Esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar o processo de construção do Estado na Etiópia, a partir do modelo desenvolvido por Charles Tilly (1996). Assim, o foco do trabalho foi o estudo da correlação causal entre a existência do fenômeno da guerra interestatal (atípica na África) e o desenvolvimento político, econômico e social. Para isso, foi feito ensaio teórico acerca do Estado e apresentação do modelo de Tilly, além de refinamento metodológico desse modelo através da noção de capacidade estatal. A perspectiva de Samuel Huntington (1975) a respeito do descolamento entre as instituições políticas e as sociedades em modernização também foi abordada, principalmente na compreensão da Revolução Etíope de 1974. O trabalho conclui que a guerra foi fundamental para a construção do Estado na Etiópia, mas que ela não é condição suficiente para a construção de Estados desenvolvidos e capazes na totalidade destas acepções. / This dissertation analyzes the process of state-formation in Ethiopia, from Charles Tilly‘s (1996) war-centered perspective. Hence, it is focused on the causal correlation between inter-state war (uncommon in African history, but largely present in Ethiopia) and political, social and economic under-development (present in Africa and Ethiopia). In order to achieve this goal, some brief theoretical issues on the state are presented, followed by Tilly‘s account on state-formation in Europe. Moreover, Samuel Huntington‘s (1975) perspective has been also incorporated in the analysis, so as to improve our theoretical tools regarding the 1974 Revolution. The dissertation concludes that war has been fundamental for state-formation in Ethiopia, but that it is not a sufficient condition to the formation of developed and capable states, contradicting Tilly‘s model partially.

A política, no sistema internacional do século XXI, será impactada pelas mudanças na base demográfica dos países. Ao mesmo tempo, aumenta a necessidade de Estados com acesso a tecnologias de ponta, ou seja, de grande polaridade, de utilizarem os recursos humanos de países em crescimento para a maximização de poder. O processo impacta a polarização com novas alianças de países. O uso da força necessita de pessoas para a defesa e a garantia da sobrevivência do Estado na Anarquia. Principalmente, em um cenário de guerra sistêmica com a utilização de armas nucleares que constituem as fiadoras das operações convencionais. Concomitantemente, a quantidade de pessoas na força de trabalho é a base das políticas de dissuasão nuclear dos Estados devido a capacidade de sobrevivência a um segundo ataque. / The policy in the twenty-first century international system, will be impacted by changes in the demographic base of countries. At the same time, increases the need for States with access to advanced technologies, ie, high polarity, use of human resources for countries to maximize growth of power. The polarization process impacts of new alliances with countries. The use of force requires people to defend and guarantee the survival of the state in Anarchy. Especially in a war scenario with the systemic use of nuclear weapons which are the guarantors of conventional operations. Concomitantly, the number of people in the workforce is the cornerstone of nuclear deterrence policies of the states over the survivability of a second attack.

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar o processo de construção do Estado na Etiópia, a partir do modelo desenvolvido por Charles Tilly (1996). Assim, o foco do trabalho foi o estudo da correlação causal entre a existência do fenômeno da guerra interestatal (atípica na África) e o desenvolvimento político, econômico e social. Para isso, foi feito ensaio teórico acerca do Estado e apresentação do modelo de Tilly, além de refinamento metodológico desse modelo através da noção de capacidade estatal. A perspectiva de Samuel Huntington (1975) a respeito do descolamento entre as instituições políticas e as sociedades em modernização também foi abordada, principalmente na compreensão da Revolução Etíope de 1974. O trabalho conclui que a guerra foi fundamental para a construção do Estado na Etiópia, mas que ela não é condição suficiente para a construção de Estados desenvolvidos e capazes na totalidade destas acepções. / This dissertation analyzes the process of state-formation in Ethiopia, from Charles Tilly‘s (1996) war-centered perspective. Hence, it is focused on the causal correlation between inter-state war (uncommon in African history, but largely present in Ethiopia) and political, social and economic under-development (present in Africa and Ethiopia). In order to achieve this goal, some brief theoretical issues on the state are presented, followed by Tilly‘s account on state-formation in Europe. Moreover, Samuel Huntington‘s (1975) perspective has been also incorporated in the analysis, so as to improve our theoretical tools regarding the 1974 Revolution. The dissertation concludes that war has been fundamental for state-formation in Ethiopia, but that it is not a sufficient condition to the formation of developed and capable states, contradicting Tilly‘s model partially.

A política, no sistema internacional do século XXI, será impactada pelas mudanças na base demográfica dos países. Ao mesmo tempo, aumenta a necessidade de Estados com acesso a tecnologias de ponta, ou seja, de grande polaridade, de utilizarem os recursos humanos de países em crescimento para a maximização de poder. O processo impacta a polarização com novas alianças de países. O uso da força necessita de pessoas para a defesa e a garantia da sobrevivência do Estado na Anarquia. Principalmente, em um cenário de guerra sistêmica com a utilização de armas nucleares que constituem as fiadoras das operações convencionais. Concomitantemente, a quantidade de pessoas na força de trabalho é a base das políticas de dissuasão nuclear dos Estados devido a capacidade de sobrevivência a um segundo ataque. / The policy in the twenty-first century international system, will be impacted by changes in the demographic base of countries. At the same time, increases the need for States with access to advanced technologies, ie, high polarity, use of human resources for countries to maximize growth of power. The polarization process impacts of new alliances with countries. The use of force requires people to defend and guarantee the survival of the state in Anarchy. Especially in a war scenario with the systemic use of nuclear weapons which are the guarantors of conventional operations. Concomitantly, the number of people in the workforce is the cornerstone of nuclear deterrence policies of the states over the survivability of a second attack.

This study examines German illustrated broadsheets that were manufactured and published in the Holy Roman Empire between 1630-1633. They were part of a pro-Swedish media campaign launched soon after the arrival of the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf and the Swedish army in the Holy Roman Empire in June 1630 with the intention to legitimate the Swedish king’s presence in the Holy Roman Empire.  Inspired by Jan Glete’s notion about the early fiscal-military states as protection-selling enterprises, this study uses pro-Swedish illustrated broadsheets as a source material in order to examine how they were used to encourage German Protestants to buy Swedish protection. By looking for protection-selling arguments, this study wants to find out how Swedish protection was portrayed in the illustrated broadsheets. This study also makes a distinction between confessional and non-confessional protection-selling arguments, making it possible to distinguish which aspects of the protection-selling arguments that had a more religious character and vice versa. After the analysis of the source material, the protection-selling arguments are organised into various categories of representation, which enables the study to establish how Sweden and Gustav II Adolf were portrayed, and what they were claimed to represent in terms of protection.  The study concludes that the illustrated broadsheets portrayed Sweden and Gustav II Adolf as competent seller of protection who had the ability to protect its allies and co-religionists against aggression, religious oppression, plundering, murdering, destruction, the Devil and his collaborators, and consequences of the Edict of Restitution. Gustav II Adolf represents the Swedish state, and the illustrated broadsheets highlight his courage, competence as a political and military leader, and his Protestant devotion.  Their enemies are portrayed as dissident aggressors who represented religious oppression, plundering, murdering, destruction, heresy, devil-worshiping, and witchcraft. They were said to possess the negative qualities of hypocrisy and mortal sin, as well as an incapable military leadership.

Speech work, as it relates to actor training, has undergone many important changes since its formal introduction to the field over a century ago by Edith Skinner. Unfortunately, there are many who hold on to antiquated, misinformed and often harmful approaches to this kind of training. This thesis questioned the traditional models of speech pedagogy by creating a narrative for its development, questioning its efficacy, and exploring the alternatives that have developed over the years. I looked at the texts and approaches of Edith Skinner, Patricia Fletcher, Louis Coliaini, and Dudley Knight/Phil Thompson. I acknowledge that each practitioner has made a substantial contribution to the field. In this thesis I question what place each has in the future of speech pedagogy in America. I gathered opinions from both critics and proponents of each work in the hopes of creating a more cohesive understanding of how speech pedagogy should be handled in the future according to those who will be teaching it. This thesis includes considerable usage of phonetic symbols found on the International Phonetic Alphabet establish by the International Phonetic Association.