This thesis presents an ethnographic study of a small local non-government organisation (NGO) negotiating its way through the complex, multi-layered, postconflict, post-emergency environment of Timor-Leste. This is an environment that remains dominated by the aid industry, an industry that initially came to restore order and provide humanitarian support in the violent aftermath of the 1999 independence vote and stayed on to build a new Timor, in many ways created in its own image. In this environment a small local NGO struggled to maintain not only its vision and mission, but to fit within a new set of externally imposed conditions and regulations in order to serve its communities' needs. / Using ethnographic data gathered in the field over eleven months, this study paints a picture of a post-emergency environment on the ground and in the daily life of a local NGO within that environment. Combining ethnographic and interview data from local and international aid and development practitioners, the study also identifies the internal and external challenges faced by the local NGO in navigating its way through this environment. The internal challenges faced are largely in response to externally imposed conditions, and include the adaptation to new language and communication technologies, new styles of leadership and organisation management, new financial accountability processes and procedures. All of these challenges are coupled with the lack of experienced and skilled staff. The external issues relate to interactions and relationships the local NGO has with the aid industry, and the issues arising out of these engagements including ideological differences, donor dependency, unequal relations, and externally imposed directives. / While acknowledging that these are very real challenges, this thesis argues that it is the underlying factors behind the presenting challenges that are the real barriers to the effective participation of a local NGO in the post-conflict, post-emergency environment. Using post-development writings and Foucauldian theories as a theoretical framework, this thesis explores how thought, ideology and action are governed and controlled by the subtle mechanisms of liberal governance, (particularly in their redefinition), and local language is appropriated and reconceptualised as a tool of governance. It is the inability to understand or detect these subtle mechanisms of governance that often limits the degree to which an NGO can be said to act self-determinedly, or in full awareness of the situation, as they navigate a path through this foreign and often baffling post-emergency environment. / This research adds to the emerging academic body of research on NGOs in postconflict, post-emergency environments. On a practical level it provides aid and development organisations and aid practitioners with a detailed 'insider's' view of the operations of a local NGO and the impacts on a small organisation of externally imposed conditions, regulations and hidden agendas. Finally, it provides field workers intending to conduct research in post-conflict, post-emergency environments with an introduction to the issues and problems associated with this type of research.

East Timor is rebuilding its stock of infrastructure after decades of underdevelopment and a wave of violent destruction in 1999. As part of this process the Government of East Timor aims to improve access to electricity from less than five percent of the population today to eighty percent by 2020. An important strategy to meeting this aim will be the use of solar home systems (SHS) in remote rural locations. To develop its policy for the deployment of SHS, the Government of East Timor must decide what size of SHS is optimal. This research investigates whether there is a relationship between SHS size and development. / The research adapts an evaluation approach developed by World Bank/UNDP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. This approach uses a combination of participatory and quantitative tools tailored to the East Timorese context through consultations with rural households about electrification and their use of SHS. Three SHS projects in East Timor were selected for evaluation, each of which had adopted a different sized SHS for their program. The smallest systems installed were 10 Wp single-lamp systems. The largest system was rated at 80 Wp and was supplied with four or six lamps. The third type of system was 40 Wp and provided three lamps / To assess the development impact of these different sizes of SHS, a set of Participatory Evaluation exercises were conducted with seventy-seven small groups of SHS users in twenty four rural communities. These exercises were supplemented with a Socio-economic Household Survey of 195 SHS users. The combined results of these evaluation processes enabled the three sizes of SHS to be compared for two types of benefits—assistance with carrying out important household tasks (i.e. ‘lighting-derived’ benefits) and attributes of SHS which were advantageous in comparison to use of non-electric lighting sources (i.e. ‘intrinsic’ benefits). Analysis of the research results showed that the small 10 Wp SHS provided much of the development impact of the larger systems. For lighting-derived benefits, there was little difference between the development impact of small and large systems. The larger systems provided greater benefit for domestic tasks undertaken in kitchen buildings, since the small and medium sized SHS did not provide lighting in these areas. For intrinsic benefits related to health and convenience, the small systems provided much the same benefits as larger systems. For financial benefits—considered by East Timorese SHS users to be the most important of the intrinsic benefits—smaller systems were found to offer slightly positive benefits due to their lower operating costs. Larger systems, however, were found to have a negative overall financial impact. / The research suggests three significant implications for the design of SHS programs in East Timor and comparable situations elsewhere: programs should focus on providing smaller systems rather than larger ones; systems should be designed to provide a light in the kitchen wherever possible to maximise the overall development impact; and SHS operating costs should be carefully matched to the incomes of rural householders to ensure that operation of the systems can be sustained by user households.

East Timor is rebuilding its stock of infrastructure after decades of underdevelopment and a wave of violent destruction in 1999. As part of this process the Government of East Timor aims to improve access to electricity from less than five percent of the population today to eighty percent by 2020. An important strategy to meeting this aim will be the use of solar home systems (SHS) in remote rural locations. To develop its policy for the deployment of SHS, the Government of East Timor must decide what size of SHS is optimal. This research investigates whether there is a relationship between SHS size and development. / The research adapts an evaluation approach developed by World Bank/UNDP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. This approach uses a combination of participatory and quantitative tools tailored to the East Timorese context through consultations with rural households about electrification and their use of SHS. Three SHS projects in East Timor were selected for evaluation, each of which had adopted a different sized SHS for their program. The smallest systems installed were 10 Wp single-lamp systems. The largest system was rated at 80 Wp and was supplied with four or six lamps. The third type of system was 40 Wp and provided three lamps / To assess the development impact of these different sizes of SHS, a set of Participatory Evaluation exercises were conducted with seventy-seven small groups of SHS users in twenty four rural communities. These exercises were supplemented with a Socio-economic Household Survey of 195 SHS users. The combined results of these evaluation processes enabled the three sizes of SHS to be compared for two types of benefits—assistance with carrying out important household tasks (i.e. ‘lighting-derived’ benefits) and attributes of SHS which were advantageous in comparison to use of non-electric lighting sources (i.e. ‘intrinsic’ benefits). Analysis of the research results showed that the small 10 Wp SHS provided much of the development impact of the larger systems. For lighting-derived benefits, there was little difference between the development impact of small and large systems. The larger systems provided greater benefit for domestic tasks undertaken in kitchen buildings, since the small and medium sized SHS did not provide lighting in these areas. For intrinsic benefits related to health and convenience, the small systems provided much the same benefits as larger systems. For financial benefits—considered by East Timorese SHS users to be the most important of the intrinsic benefits—smaller systems were found to offer slightly positive benefits due to their lower operating costs. Larger systems, however, were found to have a negative overall financial impact. / The research suggests three significant implications for the design of SHS programs in East Timor and comparable situations elsewhere: programs should focus on providing smaller systems rather than larger ones; systems should be designed to provide a light in the kitchen wherever possible to maximise the overall development impact; and SHS operating costs should be carefully matched to the incomes of rural householders to ensure that operation of the systems can be sustained by user households.

Thesis (M.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2002. / Cover title. "June 2002." AD-A405 671. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- Australian National University, 2006.

A Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) foi criada com o objetivo precípuo de assegurar e promover a paz mundial. Em mais de 60 anos de existência, a Organização ainda não logrou implementar a força militar permanente (ver artigo 47, parágrafo 3º da Carta da ONU) que seria a principal encarregada pela consecução desse objetivo por intermédio da coordenação da Comissão de Estado Maior. O fato de não ter constituído a referida força não significou a paralisação da ONU nos assuntos concernentes à paz. Demonstrando grande poder de adaptação, a Organização implementou as Missões de Paz, embora estas não existam oficialmente em seu estatutos. As missões de paz da ONU são a face mais visível do trabalho da Organização na promoção da paz mundial. Em 58 anos de existência, essas missões têm evoluído em quantidade e complexidade, exigindo, cada vez mais, recursos materiais e humanos. Em 1999, o estabelecimento da Missão de Paz no Timor Leste chamou a atenção da comunidade internacional por diversos motivos. Àquela época, a Instituição passava por uma crise de credibilidade provocada pela sua inação nos episódios inicias do Kosovo naquele mesmo ano. Não obstante, logrou desenvolver no Timor Leste a mais bem sucedida missão de paz jamais estabelecida em qualquer outra época de sua história. No Timor, a ONU assumiu todas as funções de governo a fim de ali desenvolver as bases necessárias ao nascimento de um Estado. Este estudo tem por finalidade fazer uma análise de todo esse processo, ressaltando a importância e o significado que essa missão teve no contexto das operações de paz das Nações Unidas. / The United Nations (UN) was created with the primary purpose of ensuring and promoting world peace. In over 60 years of existence, the Organization has not yet succeeded in implementing a permanent military force (see article 47, paragraph 3 of the UN Charter) that would be the main responsible for the attainment of this goal, acting under the coordination of the Military Staff Committee. The fact that the UN failed to constitute the aforesaid force does not mean it is inert when it comes to subjects concerning peace. Demonstrating a great power of adaptation, the Organization implemented the Peacekeeping Missions, although these do not officially exist in its statutes. The UN Peacekeeping Missions are the most visible face of the Organization’s work towards the promotion of world peace. In 58 years of existence, these missions have been evolving in quantity and complexity, increasingly demanding material and human resources. In 1999, the establishment of the Peacekeeping Mission in East Timor called the attention of the international community for a range of reasons. By that time, the Institution was undergoing a crisis of confidence due to its inaction in the early episodes of Kosovo that very year. Still, it managed to develop in East Timor the most successful peacekeeping mission ever established in its history. In Timor, the UN also took over all the government functions in order to develop there the necessary bases for the birth of a State. This study aims at analyzing this whole process, stressing the importance and meaning that this mission had within the context of the UN peacekeeping operations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:16:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Suzipg1_30.pdf: 643965 bytes, checksum: efa7101cf6167efb1d80707e00f3e8ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-18 / Esta pesquisa de mestrado analisa a educação de Timor-Leste, tendo como principal foco os professores, procurando identificar os principais desafios por eles enfrentados para a sua formação e atuação e suas implicações para o futuro educacional do país. Timor-Leste é um país do sudoeste asiático, que se tornou independente em 1999; deste então tem procurado se estabelecer como um país livre e democrático. Sua história pregressa é marcada por dominações, tendo sido colônia portuguesa por mais de quatro séculos e posteriormente invadido pela Indonésia. Esses distintos períodos históricos marcaram profundamente todas as instâncias da nação, sobretudo a educação, que sempre foi produto dos povos dominantes. Esta pesquisa, portanto, traz um panorama histórico, considerando sua importância para compreensão dos desdobramentos do sistema educacional hodierno, especialmente no que se refere à formação de professores diante dos dilemas herdados, tais como: evasão dos professores, que eram na sua maioria do país invasor, infra-estrutura precária, limitações linguísticas, entre outros. O método utilizado para a realização da pesquisa foi uma aproximação da etnografia, tendo uma abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. As fontes foram diversificadas; utilizei documentos escritos, orais e iconográficos, alguns já existentes e outros produzidos no processo de pesquisa. Paulo Freire e António Nóvoa são as principais referências teóricas neste estudo, na reflexão sobre a formação de professores. Pude constatar que o caminho para a autonomia e para que haja uma boa qualidade no sistema educacional de Timor, dentro de uma visão realista e plausível, pode ser longo, há muito trabalho a fazer, e isto depende de muitos aspectos para que possa se concretizar. Ações conjuntas do governo, sociedade e organismos internacionais são extremamente necessárias, principalmente para o planejamento de uma política séria, significativa e contextualizada que servirá de base para o que se tornará a educação do país.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:34:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-12-17. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:48:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000830338.pdf: 4524470 bytes, checksum: 82c20d1228958f6669737ac23302b790 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O ponto de partida desta tese foi sublinhar os enormes desafios que Timor-Leste tem enfrentado em profissionalizar a juventude do país, tendo em vista a importância dessas iniciativas no desenvolvimento econômico e na construção de equidade territorial. A relevância capital dessas iniciativas nesse contexto relaciona-se à condição demográfica do pequeno país que tem uma população predominantemente jovem. Essa problemática coloca a necessidade de produzir alternativas para o seu desenvolvimento territorial, compreendendo devidamente o papel das iniciativas que estão sendo construídas localmente e da cooperação de atores sociais globais presentes no território com suas diferentes escalas de subsidiariedade e suas condicionalidades intrínsecas. O objetivo desta tese é analisar as políticas públicas para o aperfeiçoamento da juventude que estão implementadas em Timor-Leste, com enfoque no ensino técnico-vocacional, a partir das principais ações da Secretaria de Estado para a Política de Formação Profissional e Emprego e das suas redes de governança construída com os atores sociais presentes em Timor-Leste desde a sua independência. Nossa abordagem vincula-se à análise das dinâmicas territoriais e à forma como tem sido pensada a questão do desenvolvimento, a partir dos princípios da governança territorial, ou seja, da articulação entre o plano das políticas públicas e do ordenamento do território como vetores do desenvolvimento. A metodologia utilizada empregou técnicas estatísticas, sobreposição cartográfica, trabalho de campo, para realizar entrevistas com atores sociais, e posterior análise de conteúdo dos dados obtidos em campo. Ao final da tese, conclui-se que há uma sobreposição de agentes sociais em governança multinível em Timor-Leste e que profissionalizar a juventude do país contribui para o aperfeiçoamento da população jovem, constituindo-se como um fator de desenvolvimento... / The departure point of this thesis was to highlight the enormous challenges faced by Timor-Leste to professionalize the youth of the country, taking into account the importance of these initiatives for the economic development and the construction of territorial equity. The capital relevance of these initiatives in this context is related to the demographic condition of the small country that has predominantly a young population. This question points out to the need of the country to produce alternatives for the territorial development, with a comprehension of the role of local initiatives and of the international cooperation of global social actors, which are in the territory with its diverse subsidiary scales and its intrinsic conditionalities. The main objective of this thesis is to analyse the policies for the professional training of youth, which have been implemented in Timor- Leste, with a focus on the vocational education, looking at the main initiatives of the National Secretary for Professional Training and Employment of Timor-Leste and the network of governance of this institution with different social actors that have been in Timor-Leste since its independence. The approach presented here is connected with the analysis of territorial dynamics and the ways that the question of development is related to the question of territorial governance, this means to understand the articulation of public policies and of territorial organization as sources for development. The methodology of the research was based in statistical techniques, cartographic overlapping, fieldwork to make interviews with the local social actors and at the end the content analysis of the data gathered in the field. The conclusion of this investigation is that there is an overlapping of social actors in terms of multilevel governance in Timor-Leste and that the professional training of the youth for the country contributes to the improvement of the qualifications...

A Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) foi criada com o objetivo precípuo de assegurar e promover a paz mundial. Em mais de 60 anos de existência, a Organização ainda não logrou implementar a força militar permanente (ver artigo 47, parágrafo 3º da Carta da ONU) que seria a principal encarregada pela consecução desse objetivo por intermédio da coordenação da Comissão de Estado Maior. O fato de não ter constituído a referida força não significou a paralisação da ONU nos assuntos concernentes à paz. Demonstrando grande poder de adaptação, a Organização implementou as Missões de Paz, embora estas não existam oficialmente em seu estatutos. As missões de paz da ONU são a face mais visível do trabalho da Organização na promoção da paz mundial. Em 58 anos de existência, essas missões têm evoluído em quantidade e complexidade, exigindo, cada vez mais, recursos materiais e humanos. Em 1999, o estabelecimento da Missão de Paz no Timor Leste chamou a atenção da comunidade internacional por diversos motivos. Àquela época, a Instituição passava por uma crise de credibilidade provocada pela sua inação nos episódios inicias do Kosovo naquele mesmo ano. Não obstante, logrou desenvolver no Timor Leste a mais bem sucedida missão de paz jamais estabelecida em qualquer outra época de sua história. No Timor, a ONU assumiu todas as funções de governo a fim de ali desenvolver as bases necessárias ao nascimento de um Estado. Este estudo tem por finalidade fazer uma análise de todo esse processo, ressaltando a importância e o significado que essa missão teve no contexto das operações de paz das Nações Unidas. / The United Nations (UN) was created with the primary purpose of ensuring and promoting world peace. In over 60 years of existence, the Organization has not yet succeeded in implementing a permanent military force (see article 47, paragraph 3 of the UN Charter) that would be the main responsible for the attainment of this goal, acting under the coordination of the Military Staff Committee. The fact that the UN failed to constitute the aforesaid force does not mean it is inert when it comes to subjects concerning peace. Demonstrating a great power of adaptation, the Organization implemented the Peacekeeping Missions, although these do not officially exist in its statutes. The UN Peacekeeping Missions are the most visible face of the Organization’s work towards the promotion of world peace. In 58 years of existence, these missions have been evolving in quantity and complexity, increasingly demanding material and human resources. In 1999, the establishment of the Peacekeeping Mission in East Timor called the attention of the international community for a range of reasons. By that time, the Institution was undergoing a crisis of confidence due to its inaction in the early episodes of Kosovo that very year. Still, it managed to develop in East Timor the most successful peacekeeping mission ever established in its history. In Timor, the UN also took over all the government functions in order to develop there the necessary bases for the birth of a State. This study aims at analyzing this whole process, stressing the importance and meaning that this mission had within the context of the UN peacekeeping operations.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Estudos Avançados Multidisciplinares, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Sociedade e Cooperação Internacional, 2015. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-12-06T15:15:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_JaimePereiraReis.pdf: 4998638 bytes, checksum: 06ba17b2636322c11437be1086c968a3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-12-19T10:49:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_JaimePereiraReis.pdf: 4998638 bytes, checksum: 06ba17b2636322c11437be1086c968a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-19T10:49:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_JaimePereiraReis.pdf: 4998638 bytes, checksum: 06ba17b2636322c11437be1086c968a3 (MD5) / O presente trabalho discute o Programa de Qualificação Docente e Ensino de Língua Portuguesa – PQLP. Este é um programa de cooperação bilateral desenvolvido pelo governo brasileiro em Timor-Leste, cuja principal finalidade é o apoio ao restabelecimento e desenvolvimento da língua portuguesa naquele país. Suas atividades têm como campo de ação a formação de professores timorenses. Como o programa tem suas atividades desenvolvidas no contexto de uma ação de cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento, o presente trabalho apresenta em sua fundamentação teórica discussões que objetivam revisar conceitos e definições relacionadas às interpretações acadêmicas existente sobre termos como cooperação SUL-SUL e Cooperação Internacional para o Desenvolvimento. A fundamentação teórica também apresenta, de forma sucinta, o percurso da língua portuguesa em Timor-Leste, iniciando essa abordagem a partir dos primeiros contatos com a civilização ocidental, através dos navegantes portugueses, até a total independência de Timor-Leste em 2002. Um percurso que possui implicação direta na solicitação timorense pela formulação e implantação do PQLP e a necessidade de sua continuidade, mesmo após 11 anos de sua primeira ação. A investigação aqui desenvolvida, um estudo de caso, utiliza o método de pesquisa documental para abordar o programa. A abordagem se inicia com o primeiro edital, referenciado como 01/2004, e se encerra com o edital 76/2013, o mesmo que ainda é vigente na data de apresentação dos resultados desta pesquisa. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / This study discuss the Portuguese Language Teaching and Training Program - PQLP. This is a bilateral cooperation program developed by the Brazilian government in East Timor, whose main purpose is to support the restoration and development of the Portuguese language in the country. The main activities carried out by the program are based on the reintroduction and development of the Portuguese language in teaching practices and the training of Timorese teachers. Since the program has its activities developed in the context of international cooperation action for development, this study presents a literature review that supports the discussions and allow to understand the main concepts and definitions related to the existing academic concepts and interpretations of terms such as South-South cooperation and International Cooperation for development. The literature review also presents briefly, the path of the Portuguese language in East Timor since the first contacts with the Western civilization through the Portuguese navigators, until the complete independence of the country in 2002. This historical approach has direct implication in the Timorese request for the formulation and implementation of the program PQLP and the need for its continuity, even after 11 years of the first activities. The investigation here carried out is a case study that use the methods of documentary research to approach the program. The research documents begin with the first public call, referred to as 01/2004 and concludes with the public call, refered as 76/2013, which is still the current document to the date of presentation of the results for this research.