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This dissertation is an empirical investigation into the roles that different quantifiable and measurable perceptions play in defining individual behavior across a variety of decision-making contexts. In particular, the focus lies on smokers and the choices they make with regard to smoking and beyond. Chapter 1 analyzes a nationally representative sample of adults (23 years and older) in the United States, pertaining to the Annenberg Perception of Tobacco Risk Survey II (1999-2000). It is observed that three dimensions to smoking behavior viz., risk, temporality and addiction, interact to determine the smoking status of an individual. Although previous studies mostly looked into each of these dimensions in isolation, in this chapter, we empirically illustrate how perceptions on risk, time dimensions and addiction, jointly influence the smoking behavior of adults. Chapter 2 casts the smoker in the role of a parent and explores parental behavior towards the general health-risks facing their children. Using the dataset from a survey (2009), conducted in Orlando, Florida, on parents, having at least one child aged between 1 and 16 years, the chapter arrives at two findings relevant for policy: i) In each of the ‗smoker‘ and ‗non-smoker‘ parent categories, parents exhibit equal concern for themselves and their children, and ii) the level of concern shown by smoker-parents, towards health-risks faced by their children, is the same as that shown by their non-smoking counterparts. The analysis in this chapter also affirms the need to incorporate subjective risk assessment in willingness-to-pay (WTP) exercises to facilitate a deeper behavioral analysis of health risk valuation. Lastly, in Chapter 3, we focus on the issue of quantitative assessment of the perception of health risks from smoking. Particular interest lies in understanding how variants of a metric - namely, a survey question - have been employed in academic studies and industry-surveys, in order to measure smoking-related risk-perceptions. In the process of reviewing select tobacco-industry survey iv records, we analyze the implications of different features of this metric, (e.g., use of a ‗probe‘, the ‗Don‘t Know‘ option), and various interview modes (e.g. telephonic, face-to-face), for the estimates of perceived risk arrived at in these studies. The review makes clear that two aspects of health risks from smoking – the risk of contracting a smoking-related disease, as against the risk of prematurely dying from it conditional upon getting affected – have not been jointly explored so far. The dataset obtained from the Family Heart Disease and Prevention Survey (November 2010-March 2011), provides a unique opportunity to explore these two kinds of probabilities, particularly with regard to the risks of lung-cancer from smoking. Chapter 3 concludes by illustrating how individuals evaluate both these aspects of health-risks. While the probability of getting lung-cancer is found to be overestimated in conjunction with previous studies, the conditional probability of premature death is severely underestimated. Additionally, it is found that individuals‘ subjective assessments of either of these risk aspects predict smoking behavior in an identical manner. This calls into question the so-called ‗rationality‘ of smoking decisions with implications for policies designed for the control of tobacco consumption.

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No / Observational studies have shown that attentional bias for smoking-related cues is associated with increased craving and relapse. Laboratory experiments have shown that manipulating attentional bias may change craving. Interventions to reduce attentional bias could reduce relapse in smokers seeking to quit. We report a clinical trial of attentional retraining in treatment-seeking smokers. This was a double-blind randomised controlled trial that took place in UK smoking cessation clinics. Smokers interested in quitting were randomised to five weekly sessions of attentional retraining (N=60) or placebo training (N = 58) using a modified visual probe task from one week prior to quit day. Both groups received 21 mg nicotine patches (from quit day onwards) and behavioural support. Primary outcomes included change in attentional bias reaction times four weeks after quit day on the visual probe task and craving measured weekly using the Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale. Secondary outcomes were changes in withdrawal symptoms, time to first lapse and prolonged abstinence. No attentional bias towards smoking cues was found in the sample at baseline (mean difference = 3 ms, 95% CI = -2, 9). Post-training bias was not significantly lower in the retraining group compared with the placebo group (mean difference = -9 ms, 95% CI = -20, 2). There was no difference between groups in change in craving (p = 0.89) and prolonged abstinence at four weeks (risk ratio = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.70, 1.43). Taken with one other trial, there appears to be no effect from clinic-based attentional retraining using the visual probe task. Attentional retraining conducted out of clinic may prove more effective. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: UK Clinical Trials ISRCTN 54375405.

The social norms concept provides a fresh basis for thinking about how public health policies and campaigns impact health behaviour. Social norms offer much promise to the field of public health, nonetheless, the potential role of norms in changing health behaviour have not been fully embraced. This thesis demonstrates that one of the mechanisms by which national level policies (e.g. tobacco control) can promote health behaviour change, such as an increase in quit intentions, is by making smoking less normative and an undesirable behaviour. This study is vital as it provides a broad conceptualization of tobacco denormalisation and shows how its reasoning is able to influence normative beliefs and smoking behaviour. A review of literature was carried out to establish the generic origins of denormalisation as well as demonstrate that this approach (i.e. social norms) has been widely adopted in schools and college settings to influence health behaviour. As a broader perspective of this thinking was imperative to address public health issues at a societal level, tobacco control was employed to investigate how individual polices influence behaviour and normative beliefs. The research methodology used was pluralistic in nature, given that the majority of past tobacco control policy studies employed either quantitative or qualitative methods. Thus adopting both methods a richer amount of data would be obtained in order to generate an improved understanding of how public policy affects norms and smoking behaviour. To empirically examine the relationship between public policy, social norms and smoking behaviour a broad conceptualization was developed to investigate the normative pathways between national level tobacco policy effects on youth and adults’ smoking behaviour. Quantitative results from the longitudinal study, the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Scotland/UK survey, indicate that a comprehensive smoke-free law that covers, without exception, an entire nation (i.e. Scotland) has increased adult smokers’ perceived social unacceptability of smoking, to some extent higher in Scotland than rest of the UK which, in turn, is associated with quit intentions at follow-up, in both countries. The examination of data from the UK Youth Tobacco Policy Study (YTPS) also demonstrated that the influence of tobacco marketing awareness on adolescents’ smoking intentions is mediated by perceived norms. Prior to the enactment of the UK Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act (TAPA), higher levels of awareness of tobacco advertising and promotion were independently associated with higher levels of perceived sibling approval which, in turn, were positively related to smoking intentions. Independent paths from perceived smoking prevalence and benefits fully mediated the effects of advertising and promotion awareness on intentions, during and after the enactment of the TAPA. Results from the qualitative study generally supported the quantitative findings and provided new insights into how adolescents’ normative beliefs and smoking behaviour are influenced by tobacco control policies. The qualitative group discussion suggests that smoke-free legislation and anti-smoking ads influence perceptions of prevalence, acceptability and smoking behaviour. A number of theoretical implications were presented, including the belief that social norms campaigns and interventions must be focal and salient in individuals’ consciousness so as to effect the desired behaviour change. A theoretical framework of the various normative mechanisms should consequently be integrated into tobacco control policies and norm-based interventions to work in a synergistic manner to influence health-related behaviour. Practical implications of this conceptualization include the view that, instead of public health interventions focusing on conventional approaches (for example, scare tactics), an appropriate strategy would be to incorporate specific information that corrects normative misperceptions and ambiguities among referent populations at individual and societal levels, with consequential normative and health behaviour change. It is recommended that future research employing tobacco industry perceptions and possibly a descriptive norm as additional normative mediators, aside from unacceptability, would be of value to examine whether smoke-free legislation influences quitting partly via changing favourable tobacco industry perceptions, social acceptability of smoking and perceived prevalence of smoking. To sum up, the findings demonstrate that societal level policy measures such as smoke-free legislation and the TAPA are critical elements of a comprehensive tobacco control program that can significantly influence adult smokers’ quit intentions and reduce adolescents’ smoking intentions respectively, by signifying smoking to be less normative and to be socially unacceptable.

Using the stress process model, the relationship between pregnancy and depressive symptoms among adolescent girls was investigated. This model posits that stress resulting from social location and related disruptive life events may indirectly affect health by eroding coping, mastery, or social support mechanisms. The effect of low income, minority status and pregnancy on coping processes in adolescent girls was hypothesized and tested. Communication with parents, involvement in activities, and success in school were examined as positive coping strategies. Smoking tobacco, heavy alcohol use, and drug use were examined as negative coping. Data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health were analyzed. After combining the available cases from the 2006, 2007, and 2008 datasets, selecting girls aged from 12 to 17 years, and removing missing cases; the sample consisted of a total of 22,854 adolescents. A series of binary logistic regression models were estimated. Findings included that coping strategies partially mediate the relationship between pregnancy and depressive symptoms. In particular, success in school, smoking tobacco, and drug abuse played a mediating role. When coping was accounted for, the relationship between pregnancy and depressive symptoms was reduced and became only marginally significant. Implications of the study include a focus on policy that promotes early intervention assisting at-risk adolescents with the development of coping strategies that may help them adjust to unexpected life events, such as pregnancy.

A Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) é caracterizada por limitação de troca gasosa e considerada uma doença progressiva, não reversível e associada a uma resposta inflamatória anormal dos pulmões a partículas e gases nocivos, e com implicações extrapulmonares. A fumaça de cigarro (FC) é a principal causa, uma vez que 80% dos casos de DPOC estão associados ao tabagismo. A poluição atmosférica também é considerada um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento, aceleração, exacerbação e mortalidade na DPOC. Além disso, o material particulado resultante da queima do diesel (do inglês,Diesel Exhaust Particle - DEP) é a principal fonte de poluição atmosférica relacionado ao tráfego de veículos. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado efeitos nocivos da fumaça de cigarro e da poluição atmosférica para saúde humana, no entanto, poucos se referem à associação desses dois fatores. Considerando que um fumante em área urbana submete-se cotidianamente aos dois fatores exógenos simultaneamente, avaliamos os efeitos da associação da FC e do DEP proveniente de motores movidos a diesel na cidade de São Paulo, no desenvolvimento do enfisema pulmonar, durante 1, 3 e 6 meses de exposição. Os camundongos foram divididos em quinze grupos: controle (C); veículo (V) (NaCl 0,9%); DEP (30?g DEP em 10?L NaCl 0,9%/dia, 5 dias/semana); FC (expostos à FC 30 min/dia, 5 dias/semana); e FC+DEP. Avaliamos a mecânica respiratória; células inflamatórias no lavado broncoalveolar (LBA); intercepto linear médio (Lm) e morfometria e remodelamento: edema peribroncovascular, MMP-12, Mac-2, elastina e colágeno III. Houve um aumento significativo na resistência das vias aéreas em FC e FC+DEP, comparado ao V e DEP em 6 meses. Observamos aumento do Lm após 6 meses nos grupos FC, DEP e FC+DEP, comparado ao V. O número total de células no LBA e os macrófagos aumentaram após 3 meses de exposição à FC, e após 6 meses à FC ou DEP. No entanto, houve diminuição de células totais em FC+DEP, após 6 meses de exposição, comparado ao V. As células polimorfonucleares nas vias aéreas aumentaram após 3 e 6 meses, principalmente em DEP e FC+DEP. O edema peribroncovascular aumentou no grupo FC+DEP após 1 mês de exposição, em FC e DEP após 3 meses e em FC e FC+DEP após 6 meses. As proporções de elastina aumentaram nos grupos FC, DEP e FC+DEP; de colágeno III somente em FC+DEP; e a densidade de células MMP-12 positivas em FC, DEP e FC+DEP, e Mac-2 em DEP, todos após 6 meses de exposição. Portanto, a instalação da DPOC, com alargamento dos espaços alveolares, ocorreu após 6 meses de exposição independentemente das partículas exógenas inaladas. No entanto, não detectamos piora do enfisema quando os animais receberam inalação de ambos: FC+DEP. A análise do perfil celular mostrou aumento nas células inflamatórias após a exposição de FC ou DEP, por diferentes vias, enquanto a interação de FC+DEP mostrou um efeito aditivo, atenuando o processo inflamatório após os 6 meses de exposição, apesar de sua intensa atuação no remodelamento tecidual. Nosso trabalho corrobora para esclarecimentos dos efeitos aditivos da interação entre FC e DEP, mimetizando um fumante exposto à poluição atmosférica urbana. O esclarecimento sobre essa complexa interação ainda se faz necessário e é um vasto campo de pesquisa em doenças pulmonares / Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by limitation of gas exchange and is considered a non-reversible, progressive disease and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to particles and harmful gases, with extrapulmonary symptoms. Cigarette smoke (CS) is the major cause, since 80% of COPD cases are associated with smoke. Also, the air pollution is considered a risk factor in the development, acceleration, exacerbation and mortality of COPD. Moreover, diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are a major source of traffic-related air pollution. Many studies have demonstrated the damaging effects of CS and air pollution on human health; however, few have related the association between the two factors. Considering a smoker in an urban area undergoes daily to this two exogenous agents simultaneously, we evaluated the effects of CS associated to DEP, from diesel-powered engines in the São Paulo city, on emphysema development at 1, 3 and 6 months. Mice were divided into fifteen groups: control (C); vehicle (V) (NaCl 0.9%); DEP (30?g DEP in 10ul NaCl 0.9%/day, 5 days/wk); CS (exposed to CS, 30 minutes/day, 5 days/wk); and CS+DEP. We evaluated respiratory mechanics; inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); mean linear intercept (Lm) and morphometry and remodeling: peribronchovascular edema, MMP-12, Mac-2, elastin and collagen-III. There was a significant increase in airway resistance in CS and CS+DEP compared to group V and DEP at 6 mo. We observed an increase in Lm after 6 mo in the CS, DEP and CS+DEP groups compared to group V. The total number of cells in BALF and macrophage showed an increase at 3 mo of CS exposure and at 6 mo of CS or DEP exposure. However, there was a decrease of the number of total cells at 6 mo in CS+DEP compared to V. Polimorphonuclear cells in airways were increased after 3 and 6 months mainly in the DEP and CS+DEP groups. Peribronchovascular edema was increased in the CS+DEP group after 1 mo, CS and DEP groups after 3 mo and CS and CS+DEP groups after 6 mo. Elastin, increased for the CS, DEP and CS+DEP groups and collagen III only for the CS+DEP group; and the density of MMP-12 positive cells in CS, DEP and CS+DEP, and Mac-2 in DEP, all after 6 months of exposure.Therefore, the onset of COPD, with enlargement of alveolar spaces, occurs after 6 mo of exposure independent of which exogenous particles were inhaled. However, we did not show an impairment in emphysema when animals received both CS+DEP inhalation. Analysis of cell profiles showed an increase in inflammatory cells after CS or DEP exposure, but on different pathways, while interaction of CS+DEP showed an additive effect that attenuated the inflammatory process after 6 mo and that intensively acted on remodeling mechanisms. Our study supports the additives effects of the interaction between CS and DEP, mimicking a smoker exposed to urban air pollution. And reaffirms that this complex interaction still demand more clarification and it is a great field of research in lung disease

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea.pdf: 1279654 bytes, checksum: a0de2590f9818f5e6c9492531bfd610b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Tobacco use may be considered a global epidemic and has a great impact on health as well as social, economic and sanitarian consequences. Besides the damage to smoker s health, second hand smoke is very critical to collective health and environment. It is the third leading preventable cause of death in the world. Tobacco control is a public health issue and has been the target of an international framework convention. Among tobacco control policies in Brazil, the 9294/96 law that forbids smoking indoors was chosen to be the purpose of this study. This law is not widely accepted by entertainment establishments (restaurants, bars, fast-food places, cafes, disco houses). Implied is the need to better understand owners and managers rationale concerning to this political issue. In fact, it is important to identify the factors that may influence their decision to adopt this law. For this, an exploratory study was conducted in two phases: a qualitative phase with 11 face-to-face interviews in which the content analysis generated a questionnaire answered by 60 participants in the quantitative phase. To guarantee validity, a panel of 8 experts analyzed the instrument and it was retested by a sub sample of 30 participants. Statistical tests performed showed that 73,3% of participants do not favor the law mentioned above, and that there is no significant difference of opinion among all the segments investigated. Data showed that both political and social factors play a relevant role in this matter. Both variables can not be analyzed apart from each other, as SANDOVAL (2001) and AIRHIHENBUWA (1995) had defended in their theoretical models (political conscientiousness and PEN- 3, respectively). Based on these models, some arguments identified were the law is not enforced, government initiatives are culturally discredited, competition between establishments is great, and owners and managers fear that they would lose business. There is inter- and intra-group favoritism that leads establishments to accept smokers behavior. Data suggests that tobacco control policies for these places must be revisited / O tabagismo é uma epidemia global que provoca danos sérios à saúde, com conseqüências sociais, econômicas e sanitárias. Além dos malefícios que causa à saúde do próprio fumante, a fumaça exalada pelo consumo dos derivados do tabaco também é prejudicial à saúde coletiva e ao meio ambiente. A Poluição Tabágica Ambiental é a terceira maior causa de morte evitável no mundo. Trata-se de uma questão de saúde pública que ganhou notória ênfase nas últimas décadas, dando origem ao primeiro tratado mundial de saúde pública, que fixa padrões internacionais para o controle do tabaco. Entre as políticas no Brasil, destacou-se, para fins do presente estudo, a Lei n.º 9.294/96, que proíbe fumar em ambientes fechados. Essa lei não chega a ser amplamente adotada pelos estabelecimentos do ramo do entretenimento (restaurante, bar, lanchonete, danceteria, café, shopping center), o que pode ser considerado como um fenômeno político e reforça a necessidade de se entender que fatores compõem a lógica dos seus proprietários e gerentes. Para tanto, uma pesquisa exploratória foi conduzida em duas etapas: uma qualitativa, com 11 entrevistas face a face, cuja análise do seu conteúdo gerou um questionário, aplicado a 60 participantes na fase quantitativa. Para validação desse instrumento, foi feita uma avaliação por 8 profissionais de diferentes áreas de atuação e a sua reaplicação com uma subamostra de 30 participantes. Os testes estatísticos revelaram que 73,3% dos pesquisados não adotam a lei e que não existem divergências de opinião significativas entre os diversos segmentos investigados. Além disso, os dados apontam uma inter-relação de fatores políticos e sociais como pano de fundo da decisão de se adotar ou não a lei em questão. Ficou claro que essas variáveis não podem ser analisadas isoladamente, corroborando o pressuposto pelos modelos teóricos utilizados para explicar esse fenômeno, isto é, o modelo de consciência política (SANDOVAL, 2001) e o PEN-3 (AIRHIHENBUWA, 1995). Com base nesses modelos, alguns argumentos foram identificados: a lei não é regulamentada; as ações do governo estão ou são culturalmente desacreditadas; a concorrência com outros estabelecimentos do mesmo ramo é grande e seus administradores temem perder a clientela; existe um favorecimento inter e intragrupal que leva os estabelecimentos à conivência com o comportamento dos fumantes. Os resultados sugerem que as políticas de controle do tabaco para essas empresas carecem de adequação

As dificuldades encontradas durante a cessação do tabagismo estão entre os fatores que contribuem para a manutenção das altas taxas de prevalência, pois a dificuldade em lidar com sintomas de abstinência pode levar os fumantes a desistir das tentativas de cessação. Por isso, é importante que o fumante seja acompanhado durante este processo, sendo o enfermeiro um profissional com conhecimentos e habilidades para desenvolver estratégias de orientação a esse paciente. Devido à complexidade do processo de cessação do tabagismo, torna-se relevante avaliar continuamente o paciente com instrumentos fidedignos. Nesse sentido, a Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) pode se tornar uma proposta viável para avaliar e identificar as melhores práticas de cuidado. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a aplicação de resultados de enfermagem (RE) da NOC na avaliação de pacientes em processo de cessação do tabagismo. Trata-se de estudo conduzido em hospital universitário do sul do Brasil, entre outubro de 2014 e novembro de 2015, composto por duas etapas metodológicas distintas. Primeiramente, os pesquisadores selecionaram dois RE diretamente relacionados ao tabagismo, após realizou-se consenso entre oito enfermeiros especialistas para a definição dos indicadores de RE da NOC a serem aplicados no estudo. Nessa etapa, também foram elaboradas definições operacionais para os indicadores selecionados, considerando a magnitude das escalas Likert de cinco pontos. A segunda etapa constituiu-se de um estudo de coorte prospectivo observacional, com os seguintes critérios de inclusão: estar em processo de cessação do tabagismo, iniciar acompanhamento no grupo de cessação coordenado pelo enfermeiro do ambulatório do tabagismo. Nessa etapa, os pacientes foram avaliados nos seis encontros do grupo de cessação por um instrumento contendo informações sociodemográficas, clínicas e os RE e indicadores selecionados com as respectivas definições operacionais. O consenso resultou na seleção de 20 indicadores de dois RE: Comportamento de Cessação de Fumar (1625) com nove indicadores e Gravidade da retirada da substância (2108) com 11 indicadores. Vinte e um pacientes foram avaliados, com média de idade igual a 56±11 anos, maioria de cor branca, sexo feminino, ensino fundamental incompleto e residindo com a família. Houve maior prevalência de doenças cardiovasculares (47%), seguido de comorbidades respiratórias e psiquiátricas. A média do tempo de fumo foi de 37±10 anos e a mediana do número de cigarros fumados igual a 20. A grande maioria dos pacientes já havia tentado parar de fumar pelo menos uma vez e 38% haviam participado anteriormente do grupo de cessação. A média da pontuação do teste de Fargeström foi igual a 7±2 pontos. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no resultado Comportamento de Cessação de Fumar (1625) e em seis indicadores. O resultado Gravidade da retirada da substância (2108) não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa, no entanto, houve diferença em sete indicadores. Concluiu-se que os resultados e indicadores selecionados demonstraram a evolução clínica dos pacientes em acompanhamento para cessação do tabagismo. Portanto, essa seleção se faz necessária para viabilizar sua aplicação e se obter uma avaliação fidedigna da efetividade das intervenções de enfermagem a esses pacientes. / The difficulties encountered during smoking cessation are among the factors that contribute to the maintenance of high prevalence rates, for the difficulty in dealing with withdrawal symptoms can lead smokers to give up the cessation attempts. So, it is important that the smoker is accompanied during this process, and the nurse a professional with knowledge and skills to develop guidance strategies for this patient. Due to the complexity of smoking cessation process, it is important to continuously evaluate the patient with reliable instruments. Accordingly, the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) may become a viable proposal to evaluate and identify the best practices of care. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the application of nursing outcomes of NOC in the evaluation of patients in smoking cessation process. This study was conducted in a university hospital in southern Brazil, between October 2014 and November 2015, composed of two distinct methodological steps. Firstly, the researchers selected two nursing outcomes directly related to smoking, after a consensus study among eight specialist nurses was held to define the NOC indicators to be applied in the study. At this stage, operational definitions for the selected indicators were also developed, considering the magnitude of the five point Likert scale. The second stage consists of a observational prospective cohort study with the following inclusion criteria: being in smoking cessation process, start attending the cessation group coordinated by smoking outpatient clinic nurse. At this step, patients were evaluated in the six cessation group meetings by an instrument containing sociodemographic and clinical information and the outcomes and indicators selected with its operational definitions. The consensus resulted in the selection of 20 indicators of two nursing outcomes: Smoking Cessation Behavior (1625) with nine indicators and Substance Withdrawal Severity (2108) with 11 indicators. Twenty one patients were evaluated, with a mean age equal to 56±11 years, most white, female, with incomplete primary education and living with family. There was a higher prevalence in cardiovascular disease (47%), followed by respiratory and psychiatric comorbidities. The average smoking time was 37±10 years and the median number of smoked cigarettes equal to 20. The vast majority of patients had already tried to quit smoking at least once and 38% had previously participated in the cessation group. The average Fargeström test score was equal to 7±2 points. There was a statistically significant difference in outcome Smoking Cessation Behavior (1625) and six indicators. The outcome Substance Withdrawal Severity (2108) showed no statistically significant difference, however, there were differences in seven indicators. It is concluded that the outcomes and selected indicators demonstrate the clinical progression of patients who attended smoking cessation group. Therefore, this selection is necessary, to make viable their application and obtain a reliable evaluation of the effectiveness of nursing interventions to these patients. / Las dificultades encontradas durante la cesación del tabaquismo están entre los factores que contribuyen al mantenimiento de las altas tasas de prevalencia, pues la dificultad en lidiar con los síntomas de abstinencia puede llevar a los fumadores a abandonar los intentos de cesación. Por eso es importante que el fumador sea acompañado durante este proceso, siendo el enfermero un profesional con conocimientos y habilidades para desarrollar estrategias de orientación a ese paciente. Debido a la complejidad del proceso de cesación del tabaquismo, es relevante evaluar continuamente el paciente con instrumentos confiables. En ese sentido, el Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) puede se convierte en una propuesta viable para evaluar e identificar las mejores prácticas de cuidado. Así, este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la aplicación de los resultados de enfermería (RE) del NOC en la evaluación de pacientes en proceso de cesación del tabaquismo. Se trata de un estudio realizado en un hospital universitario del sur del Brasil, entre octubre de 2014 y noviembre de 2015, compuesto por dos etapas metodológicas distintas. En primer lugar, los investigadores seleccionaron dos RE directamente relacionadas con el tabaquismo, después se realizó un consenso entre ocho enfermeros especialistas para la definición de los indicadores del RE a ser aplicados en el estudio. En primer lugar, los investigadores seleccionaron dos RE directamente relacionadas con el tabaquismo consenso después de efectuarse entre los ocho enfermeras especializadas para la definición de indicadores de RE NOC para ser aplicados en el estudio. En esta etapa, también fueron elaboradas definiciones operacionales para los indicadores seleccionados, considerando la magnitud de las escalas Likert de cinco puntos. La segunda etapa consistió de un estudio de cohorte prospectiva de observación con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: estar en proceso de cesación de tabaquismo, iniciar acompañamiento en el grupo de cesación coordinado por el enfermero del servicio ambulatorio de tabaquismo. En esta etapa, los pacientes fueron evaluados en los seis encuentros del grupo de cesación a través de un instrumento que contenía informaciones sociodemográficas y clínicas y los RE e indicadores seleccionados con sus respectivas definiciones operacionales. El consenso resultó en la selección de 20 indicadores de dos RE: Conducta de abandono del consumo de tabaco (1625) con nueve indicadores y Severidad de la retirada de sustancias (2108) con 11 indicadores. Veintiún pacientes fueron evaluados, con media de edad igual a 56±11 años, la mayoría blancos, sexo femenino, educación primaria incompleta y viviendo con la familia. Hubo mayor prevalencia en las enfermedades cardiovasculares (47%), seguido de comorbilidades respiratorias y psiquiátricas. La duración media de fumar fue de 37±10 años y la mediana del número de cigarrillos fumados igual a 20. La gran mayoría de los pacientes ya había intentado parar de fumar por lo menos una vez y el 38% habían participado anteriormente del grupo de cesación. La media de puntuación del test de Fargeström fue igual a 7±2 puntos. Hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el resultado Conducta de Abandono del Consumo de Tabaco (1625) y en seis indicadores. El resultado Severidad de la retirada de sustancias (2108) no presentó diferencia estadísticamente significativa, sin embargo, hubo diferencia en siete indicadores. Se concluye que los resultados e indicadores seleccionados demostraron la evolución clínica de los pacientes en acompañamiento para cesación de tabaquismo. Por lo tanto, esta selección se hace necesaria, para viabilizar su aplicación y obtener una evaluación confiable de la efectividad de las intervenciones de enfermería a esos pacientes.

As dificuldades encontradas durante a cessação do tabagismo estão entre os fatores que contribuem para a manutenção das altas taxas de prevalência, pois a dificuldade em lidar com sintomas de abstinência pode levar os fumantes a desistir das tentativas de cessação. Por isso, é importante que o fumante seja acompanhado durante este processo, sendo o enfermeiro um profissional com conhecimentos e habilidades para desenvolver estratégias de orientação a esse paciente. Devido à complexidade do processo de cessação do tabagismo, torna-se relevante avaliar continuamente o paciente com instrumentos fidedignos. Nesse sentido, a Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) pode se tornar uma proposta viável para avaliar e identificar as melhores práticas de cuidado. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a aplicação de resultados de enfermagem (RE) da NOC na avaliação de pacientes em processo de cessação do tabagismo. Trata-se de estudo conduzido em hospital universitário do sul do Brasil, entre outubro de 2014 e novembro de 2015, composto por duas etapas metodológicas distintas. Primeiramente, os pesquisadores selecionaram dois RE diretamente relacionados ao tabagismo, após realizou-se consenso entre oito enfermeiros especialistas para a definição dos indicadores de RE da NOC a serem aplicados no estudo. Nessa etapa, também foram elaboradas definições operacionais para os indicadores selecionados, considerando a magnitude das escalas Likert de cinco pontos. A segunda etapa constituiu-se de um estudo de coorte prospectivo observacional, com os seguintes critérios de inclusão: estar em processo de cessação do tabagismo, iniciar acompanhamento no grupo de cessação coordenado pelo enfermeiro do ambulatório do tabagismo. Nessa etapa, os pacientes foram avaliados nos seis encontros do grupo de cessação por um instrumento contendo informações sociodemográficas, clínicas e os RE e indicadores selecionados com as respectivas definições operacionais. O consenso resultou na seleção de 20 indicadores de dois RE: Comportamento de Cessação de Fumar (1625) com nove indicadores e Gravidade da retirada da substância (2108) com 11 indicadores. Vinte e um pacientes foram avaliados, com média de idade igual a 56±11 anos, maioria de cor branca, sexo feminino, ensino fundamental incompleto e residindo com a família. Houve maior prevalência de doenças cardiovasculares (47%), seguido de comorbidades respiratórias e psiquiátricas. A média do tempo de fumo foi de 37±10 anos e a mediana do número de cigarros fumados igual a 20. A grande maioria dos pacientes já havia tentado parar de fumar pelo menos uma vez e 38% haviam participado anteriormente do grupo de cessação. A média da pontuação do teste de Fargeström foi igual a 7±2 pontos. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no resultado Comportamento de Cessação de Fumar (1625) e em seis indicadores. O resultado Gravidade da retirada da substância (2108) não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa, no entanto, houve diferença em sete indicadores. Concluiu-se que os resultados e indicadores selecionados demonstraram a evolução clínica dos pacientes em acompanhamento para cessação do tabagismo. Portanto, essa seleção se faz necessária para viabilizar sua aplicação e se obter uma avaliação fidedigna da efetividade das intervenções de enfermagem a esses pacientes. / The difficulties encountered during smoking cessation are among the factors that contribute to the maintenance of high prevalence rates, for the difficulty in dealing with withdrawal symptoms can lead smokers to give up the cessation attempts. So, it is important that the smoker is accompanied during this process, and the nurse a professional with knowledge and skills to develop guidance strategies for this patient. Due to the complexity of smoking cessation process, it is important to continuously evaluate the patient with reliable instruments. Accordingly, the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) may become a viable proposal to evaluate and identify the best practices of care. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the application of nursing outcomes of NOC in the evaluation of patients in smoking cessation process. This study was conducted in a university hospital in southern Brazil, between October 2014 and November 2015, composed of two distinct methodological steps. Firstly, the researchers selected two nursing outcomes directly related to smoking, after a consensus study among eight specialist nurses was held to define the NOC indicators to be applied in the study. At this stage, operational definitions for the selected indicators were also developed, considering the magnitude of the five point Likert scale. The second stage consists of a observational prospective cohort study with the following inclusion criteria: being in smoking cessation process, start attending the cessation group coordinated by smoking outpatient clinic nurse. At this step, patients were evaluated in the six cessation group meetings by an instrument containing sociodemographic and clinical information and the outcomes and indicators selected with its operational definitions. The consensus resulted in the selection of 20 indicators of two nursing outcomes: Smoking Cessation Behavior (1625) with nine indicators and Substance Withdrawal Severity (2108) with 11 indicators. Twenty one patients were evaluated, with a mean age equal to 56±11 years, most white, female, with incomplete primary education and living with family. There was a higher prevalence in cardiovascular disease (47%), followed by respiratory and psychiatric comorbidities. The average smoking time was 37±10 years and the median number of smoked cigarettes equal to 20. The vast majority of patients had already tried to quit smoking at least once and 38% had previously participated in the cessation group. The average Fargeström test score was equal to 7±2 points. There was a statistically significant difference in outcome Smoking Cessation Behavior (1625) and six indicators. The outcome Substance Withdrawal Severity (2108) showed no statistically significant difference, however, there were differences in seven indicators. It is concluded that the outcomes and selected indicators demonstrate the clinical progression of patients who attended smoking cessation group. Therefore, this selection is necessary, to make viable their application and obtain a reliable evaluation of the effectiveness of nursing interventions to these patients. / Las dificultades encontradas durante la cesación del tabaquismo están entre los factores que contribuyen al mantenimiento de las altas tasas de prevalencia, pues la dificultad en lidiar con los síntomas de abstinencia puede llevar a los fumadores a abandonar los intentos de cesación. Por eso es importante que el fumador sea acompañado durante este proceso, siendo el enfermero un profesional con conocimientos y habilidades para desarrollar estrategias de orientación a ese paciente. Debido a la complejidad del proceso de cesación del tabaquismo, es relevante evaluar continuamente el paciente con instrumentos confiables. En ese sentido, el Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) puede se convierte en una propuesta viable para evaluar e identificar las mejores prácticas de cuidado. Así, este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la aplicación de los resultados de enfermería (RE) del NOC en la evaluación de pacientes en proceso de cesación del tabaquismo. Se trata de un estudio realizado en un hospital universitario del sur del Brasil, entre octubre de 2014 y noviembre de 2015, compuesto por dos etapas metodológicas distintas. En primer lugar, los investigadores seleccionaron dos RE directamente relacionadas con el tabaquismo, después se realizó un consenso entre ocho enfermeros especialistas para la definición de los indicadores del RE a ser aplicados en el estudio. En primer lugar, los investigadores seleccionaron dos RE directamente relacionadas con el tabaquismo consenso después de efectuarse entre los ocho enfermeras especializadas para la definición de indicadores de RE NOC para ser aplicados en el estudio. En esta etapa, también fueron elaboradas definiciones operacionales para los indicadores seleccionados, considerando la magnitud de las escalas Likert de cinco puntos. La segunda etapa consistió de un estudio de cohorte prospectiva de observación con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: estar en proceso de cesación de tabaquismo, iniciar acompañamiento en el grupo de cesación coordinado por el enfermero del servicio ambulatorio de tabaquismo. En esta etapa, los pacientes fueron evaluados en los seis encuentros del grupo de cesación a través de un instrumento que contenía informaciones sociodemográficas y clínicas y los RE e indicadores seleccionados con sus respectivas definiciones operacionales. El consenso resultó en la selección de 20 indicadores de dos RE: Conducta de abandono del consumo de tabaco (1625) con nueve indicadores y Severidad de la retirada de sustancias (2108) con 11 indicadores. Veintiún pacientes fueron evaluados, con media de edad igual a 56±11 años, la mayoría blancos, sexo femenino, educación primaria incompleta y viviendo con la familia. Hubo mayor prevalencia en las enfermedades cardiovasculares (47%), seguido de comorbilidades respiratorias y psiquiátricas. La duración media de fumar fue de 37±10 años y la mediana del número de cigarrillos fumados igual a 20. La gran mayoría de los pacientes ya había intentado parar de fumar por lo menos una vez y el 38% habían participado anteriormente del grupo de cesación. La media de puntuación del test de Fargeström fue igual a 7±2 puntos. Hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el resultado Conducta de Abandono del Consumo de Tabaco (1625) y en seis indicadores. El resultado Severidad de la retirada de sustancias (2108) no presentó diferencia estadísticamente significativa, sin embargo, hubo diferencia en siete indicadores. Se concluye que los resultados e indicadores seleccionados demostraron la evolución clínica de los pacientes en acompañamiento para cesación de tabaquismo. Por lo tanto, esta selección se hace necesaria, para viabilizar su aplicación y obtener una evaluación confiable de la efectividad de las intervenciones de enfermería a esos pacientes.