The Kingdom of God as depicted by Jesus Christ is the only human society that will effectually eliminate the conflict between the individual and society. To prove this thesis, the succeeding chapter's will proceed as the nature of the subject dictates. First, as the individual human being is the fixed and unchangeable factor in this problem, the first step will be to give an adequate definition of a person. Next, since his conflict with his fellows reaches the very essence of his being when it touches his moral nature, morality will be defined and it will be shown what that freedom is, that a man must enjoy, in order to remain a moral being.

We have chosen to treat this subject under three main headings: first, the revelation of God in nature; secondly, the revelation of God by His attributes; and thirdly, the relveation of God through His Son, Jesus Christ. These three division are to be dealt with in the order given above.

Parmi les écrits du compositeur viennois Arnold Schoenberg, nombreuses sont les occurrences d’un concept d’idée musicale [musikalische Gedanke] dont l’emploi polysémique paraît problématique à bien des égards. Celui-ci peut en effet se rapporter à l’oeuvre entière aussi bien qu’à une simple partie de sa forme, mais encore n’être qu’un objet possible de la nature dont la forme historique est elle-même contingente. Or, au-delà d’un usage commun issu de la terminologie formaliste du XIXe siècle, l’idée musicale est manifestement portée ici par une démarche réflexive, ni résolument prescriptive ni seulement descriptive, dont la cohérence et la portée peuvent être révélés par une étude compréhensive des quelques manuscrits – rarement explorés et jamais édités en langue française – où se réunissent les observations d’un compositeur soucieux de déterminer les lois d’une pensée « purement musicale ».À l’époque de la Première Guerre Mondiale, toute une décennie durant laquelle se joue pour Schoenberg un retournement à la fois esthétique et idéologique, les bouleversements historico-culturels accompagnent la révélation de la nature problématique d’une relation de sons pour « qui attend mieux de la musique qu’un peu de douceur et de beauté ». Car en effet, si les premières oeuvres atonales avaient été vécues comme une libération, comme une émancipation vis-à-vis de contraintes imposées de l’extérieur et constituant autant d’entraves à un idéal d’expression, bien vite se fit jour la question de la com-position, de sa possibilité logique. En ce sens, si le retrait de la tonalité a pu se justifier comme l’aboutissement d’un processus historique, il s’est révélé a posteriori n’être que l’acte inaugural indispensable d’une véritable pensée critique en musique, celle qui entreprend d’accorder l’art des sons aux principes et limites de la raison humaine. L’emploi schoenbergien de l’idée musicale révèle alors une pensée universelle de la relation musicale – tonale ou non –, développée selon une stricte analogie avec les formes discursives de la connaissance en général. Loin de ne refléter alorsqu’un système compositionnel personnel ou la technique spécifique d’une école, celle-ci déborde largement du champ musical. Par ce qu’elles impliquent logiquement au sujet de l’unité, de la représentation ou encore du temps, les réponses suggérées par le compositeur manifestent une profonde affinité avec une modernité critique qui interroge le penser au temps de la crise de l’idéalisme / Many of the writings of the Viennese composer Arnold Schoenberg deal with an ambivalent concept of musical idea [musikalische Gedanke] whose occurrences seem problematic in many ways. It may indeed relate to the entire work as well to a simple part of its form, but it can also be a possible object of nature whose historical form is itself contingent. However, beyond its common use coming from the technical terminology of the nineteenth century, the musical idea is clearly driven here by a decidedly reflexive approach, neither purely prescriptive nor only descriptive, whose scope and consistency can be exposed through a comprehensive study of the few manuscripts – seldom investigated and never published in French – where are gathered the observations of a composer concerned about the laws of a “purely musical” thought. At the time of the First World War, a decade during which occurs for Schoenberg an aesthetical and ideological reversal, historico-cultural changes accompany the revelation of the problematic nature of a relation of sounds for who “expects better from music than some kind of sweetness and beauty.” Indeed, if early atonal works had been experienced as a liberation, an emancipation from external constraints, obstacles to an ideal of expression, promptly emerged the issues of com-position, of its logical possibility. In this sense, if the withdrawal of tonality may have been justified as result of a historical process, it has been only the opening act of an authentic critical thought in music, one that undertakes to square the art of sounds to theprinciples and limits of human reason. Schoenberg’s use of the musical ideal then reveals a universal thought of the musical relationship – tonal or not –, developed according to a strict analogy with the discursive forms of conceptual knowledge. But far from reflecting only a personal compositional system or the specific technic of a School, it goes far beyond the musical field. Through what they imply logically about unity, representation, time, the answers suggested by the composer show a deep affinity with a critical modernity, one questioning the thinking at the time of the crisis of idealism

Orientador: José Carlos Godoy Camargo / Banca: Archimedes Perez Filho / Banca: Rita de Cássia Martins de Souza Anselmo / Resumo: Esta Dissertação de Mestrado tem por finalidade abordar o tema da quantificação em Geografia. Para tal, toma por referência obras selecionadas de um autor brasileiro (Speridião Faissol) que foi um dos principais expoentes e divulgadores da Geografia Neopositivista no Brasil. Trata-se, portanto, de dois exames simultâneos: o primeiro, dizendo respeito às implicações epistemológicas, dentro dessa disciplina, do uso de métodos matemáticos e estatísticos no tratamento do "humano" (comportamentos, atividades e relações sócio-econômicas no espaço organizado) e o segundo, pretendendo destacar as contribuições de um legítimo representante da Geografia Quantitativa no país para a evolução do Pensamento Geográfico Brasileiro. / Abstract: This Masters Dissertation objective is to approach the theme of quantification in Geography. To achieve this proposal, it takes as reference the selected works of one Brazilian author (Speridião Faissol), who was one of the main exponents and divulgers of Neopositivist Geography in Brazil. It consists of two simultaneous examinations: firstly, it concerns the epistemological implications, and, within such discipline, the usage of mathematical and statistical methods to study the "human" factor (behaviors, activities and social-economical relations in organized spaces) and, secondly, intending to detach the contributions of a legitimate representative of Quantitative Geography in Brazil to the evolution of Brazilian Geographical Thought. / Mestre

No description available.

Resumir não posso. Um sabor, um gesto, uma atmosfera. Como? É fácil quando a palavra é reta e o pensamento, estreito. Mas aqui? Me deixei levar sem saber de mim. Fantasia pura. Mas se insistem. Insistem numa dança da linguística com a filosofia do ato. Do ato na palavra, dito de outra forma, uma disparada. Devorei livros, autores, textos, teoria. E o que mais rolou. Triturei tudo. Misturei tudo. Devolvi tudo. Talvez não reconheçam. Uns são outros. Nada restou como era. Mordi a língua. Engoli sapos. Vomitei cobras e lagartos. Tudo cítrico e crocante. Gelato al limone. Foi o que quis fazer. O objetivo, como se dizia. Foi o que saiu. O resultado, como se dizia. Resumir? Não posso. Mas se insistem. / To write an abstract? Impossible, I would say. A taste, an air, an atmosphere. How to do it? It is easy when the word is linear and the thought narrow. But here? I just surrendered myself no matter what. Pure imagination. But if you insist. They insist on a dance of linguistics and philosophy of the act. The act in the word, said in another way, one shot. I devoured books, texts, theories. And what else came my way. I ground everything. I blended everything. I gave back everything. You probably will not recognize it. What was one thing became another. Nothing is the same. I bit my tongue. I swallowed what I do not know. What I threw up you do not want to know. Everything citric and crunchy. Gelato al limone. That‟s what I wanted to do. The aim, as they used to say. That‟s what came out. The results, as they used to say. To write an abstract? Impossible, I would say. But if you insist.

Orientador: José Antonio Segatto / Banca: Vera Lúcia Vieira / Banca: Wanderson Fábio de Melo / Banca: Milton Lahuerta / Banca: Ângelo Del Vecchio / Resumo: Este trabalho pretende recuperar a trajetória do intelectual carioca José Honório Rodrigues que, ao longo de sua vida, tematizou a respeito da teoria e metodologia da História e, a partir do decênio de 1950, passou a centrar sua obra na produção de uma interpretação da sociedade brasileira. A ruptura dos anos 50 pauta-se pelo ideário assumido pelo autor, isto é, o nacionalismo-liberal, sendo que este foi a base de suas tematizações e de sua interpretação do Brasil. O núcleo interpretativo oferece uma compreensão do país, tendo a conciliação como base de explicação da sociedade, pois a partir dessa reflexão o autor aponta para os momentos em que a liderança política, assumindo a "conciliação" com o povo, proporciona a melhoria nas condições de vida do povo e, dessa forma, evita a prática de uma "História Cruenta" por parte das lideranças antipovo. Essa análise de José Honório foi determinante para sua crítica aos rumos da sociedade no contexto posterior ao golpe civil militar de 1964, denominado o período como "Generalismo presidencial". Sua crítica ao "presidencialismo imperial" dos militares o levou a assumir uma postura de reflexão e posicionando de forma ativa na "Política Externa Independente", a partir de 1965. Sendo assim, nosso intuito é recuperar todo esse contexto que permite a identificação de José Honório Rodrigues como um intérprete da sociedade brasileira / Abstract: This paper to recover the trajectory of intellectual Jose Honorio Rodrigues, who, throughout his life, thematized on the theory and methodology of history and from the decade of 1950, has focused his work in producing an interpretation of society Brazil. Rupture of 50 years is guided by the ideas given by the author, that is, liberal-nationalism, and this was the basis of their analytic themes and their interpretation of Brazil. The core offers an interpretive understanding of the country and the reconciliation as a basis for explanation of society, because from this discussion the author points to times when leadership, taking the "reconciliation" with the people, provides better conditions life of the people and thus avoids the practice of a "grisly history" by the leaders'. This analysis of Jose Honorio was instrumental in his criticism of the direction of society in the context of post-civil-military coup in 1964, called the period as "general president." His criticism of the "imperial presidentialism" of the military led him to assume a posture of reflection and positioning of the active form in the "Independent Foreign Policy" from 1965. Thus, our aim is to restore that environment that allows the identification of Jose Honorio Rodrigues as an interpreter of Brazilian society / Doutor

The use of written sources for teaching History. Analysis of textbooks for thethird and fourth years of high schoolCurrently, in addition to the usual contents, history textbooks now cite primary and secondary sources with suggested activities. This research analyzes these proposed activities in history textbooks for third- and fourth-year students. The objective is to evaluate the degree to which the activities proposed in the sourcespromote the development of critical thought in students.Students exercise critical thought when they engage in the activities suggested in the sources cited to compare different versions of the same historical events and then process this new information to develop their own response to a historical problem. This level of complexity is not achieved in most of the suggested activities given that sources tend to serve only to supplement information / Actualmente, observamos que los textos escolares del área de Historia incluyen, además de los contenidos, fuentes escritas primarias y secundarias. Esta investigación analiza las actividades con las fuentes presentadas por los textos escolares para tercero y cuarto de secundaria. El objetivo es evaluar en qué medida las actividades propuestas con las fuentes escritas fomentan el desarrollo del pensamiento críticoen los estudiantes.El pensamiento crítico se ejercita cuando las fuentes se usan para contrastar diversas visiones sobre un mismo tema y la información se emplea para construir una respuesta propia ante un problema histórico. Este nivel de complejidad no se alcanza en la mayoría de las actividades, puesto que las fuentes tienden a usarsecomo complemento de la información

The main aim of the thesis is creation of working sheets, including user manuals and test working sheets in the schooling. These working sheets contain the tasks for the development of functional thinking in the second grade of primary school. The diploma thesis contains theory of functional thinking, created working sheets, which I created on the basic of inspiration from textbooks for the second grade of primary school, the course of verification working sheets in the classroom and results.

Resumir não posso. Um sabor, um gesto, uma atmosfera. Como? É fácil quando a palavra é reta e o pensamento, estreito. Mas aqui? Me deixei levar sem saber de mim. Fantasia pura. Mas se insistem. Insistem numa dança da linguística com a filosofia do ato. Do ato na palavra, dito de outra forma, uma disparada. Devorei livros, autores, textos, teoria. E o que mais rolou. Triturei tudo. Misturei tudo. Devolvi tudo. Talvez não reconheçam. Uns são outros. Nada restou como era. Mordi a língua. Engoli sapos. Vomitei cobras e lagartos. Tudo cítrico e crocante. Gelato al limone. Foi o que quis fazer. O objetivo, como se dizia. Foi o que saiu. O resultado, como se dizia. Resumir? Não posso. Mas se insistem. / To write an abstract? Impossible, I would say. A taste, an air, an atmosphere. How to do it? It is easy when the word is linear and the thought narrow. But here? I just surrendered myself no matter what. Pure imagination. But if you insist. They insist on a dance of linguistics and philosophy of the act. The act in the word, said in another way, one shot. I devoured books, texts, theories. And what else came my way. I ground everything. I blended everything. I gave back everything. You probably will not recognize it. What was one thing became another. Nothing is the same. I bit my tongue. I swallowed what I do not know. What I threw up you do not want to know. Everything citric and crunchy. Gelato al limone. That‟s what I wanted to do. The aim, as they used to say. That‟s what came out. The results, as they used to say. To write an abstract? Impossible, I would say. But if you insist.