microstructure. Data to be included in the microstructure are also presented. Chapter 8 discusses the notion of access structure and its related concepts, namely outer access structure, inner access structure and search zones. The effectiveness and success of any dictionary is measured, among other things, by the accessibility and retrievability of the desired information. The chapter contains an overview of the concept of access structure and also deals with the outer access structure. Moreover, the chapter presents the inner access structure and the rapid access structure. The mediostructure is finally dealt with as a way of gaining access to data. Chapter 9 provides a comprehensive conclusion of the dissertation. This chapter also outlines the contribution of the research findings to lexicographic research, to the emerging Gabonese lexicography and to the fuller promotion of the Yilumbu language. It provides conclusions and formulates suggestions for further research. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif is 'n poging om 'n teoretiese model te ontwerp vir 'n ensiklopediese woordeboek vir Gaboenese tale. Spesifieke verwysing word gemaak na Yilumbu, 'n ontwikkelende taal van die Bantoefilum (B44 volgens Guthrie se klassifikasie) wat in Gaboen en die Kongo gepraat word.Alle bestaande metaleksikografiese studie oor die Gaboenese tale (insluitende Yilumbu) is gerig op die samestelling van omvattende taalwoordeboeke; meestal tweetalige woordeboeke. Daar bestaan wel 'n aantal ensiklopediese woordeboeke vir Gaboenese tale. Die meeste daarvan is deur Katolieke en Protestantse sendelinge en koloniale administrateurs saamgestel. Geeneen van hierdie woordeboeke is op 'n voorafbeplande metaleksikografiese basis saamgestel nie. Die huidige studie is die eerste van sy soort om 'n ensiklopediese woordeboek vir die Gaboenese tale voor te stel op die basis van 'n omvattende metaleksikografiese analise. Hierdie proefskrif wil aantoon dat die voorgestelde ensiklopediese woordeboek die taalbeplanningsbehoeftes van Gaboen reflekteer. Ontwikkeling en dokumentering van die Gaboenese tale op alle vlakke van kommunikasie, ten einde aan al die rolle en gebruikerseienskappe aandag te gee, is ʼn groot uitdaging. So ver dit die samestelling van ’n ensiklopediese woordeboek aangaan, is bekendheid met die allerjongste ontwikkelings in die teorie en praktyk van leksikografie nodig. Die proefskrif bevat nege hoofstukke. Hoofstuk 1 bied die besondere oogmerke, die doel en die motivering van die studie. Die navorsingsprobleem word in hierdie hoofstuk afgebaken. Die hoofstuk bevat ook ʼn uiteensetting van die teoretiese model wat die raamwerk vir hierdie navorsing asook die metodologiese benadering wat ingeneem is, verskaf. Daarbenewens word die potensiële trefkrag van die studie, die redes vir en die posisie van die bron- en doeltale asook die sosiolinguistiese situasie van Yilumbu aangebied. Hoofstuk 2 bied 'n oorsig van woordeboektipologie met verwysing na die voorgestelde model. Dit beoog om ʼn tipologiese raamwerk vir die beplande ensiklopediese woordeboek te bied. Dit stel ook verskeie woordeboektipologieë bekend en kontrasteer ensiklopediese leksikografie en algemene leksikografie. Die hoofstuk skets die tipologiese profiel van die beplande ensiklopediese woordeboek vir Yilumbu voordat dit spesifieke beginsels van die voorgestelde model vir ʼn ensiklopediese woordeboek skets. Hoofstuk 3 bied 'n oorsig oor die ensiklopediese leksikografie in Gaboen. Dit stel die begrip ensiklopediese leksikografie aan die orde. Daarna verskaf dit ʼn literatuuroorsig van leksikografiese opnames in die Gaboenese tale deur die aanbieding van bestaande ensiklopediese werke in Gaboen. Die hoofstuk beskryf ook onlangse tendense in Gaboenese leksikografie ten einde die situasie van ensiklopediese leksikografie in Gaboenese leksikografiese studies te verduidelik. Laastens word die behoefte aan navorsing in ensiklopediese leksikografie in die Gaboenese tale onderstreep en spesifieke voordele van ensiklopediese navorsing vir Yilumbu leksikografie word bekend gestel. Hoofstuk 4 fokus op die teikengebruikers van die beplande ensiklopediese woordeboek en die leksikografiese funksies daarvan. Die hoofstuk begin met ʼn algemene oorsig van teikengebruikers en die aktiwiteit van woordeboeksamestelling. Dit kyk ook na wat bekend is as teikengebruikers en skets eienskappe van gebruikers. Die leksikografiese funksies van die beplande ensiklopediese woordeboek word ook in hierdie hoofstuk beskryf. Hoofstuk 5 verskaf ʼn omvattende aanbieding van die raamstruktuur van die beplande ensiklopediese woordeboek van Yilumbu. Meer spesifiek, die hoofstuk verskaf ʼn definisie van die begrip raamstruktuur en bied die raamstruktuur skematies aan, en belig die komponente daarvan. Dit skets die hulptekste en die buitetekste van die beplande woordeboek. Hierdie hoofstuk bevat ook ʼn skets van die voor- en die agtertekstestrategieë wat vir die Yilumbu- ensiklopediese woordeboekprojek gebruik word. Die sentrale woordelys kom ook in hierdie hoofstuk aan bod. Laastens doen die hoofstuk verslag oor die voorgestelde raamstruktuurfunksies. Hoofstuk 6 fokus op die makrostruktuur van die beplande woordeboek. In hierdie hoofstuk word eerstens ʼn algemene oorsig van die begrip makrostruktuur gegee. Daarna bied die hoofstuk die woordeboekbasis en die keuse van die lemmakandidaatlys aan. Verdere makrostrukturele kwessies word ook beskryf. In Hoofstuk 7 word verskillende aspekte van die mikrostruktuur bespreek, met die fokus op ʼn aantal bydraes. Die hoofstuk bied die begrip mikrostruktuur aan soos in Hausmann en Wiegand (1989), en noem die verskillende soorte artikels wat in die mikrostruktuur ingesluit moet word. Data wat by die mikrostruktuur ingesluit moet word, word ook aangebied. Hoofstuk 8 bespreek die gedagte van toegangstruktuur en begrippe wat daarmee verband hou, naamlik eksterne toegangstruktuur, interne toegangstruktuur en soeksones. Die doeltreffendheid en sukses van enige woordeboek word onder andere gemeet deur die toeganklikheid en herwinbaarheid van die gewenste inligting. Die hoofstuk bevat ʼn oorsig van die begrip toegangstruktuur en betrek ook die eksterne toegangstruktuur. Verder bied die hoofstuk die interne toegangstruktuur en die kitstoegangstruktuur. Die mediostruktuur kom uiteindelik aan bod as ʼn wyse om toegang tot data te verkry. Hoofstuk 9 verskaf ʼn omvattende samevatting van die proefskrif. Hierdie hoofstuk skets ook die bydrae van die navorsingsbevindings tot leksikografiese navorsing, tot die opkomende Gaboenese leksikografie en tot die groter bevordering van die Yilumbu-taal. Dit verskaf gevolgtrekkings en formuleer voorstelle vir verdere navorsing.