Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-03T14:02:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Natalia Soares Carvalho de Souza.pdf: 1833535 bytes, checksum: 4574c94ab4a477d9f8d0ddf31d6b4069 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-03T14:03:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Natalia Soares Carvalho de Souza.pdf: 1833535 bytes, checksum: 4574c94ab4a477d9f8d0ddf31d6b4069 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Premenopausal women are less prone to develop cardiovascular diseases than men and this advantage do not persist in postmenopausal women. Thus herein we aimed to investigate the gender difference and the estrogen influence in cardiac function, fluid balance and thyroid status, in Wistar rats subjected to experimental model of myocardial infarction (MI). In the first step, adult male (n = 18) and female (n = 21) rats underwent experimental MI (MIm and MIf,) or sham-operation (ShamM and ShamF) respectively. One and four weeks post-MI rats were placed in metabolic cages, subjected to echocardiography (ECHO), electrocardiography and then euthanized for blood sample collection and tissue collection (heart, lung and liver). In the second step female rats were ovariectomized (n = 24) or continued intact (n = 21), two weeks later they were subjected to MI (MIOVX and MIINT, respectively) or sham operation (ShamOVX and ShamINT). Four weeks post-MI, they were subjected to the same evaluations of the first step, not only the electrocardiography. In the third step, female rats were subjected to ovariectomy and treated with estrogen (E2) (n = 13) or vehicle (n = 22). Two weeks later they underwent experimental MI (MIOVX+E2 and MIOVX+Veh). Four weeks post-MI they were subjected to the same evaluations of the second step. Male infarcted rats developed cardiac dysfunction (shortening fraction, SF, reduction, ~ 70%) and fluid homeostasis changes (sodium intake increasing, ~ 146% and urinary volume reduction, ~55%) earlier than female, in the first week post-MI while female presented these changes (SF reduction, ~28% and sodium intake increasing, ~143%) only in the fourth week and attenuated compared to male. MIM showed reduction in LF/HF ratio (~70%), one week post-MI. And only male rats presented hypothyroidism after MI (T4 ~52% and T3 ~38%, reduction). We also verified reduction in SF (~55%), increasing in LA/Ao ratio (~75%) and changes in fluid balance (sodium intake reduction, ~67% and urinary volume reduction, ~40%) more pronounced in MIOVX than in MIINT. MIOVX group reduced thyroid hormone levels after MI (T3 ~35%). MIOVX+Veh showed more pronounced reduction in SF (~55%) and increasing in LA/Ao ratio (~75%) than the MIOVX+E2 group. The sodium intake reduced in MIOVX+Veh (~67%) and in the urinary volume we verified significant reduction in ShamOVX+Veh and MIOVX+Veh groups compared to ShamOVX+E2 and MIOVX+E2 groups (P < 0.05). Serum T3 reduced significantly (~35%) only in MIOVX+Veh group. The pathophysiological development of heart failure post-MI was attenuated in female compared to male. And female rats subjected to MI presented fluid balance more favorable and related to the less pronounced development of heart failure. Estrogen seems to influence positively the cardiac function and attenuate the dysfunction that occur post-MI. The euthyroid status in female intact do not seems to be determinant to the less pronounced development of heart failure / Sabe-se que mulheres na pr?-menopausa apresentam menor preval?ncia de doen?as cardiovasculares do que homens e, esta diferen?a desaparece ap?s a menopausa. Sendo assim, o presente estudo buscou avaliar o dimorfismo sexual e a influ?ncia do estr?geno nas altera??es da fun??o card?aca, do equil?brio hidroeletrol?tico e do status tireoidiano de ratos Wistar submetidos ao infarto do mioc?rdio (IM) experimental. Na primeira etapa ratos wistar machos (n = 18) e f?meas (n = 21) foram submetidos ao infarto experimental (INF.M e INF.F) ou ? falsa cirurgia (Sham.M e Sham.F). Na primeira e quarta semana p?s-IM foram colocados em gaiolas metab?licas e submetidos ? ecodopplercardiografia (ECO) e eletrocardiografia (an?lise espectral), seguido de eutan?sia para coleta de sangue (dosagem s?rica de horm?nios tireoidianos) e de tecidos (cora??o, pulm?o e f?gado, para biometria). Na segunda etapa, f?meas foram ovariectomizadas (n = 24) ou mantidas intactas (n = 21) e ap?s duas semanas submetidas ao infarto do mioc?rdio (INFOVX e INFINT) ou ? falsa cirurgia (ShamOVX e ShamINT). Quatro semanas ap?s p?s-IM, as mesmas avalia??es da etapa anterior foram realizadas exceto a eletrocardiogr?fica. Na terceira etapa, foi realizada ovariectomia e reposi??o com estr?geno (E2) ( n = 13) ou ve?culo (n = 22). Ap?s duas semanas foi realizada a cirurgia de indu??o ao infarto (INFOVX+E2 e INFOVX+Veic) e a falsa cirurgia (ShamOVX+E2 e ShamOVX+Veic). Decorridas quatro semanas foram feitas as mesmas avalia??es da segunda etapa. O grupo INFM desenvolveu disfun??o card?aca (fra??o de encurtamento, FEnc%, ~70% de redu??o) e altera??es na regula??o hidroeletrol?tica (aumento do apetite por s?dio, ~146% e redu??o do volume urin?rio, ~55%), uma semana p?s-IM e, portanto, mais cedo que as f?meas, que apresentaram altera??es na fun??o card?aca (FEnc%, ~28% de redu??o) e regula??o hidroeletrol?tica (aumento do apetite por s?dio, ~143%) na quarta semana p?s-IM. O grupo INFM apresentou redu??o na rela??o LF/HF (~70%), uma semana p?s-IM. E, apenas os ratos machos desenvolveram hipotireoidismo ap?s o infarto. Tamb?m foi observada redu??o da FEnc% (~55%), aumento da rela??o ?trio esquerdo/ aorta (AE/Ao, ~75%) e altera??es na regula??o hidroeletrol?tica (redu??o do apetite por s?dio, ~67% e do volume urin?rio, ~40%) mais pronunciadas em INFOVX do que em INFINT. O grupo INFOVX tamb?m apresentou redu??o dos n?veis s?ricos de T3 (~35%) p?s-IM. O grupo INFOVX+Vei mostrou redu??o da FEnc% (~55%) e aumento na rela??o AE/Ao (~75%) mais pronunciadas que o grupo INFOVX+E2. INFOVX+Vei reduziu o apetite por s?dio (~67%) e, no volume urin?rio, foi observada redu??o significativa nos grupos ShamOVX+Vei e INFOVX+Vei em rela??o aos grupos ShamOVX+E2 e INFOVX+E2 (P<0,05). O T3 s?rico reduziu significativamente (~35%) apenas no grupo INFOVX+Vei. Houve diferen?a no desenvolvimento fisiopatol?gico da insufici?ncia card?aca (IC) p?s- IM entre machos e f?meas, sendo mais brando nas f?meas. E f?meas infartadas apresentaram uma regula??o hidroeletrol?tica mais favor?vel e compat?vel com o desenvolvimento menos acentuado da IC. O estr?geno influenciou positivamente a regula??o hidroeletrolitica de f?meas infartadas, o que favoreceu a fun??o card?aca e atenuou desta forma, a disfun??o que ocorre ap?s o infarto. A manuten??o do status eutire?ideo n?o pareceu ser determinante para o desenvolvimento menos pronunciado da IC

O hipertireoidismo é uma patologia epidemiologicamente importante, que afeta o sistema cardiovascular de forma proeminente. O estado hipertireoideo pode afetar o metabolismo basal, consumo de O2 celular, sistema renina angiotensina, assim como, estimular a produção de espécies ativas de oxigênio. Estas alterações produzem consequências morfológicas, funcionais, bioquímicas e moleculares no tecido cardíaco. A hipertrofia cardíaca, decorrente do hipertireoidismo, instala-se devido a uma série de eventos que sinalizam à proliferação e sobrevivência celular, envolvendo as espécies ativas de oxigênio, a ativação do sistema renina angiotensina cardíaco e o sistema nervoso autonômico. Neste estudo, bloqueamos o receptor AT1 da angiotensina II para avaliarmos a influência do sistema renina angiotensina cardíaco sobre o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia cardíaca, a participação do balanço autonômico sobre o coração e o papel das espécies ativas de oxigênio neste processo, em modelo experimental de hipertireoidismo. Para isto, foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos, pesando cerca de 220g, divididos em 4 grupos experimentais: Controle (C), Losartan (L) (10 mg/Kg de peso corporal/dia, 28 dias, sonda intragástrica) , T4 (12mg/L água de beber, 28 dias), e T4+L. Foram avaliados a massa cardíaca, análise espectral do balanço simpato-vagal, a expressão protéica do receptor AT1 da Angiotensina II e da gp91phox, peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), Nrf-2 e Heme-oxigenase-1 (HO-1) no tecido cardíaco. A hipertrofia cardíaca e o desequilíbrio autonômico induzidos pelo hipertireoidismo foram atenuados no grupo T4+L. Os níveis de H2O2, Nrf-2, gp91phox e HO-1 foram elevados no grupo T4, e significativamente reduzidos no grupo T4+L, quando comparados ao grupo Controle. A expressão protéica do receptor AT1 esteve elevada nos dois grupos hipertireoideos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o bloqueio do receptor AT1 promove importante impacto sobre o balanço simpato-vagal e a hipertrofia cardíaca, no hipertireoidismo, sendo as espécies ativas de oxigênio e o sistema Nrf-2/HO-1 possíveis mediadores destas alterações. / Hyperthyroidism is an epidemiologic relevant pathology, which substantially affects the cardiovascular system. The hyperthyroid state may affect basal metabolism, O2 cell consumption, renin-angiotensin system, and increase reactive oxygen species production. Those alterations produce morphological, biochemical, functional and molecular consequences in cardiac tissue. Hyperthyroidism induced cardiac hypertrophy develops due to a set of events, which signals cell survival and proliferation, including reactive oxygen species, cardiac rennin-angiotensin system, and autonomic nervous system. In the present study, the role of cardiac renin-angiotensin system on development of hyperthyroidism induced cardiac hypertrophy, and the involvement of autonomic nervous system and reactive oxygen species, were assessed trough blockade of angiotensin II receptor AT1. For that, were used male Wistar rats, weighting about 220g, divided in 4 experimental groups,: Control (C), Losartan (L) (10mg/Kg body weight/day, 28 days, intragastric probe), T4 (12mg/L L-thyroxin in drinking water, 28 days), and T4+L. Cardiac mass, spectral analysis (autonomic balance), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and myocardial protein expression of angiotensin II receptor (AT1), NADPH oxidase, Nrf-2, and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), were quantified. Cardiac hypertrophy and autonomic umbalance induced by thyroid hormones were attenuated in the T4+losartan group. The H2O2, as well as Nrf-2, gp91phox, AT1 and HO-1 immunocontent were elevated in T4 group. All these effects were attenuated by losartan, except AT1 levels. The overall results suggest that blockade of AT1 receptor lead to relevant impact on autonomic balance and cardiac hypertrophy, being ROS and Nrf-2/ HO-1 system possible mediators in this alterations in experimental hyperthyroidism.

O hipertireoidismo é uma patologia epidemiologicamente importante, que afeta o sistema cardiovascular de forma proeminente. O estado hipertireoideo pode afetar o metabolismo basal, consumo de O2 celular, sistema renina angiotensina, assim como, estimular a produção de espécies ativas de oxigênio. Estas alterações produzem consequências morfológicas, funcionais, bioquímicas e moleculares no tecido cardíaco. A hipertrofia cardíaca, decorrente do hipertireoidismo, instala-se devido a uma série de eventos que sinalizam à proliferação e sobrevivência celular, envolvendo as espécies ativas de oxigênio, a ativação do sistema renina angiotensina cardíaco e o sistema nervoso autonômico. Neste estudo, bloqueamos o receptor AT1 da angiotensina II para avaliarmos a influência do sistema renina angiotensina cardíaco sobre o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia cardíaca, a participação do balanço autonômico sobre o coração e o papel das espécies ativas de oxigênio neste processo, em modelo experimental de hipertireoidismo. Para isto, foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos, pesando cerca de 220g, divididos em 4 grupos experimentais: Controle (C), Losartan (L) (10 mg/Kg de peso corporal/dia, 28 dias, sonda intragástrica) , T4 (12mg/L água de beber, 28 dias), e T4+L. Foram avaliados a massa cardíaca, análise espectral do balanço simpato-vagal, a expressão protéica do receptor AT1 da Angiotensina II e da gp91phox, peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), Nrf-2 e Heme-oxigenase-1 (HO-1) no tecido cardíaco. A hipertrofia cardíaca e o desequilíbrio autonômico induzidos pelo hipertireoidismo foram atenuados no grupo T4+L. Os níveis de H2O2, Nrf-2, gp91phox e HO-1 foram elevados no grupo T4, e significativamente reduzidos no grupo T4+L, quando comparados ao grupo Controle. A expressão protéica do receptor AT1 esteve elevada nos dois grupos hipertireoideos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o bloqueio do receptor AT1 promove importante impacto sobre o balanço simpato-vagal e a hipertrofia cardíaca, no hipertireoidismo, sendo as espécies ativas de oxigênio e o sistema Nrf-2/HO-1 possíveis mediadores destas alterações. / Hyperthyroidism is an epidemiologic relevant pathology, which substantially affects the cardiovascular system. The hyperthyroid state may affect basal metabolism, O2 cell consumption, renin-angiotensin system, and increase reactive oxygen species production. Those alterations produce morphological, biochemical, functional and molecular consequences in cardiac tissue. Hyperthyroidism induced cardiac hypertrophy develops due to a set of events, which signals cell survival and proliferation, including reactive oxygen species, cardiac rennin-angiotensin system, and autonomic nervous system. In the present study, the role of cardiac renin-angiotensin system on development of hyperthyroidism induced cardiac hypertrophy, and the involvement of autonomic nervous system and reactive oxygen species, were assessed trough blockade of angiotensin II receptor AT1. For that, were used male Wistar rats, weighting about 220g, divided in 4 experimental groups,: Control (C), Losartan (L) (10mg/Kg body weight/day, 28 days, intragastric probe), T4 (12mg/L L-thyroxin in drinking water, 28 days), and T4+L. Cardiac mass, spectral analysis (autonomic balance), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and myocardial protein expression of angiotensin II receptor (AT1), NADPH oxidase, Nrf-2, and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), were quantified. Cardiac hypertrophy and autonomic umbalance induced by thyroid hormones were attenuated in the T4+losartan group. The H2O2, as well as Nrf-2, gp91phox, AT1 and HO-1 immunocontent were elevated in T4 group. All these effects were attenuated by losartan, except AT1 levels. The overall results suggest that blockade of AT1 receptor lead to relevant impact on autonomic balance and cardiac hypertrophy, being ROS and Nrf-2/ HO-1 system possible mediators in this alterations in experimental hyperthyroidism.

INTRODUÇÃO: As proteínas desacopladoras de prótons (UCPs: uncoupling proteins) pertencem à família dos transportadores mitocondriais H+/ácidos graxos e têm distribuição diferenciada nos tecidos. Sabe-se que a UCP1 é responsável pela termogênese, mas o exato papel fisiológico da UCP2 e UCP3 ainda não está completamente estabelecido. Os hormônios tireoideanos (T3 e T4) estimulam a expressão da UCP3 em músculo cardíaco e esquelético, no entanto o mecanismo pelo qual exercem esse efeito não é conhecido. Este projeto visa avaliar se as alterações na expressão gênica da UCP3 são relacionadas a efeito primário do T3 ou são secundárias à estimulação do sistema renina-angiotensina ou do sistema ?-adrenérgico. MÉTODOS: Para a realização do estudo, criou-se um modelo animal de hipertireodismo, em ratos machos Sprague-Dawley, através da 3 administrações de 100 ?g/100 g peso corpóreo de LT3, em dias alternados, associado ou não à captopril (1 mg/100 g de peso corpóreo), ?-bloqueador propranolol (1 mg/100g de peso corpóreo) ou ?2-agonista clenbuterol (0,04 mg/100 g de peso corpóreo). A expressão do mRNA da UCP3 foi semi-quantitativamente determinada por Northern blot em amostras de músculo ventricular cardíaco e músculo esquelético (gastrocnemius e soleus). A expressão da proteína UCP3 foi avaliada por Western blot em músculo esquelético (quadríceps). Os resultados foram expressos em unidades arbitrárias de densitometria óptica. RESULTADOS: O tratamento com LT3 resultou em aumento estatisticamente significativo do conteúdo de mRNA da UCP3 em miocárdio (~3 vezes) e músculo esquelético (~8 vezes) (p<0,05) e esse efeito não foi alterado por nenhuma das medicações usadas concomitantemente. Não houve efeito sinergístico ou aditivo sobre a expressão do mRNA da UCP3 quando o LT3 foi administrado conjuntamente ao ?2-agonista. O aumento na quantidade de mRNA da UCP3, em músculo esquelético, foi associado à aumento na expressão da proteína UCP3. CONCLUSÃO: O efeito do LT3 sobre a expressão da UCP3, nos tecidos analisados, não são dependentes da angiotensina II, nem do sistema ?-adrenérgico, provavelmente refletindo uma ação direta do LT3 sobre a expressão do gene UCP3 / Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) stimulate UCP-3 expression in skeletal muscle. Here, we examined whether thyroid hormone-induced changes in UCP-3 mRNA expression are related to directs effects of T3 or reflect secondary effects of the hormone through stimulation of renin-angiotensin or ?-adrenergic systems. Hyperthyroidism was produced by three injections of 100 ?g T3/100 g body weight on alternate days with or without concomitant treatment with either captopril (an ACE inhibitor), propranolol (a ?-blocker) or clenbuterol (a ?2-agonist). The relative abundance of UCP-3 mRNA was measured in ventricular myocardium and skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius and soleus). T3 resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundance of UCP-3 in heart and skeletal muscle (P < 0.05), and the effect was not altered by captopril or propanolol; the inhibitors alone had no effect of UCP-3 mRNA content. There was no synergistic or additive effect of T3 and clenbuterol on UCP-3 mRNA expression in skeletal muscle. Increased UCP-3 mRNA levels were associated with increased UCP-3 protein expression in skeletal muscle. We conclude that the effect of T3 on UCP-3 expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle is not dependent on either angiotensin II or the ?-adrenergic system and probably reflects a direct action of the hormone on UCP-3 gene expression

O hipertireoidismo é uma patologia epidemiologicamente importante, que afeta o sistema cardiovascular de forma proeminente. O estado hipertireoideo pode afetar o metabolismo basal, consumo de O2 celular, sistema renina angiotensina, assim como, estimular a produção de espécies ativas de oxigênio. Estas alterações produzem consequências morfológicas, funcionais, bioquímicas e moleculares no tecido cardíaco. A hipertrofia cardíaca, decorrente do hipertireoidismo, instala-se devido a uma série de eventos que sinalizam à proliferação e sobrevivência celular, envolvendo as espécies ativas de oxigênio, a ativação do sistema renina angiotensina cardíaco e o sistema nervoso autonômico. Neste estudo, bloqueamos o receptor AT1 da angiotensina II para avaliarmos a influência do sistema renina angiotensina cardíaco sobre o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia cardíaca, a participação do balanço autonômico sobre o coração e o papel das espécies ativas de oxigênio neste processo, em modelo experimental de hipertireoidismo. Para isto, foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos, pesando cerca de 220g, divididos em 4 grupos experimentais: Controle (C), Losartan (L) (10 mg/Kg de peso corporal/dia, 28 dias, sonda intragástrica) , T4 (12mg/L água de beber, 28 dias), e T4+L. Foram avaliados a massa cardíaca, análise espectral do balanço simpato-vagal, a expressão protéica do receptor AT1 da Angiotensina II e da gp91phox, peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), Nrf-2 e Heme-oxigenase-1 (HO-1) no tecido cardíaco. A hipertrofia cardíaca e o desequilíbrio autonômico induzidos pelo hipertireoidismo foram atenuados no grupo T4+L. Os níveis de H2O2, Nrf-2, gp91phox e HO-1 foram elevados no grupo T4, e significativamente reduzidos no grupo T4+L, quando comparados ao grupo Controle. A expressão protéica do receptor AT1 esteve elevada nos dois grupos hipertireoideos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o bloqueio do receptor AT1 promove importante impacto sobre o balanço simpato-vagal e a hipertrofia cardíaca, no hipertireoidismo, sendo as espécies ativas de oxigênio e o sistema Nrf-2/HO-1 possíveis mediadores destas alterações. / Hyperthyroidism is an epidemiologic relevant pathology, which substantially affects the cardiovascular system. The hyperthyroid state may affect basal metabolism, O2 cell consumption, renin-angiotensin system, and increase reactive oxygen species production. Those alterations produce morphological, biochemical, functional and molecular consequences in cardiac tissue. Hyperthyroidism induced cardiac hypertrophy develops due to a set of events, which signals cell survival and proliferation, including reactive oxygen species, cardiac rennin-angiotensin system, and autonomic nervous system. In the present study, the role of cardiac renin-angiotensin system on development of hyperthyroidism induced cardiac hypertrophy, and the involvement of autonomic nervous system and reactive oxygen species, were assessed trough blockade of angiotensin II receptor AT1. For that, were used male Wistar rats, weighting about 220g, divided in 4 experimental groups,: Control (C), Losartan (L) (10mg/Kg body weight/day, 28 days, intragastric probe), T4 (12mg/L L-thyroxin in drinking water, 28 days), and T4+L. Cardiac mass, spectral analysis (autonomic balance), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and myocardial protein expression of angiotensin II receptor (AT1), NADPH oxidase, Nrf-2, and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), were quantified. Cardiac hypertrophy and autonomic umbalance induced by thyroid hormones were attenuated in the T4+losartan group. The H2O2, as well as Nrf-2, gp91phox, AT1 and HO-1 immunocontent were elevated in T4 group. All these effects were attenuated by losartan, except AT1 levels. The overall results suggest that blockade of AT1 receptor lead to relevant impact on autonomic balance and cardiac hypertrophy, being ROS and Nrf-2/ HO-1 system possible mediators in this alterations in experimental hyperthyroidism.

Les jeunes oiseaux exposés au froid assurent leur homéothermie en stimulant les oxydations mitochondriales dans les muscles squelettiques. L’exposition prolongée au froid accroit les capacités de thermogenèse musculaire grâce à une plasticité bioénergétique mitochondriale dont le contrôle reste hypothétique. Chez les mammifères, des protéines de fusion (les mitofusines (Mfns) et OPA1(OPtic Atrophy 1)) participent au remaniement des réseaux dynamiques mitochondriaux dans de multiples types cellulaires. Le but de ce travail de thèse était de caractériser l’expression d’homologues aviaires des protéines de fusion mammaliennes et d’étudier leurs variations d’expression lors de la mise en place des processus bioénergétiques chez l’oiseau en croissance, lors d’une exposition aiguë ou prolongée au froid ou lors de challenges nutritionnels ou endocrines.Sur le plan méthodologique, une approche intégrative a été utilisée de l’animal entier (calorimétrie indirecte) à l’expression protéique (western blot) ou transcriptionnelle (RT-PCR) en passant par des mesures de la fonctionnalité bioénergétique sur des fibres musculaires perméabilisées et mitochondries isolées. Deux modèles animaux ont été utilisés, une espèce naturellement adaptée aux conditions extrêmes de l’Antarctique, le manchot Adélie (Pygoscelisadeliae), et un modèle de laboratoire, le canard de Barbarie (Cairina moschata). Nos résultats ont permis de caractériser chez l’oiseau l’expression de protéines de fusion (Mfn2, OPA1) immunoréactives homologues à celles des mammifères. Le séquençage d’une partie de la séquence codante des gènes codant les Mfns a montré une bonne similitude entre les espècesd’oiseaux et les mammifères. Chez le manchot, l’abondance relative de ces protéines dans lesmitochondries musculaires variait avec la croissance et l’exposition thermique en corrélation positiveavec les capacités bioénergétiques musculaires. Chez le canard, l’activité respiratoire et l’abondance relative de ces protéines étaient également corrélées suite à un jeûne de 60h ou, bien que dans une moindre mesure, après altération pharmacologique du statut thyroïdien.Ces résultats montrent pour la première fois chez l’oiseau l’expression de protéines homologues aux protéines de fusion des mammifères. L’association entre les variations d’expression de ces protéines et les modifications bioénergétiques du muscle squelettique indiquent qu’elles pourraient contribuer à la plasticité bioénergétique observée chez l’oiseau en croissance. Ces résultats suggèrent que des modifications potentielles de l’organisation des réseaux mitochondriaux musculaires pourraient contribuer aux réponses adaptatives des organismes face aux contraintes environnementales. / Cold-exposed young birds maintain their homeothermy by stimulating mitochondrial oxidations in skeletal muscle. Prolonged cold exposure enhances muscle thermogenic capacities through mitochondrial bioenergetics plasticity which control still remains hypothetical. In mammals, fusion proteins (mitofusins (Mfns) and OPA1 (Optic Atrophy 1)) contribute to the permanent and dynamic changes in mitochondrial networks in multiple cell types. The aim of our work was to characterize the expression of avian homologues of mammalian fusion proteins and to study the variations of their expression during the establishment of bioenergetics processes in growing birds, during an acute or a prolonged cold exposure and finally during nutritional or endocrine challenges. Methodologically, an integrative approach has been used from whole animal (indirect calorimetry) to protein (western-blot) or gene (RT-PCR) expression through measurements of the bioenergetics functionality of permeabilized muscle fibers and isolated mitochondria. Two animal models were used, a species naturally adapted to Antarctica harsh conditions, the Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae), and a laboratory model, the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata).Our results allowed us to characterize, in birds, the expression of immunoreactive fusion proteins (Mfn2, OPA1) which were homologous to those of mammals. The sequencing of a part of the coding sequence of Mfns genes showed a great similitude between avian and mammalian species. In penguins, the relative abundance of these proteins in muscle mitochondria was modified by growth in the cold and was positively correlated with muscle bioenergetics capacities. In ducks, the respiratory activity and the relative abundance of these proteins were also correlated after a 60h fasting period or,though a lesser extent, after a pharmacological alteration of thyroid status. Our results show, for the first time in birds, the expression of proteins homologous to mammalian fusion proteins. The association between the changes in expression of these proteins and the bioenergetics modifications in skeletal muscle indicates that these proteins could contribute to thebioenergetics plasticity observed in growing chicks. These results suggest that potential modifications of the muscle mitochondrial network organization could play a role in the adaptive responses of organisms to the environmental constraints.

INTRODUÇÃO: O Infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) é infrequente em indivíduos jovens (<45 anos) e está associado à história familiar precoce de doença cardiovascular.OBJETIVO: O presente estudo descreveu o perfil sócio-demográfico e os fatores de risco cardiovascular de indivíduos com diagnóstico de IAM < 45 anos de idade e seus familiares de primeiro grau. Avaliou-se também a relação de parâmetros clínico-laboratoriais de acordo com a extensão angiográfica da doença arterial coronária (DAC) dos casos índices (doença uniarterial vs. multiarterial) e dos seus respectivos familiares.MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado de novembro de 2010 a janeiro de 2015 em hospital terciário em Fortaleza, Ceará. Foram incluídos 103 casos índices e 166 familiares de primeiro grau que não apresentavam suspeita de hipercolesterolemia familiar. Estes foram comparados com 111 indivíduos assintomáticos e sem história familiar de DAC pareados para sexo e idade. Foram avaliados os parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais dos 3 grupos. Os dados foram estudados por análises uni e multivariadas. RESULTADOS:O grupo casos apresentou maior prevalência de tabagismo (57,3 vs. 28,6%, p < 0,001), diabete melito tipo 2 - DM2 (43,4 vs. 19,5%, p < 0,001) e hipertensão arterial sistêmica - HAS (42,7 vs. 19%, p < 0,001) quando comparado aos familiares pareados para sexo e idade. Da mesma forma, os casos, quando comparados ao grupo controle, apresentaram, além destes fatores, concentrações mais elevadas de triglicerídeos (192 ± 75 vs. 140±74mg/dL, p < 0,001), menores concentrações de HDL-c (36 ± 12 vs. 48 ± 14mg/dL, p < 0,001) e uma maior prevalência de síndrome metabólica -SM (82,2 vs. 36%, p<0,001). Observou-se que 50,5% dos casos tinham acometimento multiarterial. Após análise multivariada, a HAS (p=0,030) e o DM2 (p=0,028) associaram-se de forma independente à DAC multiarterial. Quando comparados ao grupo controle, os familiares apresentaram maior prevalência de tabagismo (29,5 vs. 6,3%, p < 0,001), DM2 (19,9 vs. 1,8%, p < 0,001), pré-diabetes (40,4 vs. 27%, p < 0,024) e SM (64,7 vs. 36% p < 0,001). Foram observadas aindaconcentrações mais baixas de HDL-c (39±10 vs. 48 ± 14mg/dL, p < 0,001), valores mais elevados de triglicerídeos (179 ± 71 vs. 140 ± 74mg/dL, p = 0,002), LDL-c (122±37 vs. 113±36mg/dL, p = 0,031) e colesterol não-HDL (157 ± 43 vs. 141 ± 41mg/dL, p = 0,004) nos familiares. Não houve diferenças entre familiares e controles quanto ao IMC (p=0,051). Os familiares também apresentaram maior prevalência do risco calculado como alto/intermediário de acordo com o escore de Framingham (82,7 vs. 2,6%, p < 0,001) em relação aos controles. Os valores de TSH foram maiores, mesmo dentro do valor de referência do método, no grupo de casos (2,6 ± 1,6 vs. 1,9 ± 1,0 mUI/L, p < 0,001) e familiare (2,4±1,6 vs. 1,9 ± 1,0 mUI/L, p=0,002) em relação aos controles. CONCLUSÃO: Evidenciou-seelevada prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular, principalmente a SM, dislipidemia aterogênica, DM2, HAS e tabagismo em casos e familiares de primeiro grau de indivíduos com IAM < 45 anos. A HAS e o DM2 associaram-se à maior extensão angiográfica da DAC / BACKGROUND: The acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is uncommon in young individuals ( < 45 years), and is associated with premature family history of cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: This study described the socio-demographic and cardiovascular risk factors of both subjects with AMI < 45 years of age and their first-degree relatives. The association of clinical and laboratory parameters with the angiographic extension of coronary artery disease (CAD) of index cases (single-vessel vs. multivessel disease) and in their respective relatives was also evaluated. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted from November 2010 to January 2015 in a tertiary hospital in Fortaleza, Ceara. One hundred and three index cases and 166 first-degree relatives without suspicion of familial hypercholesterolemia were included. These were compared with 111 asymptomatic individuals without family history of CAD matched for sex and age. Clinical and laboratory parameters of the 3 groups were evaluated. Associations were tested by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: AMI cases presented a higher prevalence of smoking (57.3% vs. 28.6%, p < 0.001), type 2 diabetes mellitus -DM2 (43.4 vs. 19.5%, p < 0.001), and hypertension (42.7 vs. 19%, p < 0.001) when compared to relatives matched for sex and age. Likewise cases, when compared to controls showed in addition higher triglycerides (192 ± 75mg/dL vs. 140 ± 74mg/dL, p < 0.001), lower HDL-C (36 ± 12mg/dL vs. 48±14mg/dL, p < 0.001), and a greater prevalence of the metabolic syndrome-MS (82.2% vs. 36%, p < 0.001). Multivessel disease was found in 50.5% of cases. After multivariate analysis, hypertension (p=0.030), and DM2 (p=0.028) were independently associated with multivessel disease. First-degree relatives showed a greater prevalence of smoking (29.5% vs. 6.3%, p < 0.001), DM2 (19.9% vs. 1.8%, p < 0.001), pre-diabetes (40.4 % vs. 27%, p < 0.024) and MS (64.7% vs. 36%, p < 0.001), when compared to controls. Lower HDL-c (39±10mg/dL vs. 48 ± 14mg/dL, p < 0.001), higher triglycerides (179±71mg/dL vs. 140±74mg/dL, p=0.002), higher LDL-C (122 ± 37mg/dL vs. 113 ± 36mg/dL, p=0.031) and non-HDL cholesterol (157 ± 43 vs. 141±41mg/dL, p=0.004) were found in relatives than controls. There was no difference in BMI (p=0.051) between the groups. Relatives also showed a higher prevalence of high/intermediate calculated coronary heart disease risk according to the Framingham risk score (82.7% vs. 2.6%, p < 0.001). TSH levels even within the reference value method were higher in AMI patients (2.6 ± 1.6mUI/mL, p < 0.001) and relatives (2.4 ± 1.6mUI/mL, p=0.002) in comparison with controls 1.9±1.0mUI/mL). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of risk factors mainly MS, atherogenic dyslipidemia, type 2 DM, hypertension and smoking were encountered in cases and first-degree relatives of individuals with AMI < 45 years. Hypertension and DM2 were associated with greater angiographic extent of coronary artery disease

Les hormones thyroïdiennes (HTs) contrôlent plusieurs aspects du développement et de l’homéostasie intestinale. Elles agissent via des récepteurs nucléaires (TRs), facteurs de transcription modulés par la T3. Le paradigme est la métamorphose des amphibiens où elles sont responsables du remodelage du tube digestif et de l’émergence des cellules souches (Ishizuya-Oka et al, 2009). Des études précédentes ont montré que les HTs jouent un rôle fondamental en régulant la balance entre prolifération et différenciation des précurseurs épithéliaux murins. Du point de vue moléculaire, le récepteur nucléaire TRα1 contrôle plusieurs gènes du cycle cellulaire/prolifération ainsi que les voies de signalisation Wnt et Notch (rev. in Sirakov et al, 2104; Skah et al, 2017). En accord avec ces fonctions, l’expression ciblée de TRα1 dans l’épithélium intestinal (souris vil-TRα1) est suffisante pour induire des cryptes aberrantes, hyper-prolifératives et confère une sensibilité accrue au programme de tumorigénèse intestinale dépendant de la mutation dans le gène Apc (vil-TRα1/Apc+/1638N mice) (Kress et al, 2010). Le but de mon travail a été d’étudier le contrôle des cellules souches intestinales, dépendant des HTs/TRs. En effet, j’ai utilisé des souris Lgr5-EGFP-ires-CreERT2 permettant de traquer, trier et cibler les cellules souches (Barker et al, 2007) que j’ai croisées avec le modèle murin inductible au tamoxifène TRα1-LOF (Loss-of-function) (Quignodon et al, 2007). J’ai étudié les effets de l’altération de la voie HTs/TRα1 in vivo et dans des organoïdes intestinaux (ex vivo). Nos résultats indiquent que les HTs et la modulation de l’expression ou de l’activité de TRα1 affectent rapidement et fortement les cellules souches intestinales. Ce travail ouvre de nouvelles perspectives dans l’étude des signaux dépendants des HTs/ TRα1 dans la physiopathologie des cellules souches intestinales / Thyroid hormones (THs) control several aspects of gut development and homeostasis. They act through the thyroid hormone nuclear receptors (TRs) that are T3-modulated transcription factors. The paradigm is the amphibian metamorphosis, where they are responsible for gut remodeling and emergence of the stem cells (Ishizuya-Oka et al, 2009). In previous studies we showed that THs play a fundamental role in regulating the balance between cell proliferation and cell differentiation of the murine intestinal epithelial precursors. From a molecular point of view the nuclear receptor TRα1 controls several proliferation/cell-cycle genes as well as the Wnt and Notch pathways (rev. in Sirakov et al, 2104; Skah et al, 2017). In accordance with these functions, targeted expression of TRα1 in the intestinal epithelium (vil-TRα1 mice) is sufficient to induce aberrant and hyper-proliferative crypts and confers increased susceptibility to Apc-mutation dependent intestinal tumorigenic program (vil-TRα1/Apc+/1638N mice) (Kress et al, 2010). The aim of my work was to study TH- and TRα1-dependent control of intestinal stem cells. Indeed, I used the Lgr5-EGFP-ires-CreERT2 mice enable tracking, sorting and targeting the stem cells (Barker et al, 2007) crossed with tamoxifen inducible TRα1 loss-of-function (Quignodon et al, 2007) mouse model (TRα1-LOF). I studied the effect of TH/TRα1 alteration in vivo and in intestinal organoids (ex vivo). In conclusion, our results indicate that HTs and modulating TRα1 expression or activity have a rapid and strong effect on the intestinal stem cells. This work opens a new perspective in the study of TH/TRα1-dependent signal on the physiopathology of the intestinal stem cells

Background: There is sound evidence that the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis plays a role in mood regulation. Alterations in this axis, particularly low triiodothyronine syndrome, are a common neuroendocrine adaptation to semi-starvation in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), who also frequently suffer from co-existing depressive symptoms. We therefore aimed to investigate the associations between pituitary-thyroid function and psychopathology, in particular depressive symptoms, at different stages of AN using a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal study design. Methods: Pituitary-thyroid status (FT3, free triiodothyronine; FT4, free thyroxine; conversion ratio FT3/FT4; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone) was assessed in 77 young acutely underweight females with AN (acAN) and in 55 long-term weight-recovered individuals with former AN (recAN) in a cross-sectional comparison to 122 healthy controls (HC). Further, pituitary-thyroid status of 48 acAN was reassessed after short-term weight-restoration. We performed correlation analyses of pituitary-thyroid parameters with self-reported measures of psychopathology. Results: AcAN showed significantly lower FT3, FT4, FT3/FT4 ratio, and TSH levels compared to HC. Pituitary-thyroid alterations were partly reversed after short-term weight-restoration. RecAN still had lower FT3 concentrations than HC. Lower FT3 concentrations and FT3/FT4 ratios were associated with more severe depressive symptoms in acAN, occurring prominently in cases of manifest low triiodothyronine syndrome. Longitudinally increasing FT3/FT4 ratios (change scores) were inversely correlated with depressive and general psychiatric symptoms after short-term weight-restoration. Conclusions: Our results suggest a potential modulation of the severity of depressive symptoms by temporarily decreased FT3 concentrations and inhibited thyroid hormone conversion (FT3/FT4 ratios) in acutely underweight AN. Associations between conversion ratios FT3/FT4 and psychopathology seem to persist across short-term weight-restoration. The findings of our study might have relevant clinical implications, ranging from thyroid monitoring to experimental low-dose thyroid hormone supplementation in certain patients with AN showing severe psychiatric impairment and overt thyroid hormone alterations.

Les biphényles polychlorés (BPC) sont des contaminants de l’environnement, omniprésents dans la chaîne alimentaire, qui ont une propension à la bioaccumulation dans le corps humain. Ils traversent la barrière placentaire et sont suspectés d’induire des altérations du développement mental ou moteur chez des enfants exposés aux BPC pendant la vie intrautérine. Ces effets s’expliqueraient notamment par la capacité des BPC à perturber l’homéostasie de la fonction thyroïdienne chez la femme enceinte ou le nouveau-né. Malgré le nombre considérable d’études épidémiologiques réalisées, la relation entre l’exposition prénatale aux BPC et les altérations du développement mental et moteur ou de la fonction thyroïdienne n’a pas encore été clairement établie ; d’une part, différents bioindicateurs de l’exposition ont été employés (différents congénères de BPC mesurés et différentes matrices biologiques ou unités de mesure) limitant la comparaison directe entre les études et, d’autre part, le lien de causalité entre les BPC et les effets ciblés n’a pas été vérifié avec des critères épidémiologiques reconnus. Cette étude a été réalisée afin d’analyser la relation « concentration biologique de BPC – effet » entre l'exposition aux BPC de la mère pendant la grossesse et le développement mental et moteur de l’enfant ainsi que les paramètres de la fonction thyroïdienne chez la femme enceinte et le nouveau-né à partir d’une analyse systématique des études épidémiologiques disponibles en standardisant les données biologiques entre les études. Sur la base de considérations toxicocinétiques et en appliquant des facteurs de conversion établis à partir de la littérature épidémiologique publiée, les concentrations des BPC rapportées dans les différentes études revues ont été standardisées en termes d’équivalent de BPC totaux par kilogramme de lipides dans le plasma maternel (µg PCBMPEQ/kg de lipides). Afin d’analyser la possibilité d’une association causale entre l’exposition aux BPC et les effets d’intérêt, les critères de Hill ont été appliqués systématiquement à l’ensemble des associations « concentrations biologiques standardisées – effet ciblés ». En appliquant cette approche aux données publiées de 20 études épidémiologiques sur la relation entre les BPC et le poids à la naissance, l’exposition prénatale aux BPC, aux niveaux décrits (moyenne < 1920 µg PCBMPEQ/kg de lipides), n’apparaît pas associée de manière significative à un poids à la naissance inférieur à 2500 g dans les populations étudiées. Par ailleurs, en considérant des études menées sur le suivi de neuf cohortes d’enfants, la probabilité qu’une altération cognitive ou motrice cliniquement significative, qui persiste entre la naissance et l’âge scolaire, soit observée à des concentrations de BPC totaux inférieures à 1000 µg PCBMPEQ/kg de lipides semble faible. Aussi, à partir de l’analyse systématique des données de 17 études épidémiologiques, l’exposition aux BPC aux niveaux standardisés décrits (moyenne < 1000 µg PCBMPEQ/kg de lipides) ne semble pas induire de variation des hormones thyroïdiennes ou de TSH en dehors des intervalles physiologiques reconnus chez la femme enceinte et le nouveau-né. Ainsi, la valeur biologique de référence établie à 1000 µg PCBMPEQ/kg de lipides pour prévenir les effets sur le développement devrait aussi prévenir les effets sur le poids à la naissance et la fonction thyroïdienne chez la femme enceinte ou le nouveau-né. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse fournissent aux autorités de santé publique responsables de l’établissement de directives et des normes de l’information utile à la révision des critères sanitaires visant à protéger des effets des BPC sur le développement de l’enfant et la fonction thyroïdienne chez la femme enceinte et le nouveau-né. / Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) ubiquitously present in the food chain, and with a propensity to bioaccumulate in the human body. They can cross the placental barrier and are suspected of inducing mental and motor development alterations in children prenatally exposed to PCBs. These contaminants could injure brain development by disrupting thyroid homeostasis in pregnant women or newborns. Despite the large number of epidemiological publications on PCBs, “biological concentration – response” relationships between PCB exposure and mental and motor development or thyroid function in pregnant women and newborns are not well established; a direct comparison of biological levels between published studies is limited by the heterogeneous biological PCB measurements (different PCB congeners or groups of congeners measured, variations in biological matrices sampled or units chosen to express biological results), and causal relationship between PCBs and a studied effect has not been verified with recognized epidemiological criteria. This research was performed to analyze “biological PCB concentration – effect” relationship between prenatal PCB exposure and children mental and motor development as well as parameters of thyroid function in pregnant women and newborns by conducting a systematic analysis of available epidemiological studies and by standardizing biological data between studies. Reported PCB concentrations in the different reviewed studies were standardized in terms of total PCB equivalent per kilogram of lipids in maternal plasma (µg PCBMPEQ/kg of lipids), by taking into account PCB toxicokinetics and using conversion factors based on published epidemiological data. To analyze a possible causal association between PCB exposure and studied effects, Hill criteria were consistently applied to all “standardized biological concentrations – response” associations. The systematic analysis of “standardized biological concentration – birth weight” relationship across 20 reviewed studies did not show any association between prenatal exposure to PCBs at the described levels (mean < 1920 µg PCBMPEQ/kg de lipids) and abnormal birth weight (< 2500 g). Furthermore, combining data from nine children cohorts to assess the “standardized biological concentration – development” relationship during follow-up of each cohort showed that risk of mental or motor development should be negligible for prenatal PCB concentrations below ≈ 1000 µg/kg of lipids in maternal plasma. Also, the systematic analysis of data from 17 epidemiological studies indicated that the weight of evidence of a significant impact of PCB exposure on TSH and thyroid hormone levels was low at reported levels in pregnant women and newborns (mean < 1000 µg PCBMPEQ/kg de lipids). The PCBMPEQ biological reference value of 1000 µg/kg lipids that should prevent neurodevelopmental effects should also prevent effects on birth weight and on thyroid function in pregnant women or newborns. Results presented in this thesis should provide useful information to public health authorities for the revision of guidelines and standards ensuring protection from PCB effects on child development and thyroid function in pregnant women and newborns.