As dificuldades encontradas durante a cessação do tabagismo estão entre os fatores que contribuem para a manutenção das altas taxas de prevalência, pois a dificuldade em lidar com sintomas de abstinência pode levar os fumantes a desistir das tentativas de cessação. Por isso, é importante que o fumante seja acompanhado durante este processo, sendo o enfermeiro um profissional com conhecimentos e habilidades para desenvolver estratégias de orientação a esse paciente. Devido à complexidade do processo de cessação do tabagismo, torna-se relevante avaliar continuamente o paciente com instrumentos fidedignos. Nesse sentido, a Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) pode se tornar uma proposta viável para avaliar e identificar as melhores práticas de cuidado. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a aplicação de resultados de enfermagem (RE) da NOC na avaliação de pacientes em processo de cessação do tabagismo. Trata-se de estudo conduzido em hospital universitário do sul do Brasil, entre outubro de 2014 e novembro de 2015, composto por duas etapas metodológicas distintas. Primeiramente, os pesquisadores selecionaram dois RE diretamente relacionados ao tabagismo, após realizou-se consenso entre oito enfermeiros especialistas para a definição dos indicadores de RE da NOC a serem aplicados no estudo. Nessa etapa, também foram elaboradas definições operacionais para os indicadores selecionados, considerando a magnitude das escalas Likert de cinco pontos. A segunda etapa constituiu-se de um estudo de coorte prospectivo observacional, com os seguintes critérios de inclusão: estar em processo de cessação do tabagismo, iniciar acompanhamento no grupo de cessação coordenado pelo enfermeiro do ambulatório do tabagismo. Nessa etapa, os pacientes foram avaliados nos seis encontros do grupo de cessação por um instrumento contendo informações sociodemográficas, clínicas e os RE e indicadores selecionados com as respectivas definições operacionais. O consenso resultou na seleção de 20 indicadores de dois RE: Comportamento de Cessação de Fumar (1625) com nove indicadores e Gravidade da retirada da substância (2108) com 11 indicadores. Vinte e um pacientes foram avaliados, com média de idade igual a 56±11 anos, maioria de cor branca, sexo feminino, ensino fundamental incompleto e residindo com a família. Houve maior prevalência de doenças cardiovasculares (47%), seguido de comorbidades respiratórias e psiquiátricas. A média do tempo de fumo foi de 37±10 anos e a mediana do número de cigarros fumados igual a 20. A grande maioria dos pacientes já havia tentado parar de fumar pelo menos uma vez e 38% haviam participado anteriormente do grupo de cessação. A média da pontuação do teste de Fargeström foi igual a 7±2 pontos. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no resultado Comportamento de Cessação de Fumar (1625) e em seis indicadores. O resultado Gravidade da retirada da substância (2108) não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa, no entanto, houve diferença em sete indicadores. Concluiu-se que os resultados e indicadores selecionados demonstraram a evolução clínica dos pacientes em acompanhamento para cessação do tabagismo. Portanto, essa seleção se faz necessária para viabilizar sua aplicação e se obter uma avaliação fidedigna da efetividade das intervenções de enfermagem a esses pacientes. / The difficulties encountered during smoking cessation are among the factors that contribute to the maintenance of high prevalence rates, for the difficulty in dealing with withdrawal symptoms can lead smokers to give up the cessation attempts. So, it is important that the smoker is accompanied during this process, and the nurse a professional with knowledge and skills to develop guidance strategies for this patient. Due to the complexity of smoking cessation process, it is important to continuously evaluate the patient with reliable instruments. Accordingly, the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) may become a viable proposal to evaluate and identify the best practices of care. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the application of nursing outcomes of NOC in the evaluation of patients in smoking cessation process. This study was conducted in a university hospital in southern Brazil, between October 2014 and November 2015, composed of two distinct methodological steps. Firstly, the researchers selected two nursing outcomes directly related to smoking, after a consensus study among eight specialist nurses was held to define the NOC indicators to be applied in the study. At this stage, operational definitions for the selected indicators were also developed, considering the magnitude of the five point Likert scale. The second stage consists of a observational prospective cohort study with the following inclusion criteria: being in smoking cessation process, start attending the cessation group coordinated by smoking outpatient clinic nurse. At this step, patients were evaluated in the six cessation group meetings by an instrument containing sociodemographic and clinical information and the outcomes and indicators selected with its operational definitions. The consensus resulted in the selection of 20 indicators of two nursing outcomes: Smoking Cessation Behavior (1625) with nine indicators and Substance Withdrawal Severity (2108) with 11 indicators. Twenty one patients were evaluated, with a mean age equal to 56±11 years, most white, female, with incomplete primary education and living with family. There was a higher prevalence in cardiovascular disease (47%), followed by respiratory and psychiatric comorbidities. The average smoking time was 37±10 years and the median number of smoked cigarettes equal to 20. The vast majority of patients had already tried to quit smoking at least once and 38% had previously participated in the cessation group. The average Fargeström test score was equal to 7±2 points. There was a statistically significant difference in outcome Smoking Cessation Behavior (1625) and six indicators. The outcome Substance Withdrawal Severity (2108) showed no statistically significant difference, however, there were differences in seven indicators. It is concluded that the outcomes and selected indicators demonstrate the clinical progression of patients who attended smoking cessation group. Therefore, this selection is necessary, to make viable their application and obtain a reliable evaluation of the effectiveness of nursing interventions to these patients. / Las dificultades encontradas durante la cesación del tabaquismo están entre los factores que contribuyen al mantenimiento de las altas tasas de prevalencia, pues la dificultad en lidiar con los síntomas de abstinencia puede llevar a los fumadores a abandonar los intentos de cesación. Por eso es importante que el fumador sea acompañado durante este proceso, siendo el enfermero un profesional con conocimientos y habilidades para desarrollar estrategias de orientación a ese paciente. Debido a la complejidad del proceso de cesación del tabaquismo, es relevante evaluar continuamente el paciente con instrumentos confiables. En ese sentido, el Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) puede se convierte en una propuesta viable para evaluar e identificar las mejores prácticas de cuidado. Así, este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la aplicación de los resultados de enfermería (RE) del NOC en la evaluación de pacientes en proceso de cesación del tabaquismo. Se trata de un estudio realizado en un hospital universitario del sur del Brasil, entre octubre de 2014 y noviembre de 2015, compuesto por dos etapas metodológicas distintas. En primer lugar, los investigadores seleccionaron dos RE directamente relacionadas con el tabaquismo, después se realizó un consenso entre ocho enfermeros especialistas para la definición de los indicadores del RE a ser aplicados en el estudio. En primer lugar, los investigadores seleccionaron dos RE directamente relacionadas con el tabaquismo consenso después de efectuarse entre los ocho enfermeras especializadas para la definición de indicadores de RE NOC para ser aplicados en el estudio. En esta etapa, también fueron elaboradas definiciones operacionales para los indicadores seleccionados, considerando la magnitud de las escalas Likert de cinco puntos. La segunda etapa consistió de un estudio de cohorte prospectiva de observación con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: estar en proceso de cesación de tabaquismo, iniciar acompañamiento en el grupo de cesación coordinado por el enfermero del servicio ambulatorio de tabaquismo. En esta etapa, los pacientes fueron evaluados en los seis encuentros del grupo de cesación a través de un instrumento que contenía informaciones sociodemográficas y clínicas y los RE e indicadores seleccionados con sus respectivas definiciones operacionales. El consenso resultó en la selección de 20 indicadores de dos RE: Conducta de abandono del consumo de tabaco (1625) con nueve indicadores y Severidad de la retirada de sustancias (2108) con 11 indicadores. Veintiún pacientes fueron evaluados, con media de edad igual a 56±11 años, la mayoría blancos, sexo femenino, educación primaria incompleta y viviendo con la familia. Hubo mayor prevalencia en las enfermedades cardiovasculares (47%), seguido de comorbilidades respiratorias y psiquiátricas. La duración media de fumar fue de 37±10 años y la mediana del número de cigarrillos fumados igual a 20. La gran mayoría de los pacientes ya había intentado parar de fumar por lo menos una vez y el 38% habían participado anteriormente del grupo de cesación. La media de puntuación del test de Fargeström fue igual a 7±2 puntos. Hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el resultado Conducta de Abandono del Consumo de Tabaco (1625) y en seis indicadores. El resultado Severidad de la retirada de sustancias (2108) no presentó diferencia estadísticamente significativa, sin embargo, hubo diferencia en siete indicadores. Se concluye que los resultados e indicadores seleccionados demostraron la evolución clínica de los pacientes en acompañamiento para cesación de tabaquismo. Por lo tanto, esta selección se hace necesaria, para viabilizar su aplicación y obtener una evaluación confiable de la efectividad de las intervenciones de enfermería a esos pacientes.

A Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) é caracterizada por limitação de troca gasosa e considerada uma doença progressiva, não reversível e associada a uma resposta inflamatória anormal dos pulmões a partículas e gases nocivos, e com implicações extrapulmonares. A fumaça de cigarro (FC) é a principal causa, uma vez que 80% dos casos de DPOC estão associados ao tabagismo. A poluição atmosférica também é considerada um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento, aceleração, exacerbação e mortalidade na DPOC. Além disso, o material particulado resultante da queima do diesel (do inglês,Diesel Exhaust Particle - DEP) é a principal fonte de poluição atmosférica relacionado ao tráfego de veículos. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado efeitos nocivos da fumaça de cigarro e da poluição atmosférica para saúde humana, no entanto, poucos se referem à associação desses dois fatores. Considerando que um fumante em área urbana submete-se cotidianamente aos dois fatores exógenos simultaneamente, avaliamos os efeitos da associação da FC e do DEP proveniente de motores movidos a diesel na cidade de São Paulo, no desenvolvimento do enfisema pulmonar, durante 1, 3 e 6 meses de exposição. Os camundongos foram divididos em quinze grupos: controle (C); veículo (V) (NaCl 0,9%); DEP (30?g DEP em 10?L NaCl 0,9%/dia, 5 dias/semana); FC (expostos à FC 30 min/dia, 5 dias/semana); e FC+DEP. Avaliamos a mecânica respiratória; células inflamatórias no lavado broncoalveolar (LBA); intercepto linear médio (Lm) e morfometria e remodelamento: edema peribroncovascular, MMP-12, Mac-2, elastina e colágeno III. Houve um aumento significativo na resistência das vias aéreas em FC e FC+DEP, comparado ao V e DEP em 6 meses. Observamos aumento do Lm após 6 meses nos grupos FC, DEP e FC+DEP, comparado ao V. O número total de células no LBA e os macrófagos aumentaram após 3 meses de exposição à FC, e após 6 meses à FC ou DEP. No entanto, houve diminuição de células totais em FC+DEP, após 6 meses de exposição, comparado ao V. As células polimorfonucleares nas vias aéreas aumentaram após 3 e 6 meses, principalmente em DEP e FC+DEP. O edema peribroncovascular aumentou no grupo FC+DEP após 1 mês de exposição, em FC e DEP após 3 meses e em FC e FC+DEP após 6 meses. As proporções de elastina aumentaram nos grupos FC, DEP e FC+DEP; de colágeno III somente em FC+DEP; e a densidade de células MMP-12 positivas em FC, DEP e FC+DEP, e Mac-2 em DEP, todos após 6 meses de exposição. Portanto, a instalação da DPOC, com alargamento dos espaços alveolares, ocorreu após 6 meses de exposição independentemente das partículas exógenas inaladas. No entanto, não detectamos piora do enfisema quando os animais receberam inalação de ambos: FC+DEP. A análise do perfil celular mostrou aumento nas células inflamatórias após a exposição de FC ou DEP, por diferentes vias, enquanto a interação de FC+DEP mostrou um efeito aditivo, atenuando o processo inflamatório após os 6 meses de exposição, apesar de sua intensa atuação no remodelamento tecidual. Nosso trabalho corrobora para esclarecimentos dos efeitos aditivos da interação entre FC e DEP, mimetizando um fumante exposto à poluição atmosférica urbana. O esclarecimento sobre essa complexa interação ainda se faz necessário e é um vasto campo de pesquisa em doenças pulmonares / Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by limitation of gas exchange and is considered a non-reversible, progressive disease and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to particles and harmful gases, with extrapulmonary symptoms. Cigarette smoke (CS) is the major cause, since 80% of COPD cases are associated with smoke. Also, the air pollution is considered a risk factor in the development, acceleration, exacerbation and mortality of COPD. Moreover, diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are a major source of traffic-related air pollution. Many studies have demonstrated the damaging effects of CS and air pollution on human health; however, few have related the association between the two factors. Considering a smoker in an urban area undergoes daily to this two exogenous agents simultaneously, we evaluated the effects of CS associated to DEP, from diesel-powered engines in the São Paulo city, on emphysema development at 1, 3 and 6 months. Mice were divided into fifteen groups: control (C); vehicle (V) (NaCl 0.9%); DEP (30?g DEP in 10ul NaCl 0.9%/day, 5 days/wk); CS (exposed to CS, 30 minutes/day, 5 days/wk); and CS+DEP. We evaluated respiratory mechanics; inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); mean linear intercept (Lm) and morphometry and remodeling: peribronchovascular edema, MMP-12, Mac-2, elastin and collagen-III. There was a significant increase in airway resistance in CS and CS+DEP compared to group V and DEP at 6 mo. We observed an increase in Lm after 6 mo in the CS, DEP and CS+DEP groups compared to group V. The total number of cells in BALF and macrophage showed an increase at 3 mo of CS exposure and at 6 mo of CS or DEP exposure. However, there was a decrease of the number of total cells at 6 mo in CS+DEP compared to V. Polimorphonuclear cells in airways were increased after 3 and 6 months mainly in the DEP and CS+DEP groups. Peribronchovascular edema was increased in the CS+DEP group after 1 mo, CS and DEP groups after 3 mo and CS and CS+DEP groups after 6 mo. Elastin, increased for the CS, DEP and CS+DEP groups and collagen III only for the CS+DEP group; and the density of MMP-12 positive cells in CS, DEP and CS+DEP, and Mac-2 in DEP, all after 6 months of exposure.Therefore, the onset of COPD, with enlargement of alveolar spaces, occurs after 6 mo of exposure independent of which exogenous particles were inhaled. However, we did not show an impairment in emphysema when animals received both CS+DEP inhalation. Analysis of cell profiles showed an increase in inflammatory cells after CS or DEP exposure, but on different pathways, while interaction of CS+DEP showed an additive effect that attenuated the inflammatory process after 6 mo and that intensively acted on remodeling mechanisms. Our study supports the additives effects of the interaction between CS and DEP, mimicking a smoker exposed to urban air pollution. And reaffirms that this complex interaction still demand more clarification and it is a great field of research in lung disease

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-06T15:58:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 henriquepintogomide.pdf: 4886533 bytes, checksum: ebecd2fd03722fac5b23835abb7cf2d9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T13:29:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 henriquepintogomide.pdf: 4886533 bytes, checksum: ebecd2fd03722fac5b23835abb7cf2d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T13:29:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 henriquepintogomide.pdf: 4886533 bytes, checksum: ebecd2fd03722fac5b23835abb7cf2d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-10 / Intervenções para tabagismo mediadas por internet disponíveis em língua portuguesa não cobrem todos os conteúdos das diretrizes de tratamento do tabagismo. Não existem intervenções de código-aberto na internet, isto é, que divulgam todo o código-fonte para sua adaptação e replicação para outros contextos e populações. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever uma metologia de desenvolvimento e avaliar a intervenção para tabagismo mediada por internet de código-aberto - “Viva sem Tabaco”. O desenvolvimento aconteceu nas seguintes etapas:(1) desenvolvimento do protótipo, (2) realização de um grupo focal fumantes e correção do protótipo e (3) avaliação da cobertura, precisão e interatividade do conteúdo com base nos 12 componentes das diretrizes de tratamento para tabagismo, e (4) revisão do conteúdo. Com os resultados do grupo focal e na revisão teórica das diretrizes, o protótipo foi desenvolvido e corrigido. Após as correções, o protótipo foi avaliado pelos especialistas e corrigido. O conteúdo da intervenção foi avaliado por dois pesquisadores de forma independente, 9 dos 12 tópicos apresentaram cobertura considerada adequada e 3 com cobertura mínima. Quanto à precisão, 8 tópicos foram avaliados como corretos e 4 como maior parte correto. Dois dos 12 tópicos apresentaram interatividade. Após a avaliação, a intervenção foi corrigida. A versão final da intervenção desenvolvida apresentou convergência com as diretrizes de tratamento. Estudos devem ser conduzidos para avaliar a eficácia da intervenção. / Web-assisted tobacco interventions (WATI) in Portuguese do not cover the standard guidelines for smoking treament and lack content quality. Current web-assisted tobacco interventions are not open-source, which reduce the development speed in developing countries. The objective of this study was to describe a development methodology of a open-source WATI and evaluate its quality. The development comprised the following stages: (1) prototype development, (2) assessment of the prototype using focus groups, and (3) content coverage, accuracy and interactivity evaluation using as reference the guideline “Treating tobacco use and depedence - 2008 update”, and (4) final review. Based on the data from focus groups and content review, the initial prototype was redesigned. The content evaluation, performed independently by two specialists, showed that 9 of 12 components were well covered and 3 minimally covered. Eight of 12 components were classified as correct and 4 as mostly correct. Just two topics were considered interactive. Based on the evaluation, a final review was conducted in the intervention content. The developed intervention was compliant with tobacco treatment guidelines, providing an evidence based guide for smokers who seek help over the internet. Future studies should address the clinical efficacy of the developed intervention.

With the epidemiological transition, causes of death shifted from communicable to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and life expectancy increased, as these NCD deaths occurred later in life. However, in the United States, over the past years, life expectancy has been stagnating or decreasing despite decreasing NCD mortality rates. Analyses of the most important underlying causes of death with increasing premature mortality reveal that psychoactive substance use played a crucial role for these increases. Furthermore, it can be shown, that a high proportion of the increased premature mortality and decreased life expectancies happened in lower socio-economic strata. Substance use policies should thus focus on lowering the gap between substance-attributable mortality in higher versus lower socioeconomic strata.

Tobaksbruket hos ungdomar har minskat senaste tiden men är fortfarande på höga nivåer. Under tidiga tonåren sker oftast tobaksdebuten som ger indikationer på att det bör implementeras hälsofrämjande arbeten under skoltiden. Speciellt då ett tobaksbruk har såväl kortsiktiga- som långsiktiga skadliga effekter på såväl individens fysiska som psykiska mående. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om hälsoundervisning har gett några positiva effekter. Studien undersöker om hälsoundervisning kring tobak och tobaksbruk har en påverkan på tobaksbruk hos elever, samt om hälsoundervisning och tobaksbruket har en påverkan på elevernas psykiska välmående. Studien använde en kvantitativ metod som bestod av ett enkätutskick till elever tre år efter genomförd hälsoundervisning om tobak och tobaksbruk. De jämfördes sedan med en kontrollgrupp som inte erhållit samma hälsoundervisning. Resultatet gav indikationer på att hälsoundervisningen inte gett en effekt på antalet som börjar med ett tobaksbruk. Däremot har det gett effekt kring vad som brukas och vilken ålder tobaksdebuten inträffat. Studien fann inget samband mellan att hälsoundervisningen gav effekt på ungdomars psykiska välmående jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Hos de elever med ett tobaksbruk fann studien klara indikationer på att de upplever ett nedsatt psykiskt välmående. Studiens slutsatser indikerar att tobaken är en riskfaktor för psykisk ohälsa samt att hälsoundervisning har en påverkan på vad som brukas. Hos de som fått hälsoundervisning kring tobak och tobaksbruk kan en förskjutning i tobaksdebuten observeras. Däremot fanns inga belägg för att hälsoundervisning har en påverkan på ungas hälsa och välmående. / Tobacco use among adolescents has declined recently but is still at high levels. During the early teens, the onset of tobacco usually occurs, which gives indications that health-promoting work should be implemented in school. Especially when tobacco use has both short-term and long-term harmful effects on both the individual’s physical and mental health. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether health education has the desired effects. The study examines whether health education about tobacco and tobacco use has an impact on tobacco use among students in year nine, and whether health education and tobacco use has an impact on students’ mental wellbeing. The study uses a quantitative method that consisted of a questionnaire sent to students three years after receiving health education about tobacco and tobacco use. They were then compared with the control group which did not receive the same health education. The results gave no indication that health education influenced the amount that started tobacco use. However, it has influenced what is consumed and the age at which the tobacco debut occured. The study found no connection between that the health education influenced the adolescent’s mental wellbeing compared to the control group. The students that had acquired tobacco use, the study found clear indications that they had a decrease in mental wellbeing in both negative symptoms and the positive feeling that was observed. The study's conclusion indicates that tobacco use is a risk factor for mental illness, and that health education influences what is consumed. Among those students who have received health education about tobacco and tobacco use a shift in the onset of tobacco can be observed. However, there was no evidence that health education has an impact on adolescents' health and well-being.

Drug abuse is becoming an increasing problem in Kenya. A number of studies carried out in the country show that almost every Kenyan youngster at one time or another experiments with drugs, especially beer and cigarettes. The major cause of concern is that a significant proportion of these young people eventually get addicted posing a threat to their own health and safety, while creating difficulties for their families and the public at large into difficulties. This study sought to establish the current trend of drug abuse among students in Kenyan secondary schools, and to analyze the strategies used to address the problem. The ultimate aim was to propose a programme for prevention and intervention. The study is a descriptive survey. In view of this, the field survey method was adopted to collect quantitative and qualitative data, using questionnaires and interviews. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used in data analysis, thus there was a mixed model research design approach to data analysis. The analysis of structured items was mainly done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The key findings from the study were that drug abuse among students is common; both boys and girls have abused drugs with the majority being in boys‟ schools; the greatest ratio of drug abusers to non-abusers among the sampled schools are aged between 20 and 22 years; there is a significant relationship between drug abuse and age, use of drugs by other family members and easy access to drugs. A variety of factors contribute to drug abuse with the majority of students citing curiosity, acceptance by peers and ignorance as to the dangers of drug abuse as the main reasons. Both the school administrators and teachers face a number of challenges in an attempting to curb drug abuse in schools. The study makes a number of recommendations for policy and further research. A number of guidelines are proposed for developing a programme for prevention and intervention. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Socio-Education)

Drug abuse is becoming an increasing problem in Kenya. A number of studies carried out in the country show that almost every Kenyan youngster at one time or another experiments with drugs, especially beer and cigarettes. The major cause of concern is that a significant proportion of these young people eventually get addicted posing a threat to their own health and safety, while creating difficulties for their families and the public at large into difficulties. This study sought to establish the current trend of drug abuse among students in Kenyan secondary schools, and to analyze the strategies used to address the problem. The ultimate aim was to propose a programme for prevention and intervention. The study is a descriptive survey. In view of this, the field survey method was adopted to collect quantitative and qualitative data, using questionnaires and interviews. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used in data analysis, thus there was a mixed model research design approach to data analysis. The analysis of structured items was mainly done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The key findings from the study were that drug abuse among students is common; both boys and girls have abused drugs with the majority being in boys‟ schools; the greatest ratio of drug abusers to non-abusers among the sampled schools are aged between 20 and 22 years; there is a significant relationship between drug abuse and age, use of drugs by other family members and easy access to drugs. A variety of factors contribute to drug abuse with the majority of students citing curiosity, acceptance by peers and ignorance as to the dangers of drug abuse as the main reasons. Both the school administrators and teachers face a number of challenges in an attempting to curb drug abuse in schools. The study makes a number of recommendations for policy and further research. A number of guidelines are proposed for developing a programme for prevention and intervention. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Socio-Education)

Background: Lifestyle habits like tobacco use, hazardous use of alcohol, unhealthy eating habits and insufficient physical activity are risk factors for developing non-communicable diseases, which are the leading, global causes of death. Furthermore, ill health and chronic diseases are costly and put an increased burden on societies and health systems.  In order to address this situation, governmental bodies and organizations’ have encouraged healthcare providers to reorient the focus of healthcare and undertake effective interventions that support patients to engage in healthy lifestyle habits. In Sweden, national clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) on lifestyle interventions were released in 2011. However, the challenges of changing clinical practice and introducing guidelines are well documented, and health interventions face particular difficulties. The overall purpose of this thesis is to contribute towards a better understanding of the complexities of shifting primary health care to become more health oriented, and to explore the implementation environment and its effect on lifestyle intervention CPGs. The specific aims are to investigate how implementation challenges were addressed during the guideline development process (Study I), to investigate several dimensions of readiness for implementing lifestyle intervention guidelines, including aspects of the intervention and the intervention context (Study II), to explore the extent to which health care professionals are working with lifestyle interventions in primary health care, and to describe and develop a baseline measure of professional knowledge, attitudes and perceived organizational support for lifestyle interventions (Study III), and to assess the progress of implementing lifestyle interventions in primary care settings, as  well as investigate the uptake and usage of the CPGs in clinical practice (Study IV).   Methods and results: Interviews were conducted with national guideline-developers (n=7). They were aware of numerous implementation challenges, and applied strategies and ways to address them during the guideline development process. The strategies adhered to four themes: (a) broad agreements and consensus about scope and purpose, (b) systematic and active involvement of stakeholders, (c) formalized and structured development procedures, and (d) openness and transparent development procedures. At the same time, the CPGs for lifestyle interventions challenged the development-model at the National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW) because of their preventive and non-disease specific focus (I). A multiple case study was also conducted, using a mixed methods approach to gather data from key organizational individuals that were accountable for planning the implementation of CPGs (n=10), as well as health professionals and managers (n=340). Analysis of this data revealed that conditions for change were favorable in the two organizations that served as case studies, especially concerning change focus (health orientation) and the specific intervention (national guidelines on lifestyle interventions). Somewhat limited support was found for change and learning, and change format (national guidelines in general). Furthermore, factors in the outer context were found to influence the priority and timing of the intervention, as well as considerable inconsistencies across the professional groups (II). A cross-sectional study among physicians and nurses (n=315) in Swedish primary healthcare showed that healthcare professionals have a largely positive attitude and thorough overall knowledge of lifestyle intervention methods. However, both the level of knowledge and the involvement in patients’ lifestyle change, differed between professional groups. Organizational support like CPGs and the development of primary health care (PHC) collaborations with other stakeholders were identified as potential strategies for enhancing the implementation of lifestyle interventions in PHC (III). In addition to interviews and case studies, a longitudinal survey among health professionals (n=150; n=73) demonstrated that their use of methods to encourage patients to reduce or eliminate tobacco or alcohol use, had increased. The survey also indicated that nurses had increased the extent to which they addressed all four lifestyle habits. The progress of the implementation of CPGs on lifestyle interventions in PHC was somewhat limited, and important differences in physicians and nurses’ attitudes, as well as their use of the guidelines, were found (IV). Conclusions: Health orientation differs in many ways from more traditional fields in medicine. To strengthen the implementation of this very important (but not “urgent”) field in health care, it needs, first of all, to be prioritized at all levels! The results of the studies demonstrate relatively slow adoption of lifestyle intervention CPGs in clinical practice, and indicate room for improvement. The findings of this thesis can inform healthcare policy and research on further development of the health orientation perspective, as well as on the challenges of implementing CPGs on lifestyle interventions in primary care. In summary, this thesis presents important lessons learned regarding health orientation - from the development of CPGs in the field, via assessing healthcare organizations’ readiness to change and health professionals’ attitudes to methods to support patients with lifestyle changes. / Bakgrund: Levnadsvanor som tobaksbruk, riskbruk av alkohol, ohälsosamma matvanor och otillräcklig fysisk aktivitet är riskfaktorer för att utveckla kroniska sjukdomar, vilka orsakar de flesta dödsfallen i världen. Ohälsa och dess följdsjukdomar utmanar också samhällen och hälsosystem världen över p.g.a. de höga kostnader som de medför. För att förbättra situationen så försöker regeringar och organisationer förändra hälso- och sjukvårdens perspektiv till att fokusera mer på hälsa och att arbeta med effektiva interventioner för att förebygga och att förändra människors ohälsosamma vanor. År 2011 i Sverige, publicerades nationella kliniska riktlinjer för vårdens arbete med att förebygga sjukdom genom att stödja förändring av patienters ohälsosamma levnadsvanor. Det är dock välkänt hur svårt det är att förändra klinisk praxis och att introducera riktlinjer, och interventioner på området hälsa i sjukvården brottas med specifika utmaningar. Det övergripande syftet med den här avhandlingen har varit att bidra till en bättre förståelse av komplexiteten i att hälsoorientera primärvården, och att utforska förutsättningarna till att implementera kliniska riktlinjer för att stödja förändring av patienters levnadsvanor. De mer specifika syftena var: att (I) utforska hur implementeringsutmaningarna behandlades i utvecklingsprocessen av riktlinjerna ; att (II) undersöka dimensioner av beredskapen för förändring i primärvården för att implementera riktlinjerna om levnadsvanor inkluderande aspekter av interventionen själv samt kontexten ; att (III) utforska i vilken utsträckning hälsoprofessionerna arbetar med levnadsvanor i primärvården, och att beskriva deras kunskap, attityder och uppfattat organisatoriskt stöd för livsstilsinterventioner ; att (IV) i en två-årig uppföljning utvärdera utvecklingen av arbetet med levnadsvanor i primärvården, och användningen av de specifika nationella riktlinjerna för levnadsvanor. Metod och resultat: En intervjustudie med riktlinjeutvecklare på nationell nivå (n = 7) visade att många utmaningar för implementeringen av riktlinjerna identifierades och bemöttes under utvecklingsprocessen i fyra teman av strategier: breda överenskommelser och konsensus om inriktning och syfte, systematiskt och aktivt inkluderande av stakeholders, formaliserad och strukturerad utvecklingsprocess, öppenhet och insyn utvecklingsprocess. Samtidigt utmanade dock riktlinjerna om livsstilsinterventioner Socialstyrelsens utvecklingmodell p.g.a. deras förebyggande och icke sjukdomsspecifika fokus (I). En multipel fallstudie med nyckelpersoner ansvariga för implementeringen av riktlinjerna i sjukvårdsorganisationerna (n = 10) samt vårdpersonal och chefer (n = 340), visade på gynnsamma villkor för förändring i båda organisationerna rörande förändringsfokus (d.v.s. hälsoorientering) och den specifika interventionen (d.v.s. riktlinjer om metoder för att stödja förändring av ohälsosamma levnadsvanor). Stödet för förändring och lärande visade på något svagare resultat, likaså formen för förändringen d.v.s. nationella riktlinjer i allmänhet. Faktorer i den yttre kontexten visade sig kunna påverka prioritering av och optimalt val av tidpunkt för interventionen, likaså betydande skillnader i uppfattningar mellan yrkesgrupperna (II). En tvärsnittsstudie bland läkare och sjuksköterskor (n = 315) i primärvården visade att de har en positiv attityd och en god kunskapsnivå om metoder för livsstilsförändring. Både kunskapsnivå och i vilken utsträckning man arbetar med patienters livsstil skiljer sig mellan yrkesgrupper. Organisatoriskt stöd som nationella riktlinjer och utvecklandet av primärvårdens samarbete med intressenter i närområdet identifierades som viktigt för att förbättra arbetet med livsstil interventioner (III). En longitudinell undersökning bland vårdpersonal visade att användning av metoder för att förändra patientens vanor beträffande tobaksbruk och riskbruk av alkohol har ökat över tid, och att sjuksköterskorna arbetar i högre utsträckning med alla fyra levnadsvanorna än i tidigare. Implementeringen av de nationella riktlinjerna för levnadsvanor hade inte kommit så långt vid det andra mättillfället, och stora skillnader visade sig i hur läkare och sköterskor ser på riktlinjer och i vilken utsträckning de använder dem (IV). Slutsats: Hälsofrämjande och prevention skiljer sig på många sätt från mer traditionella fält inom medicinen. För att stärka implementeringen av det här viktiga (men ej akuta) fältet i hälso- och sjukvården, så måste det först av allt prioriteras på alla nivåer! Resultatet visar på ett svagt upptag av riktlinjerna för livsstilsinterventioner i klinisk praxis, och lämnar utrymme till förbättring. Aspekter av resultatet som presenteras i avhandlingen kan vägleda fortsatt utveckling och implementering av hälsoorientering och riktlinjer för livsstilsinterventioner inom primärvården, samt användas för att påverka policy, praxis och framtida forskning. Det gäller framför allt aspekter av utveckling av nationella riktlinjer på området; hälso- och sjukvårdsorganisationernas beredskap till förändring; hälsoprofessionernas attityder, kunskap och i vilken utsträckning de arbetar med livsstilsinterventioner och riktlinjer.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Drug addiction is a behavioral disorder characterized by impulsive behavior and continued intake of drug in the face of adverse consequences. Millions of people suffer the financial and social consequences of addiction, and yet many of the current therapies for addiction treatment have limited efficacy. Therefore, there is a critical need to characterize the neurobiological substrates of addiction in order to formulate better treatment options. In the first chapter, the striatal dopamine system is interrogated with [11C]raclopride PET to assess differences between chronic cannabis users and healthy controls. The results of this chapter indicate that chronic cannabis use is not associated with a reduction in striatal D2/D3 receptor availability, unlike many other drugs of abuse. Additionally, recent cannabis consumption in chronic users was negatively correlated with D2/D3 receptor availability. Chapter 2 describes a retrospective analysis in which striatal D2/D3 receptor availability is compared between three groups of alcohol-drinking and tobacco-smoking subjects: nontreatment-seeking alcoholic smokers, social-drinking smokers, and social-drinking non-smokers. Results showed that smokers had reduced D2/D3 receptor availability throughout the striatum, independent of drinking status. The results of the first two chapters suggest that some combustion product of marijuana and tobacco smoke may have an effect on striatal dopamine concentration. Furthermore, they serve to highlight the effectiveness of using baseline PET imaging to characterize dopamine dysfunction in addictions. The final chapter explores the use of [18F]fallypride PET in a proof-of-concept study to determine whether changes in cortical dopamine can be detected during a response inhibition task. We were able to detect several cortical regions of significant dopamine changes in response to the task, and the amount of change in three regions was significantly associated with task performance. Overall, the results of Chapter 3 validate the use of [18F]fallypride PET to detect cortical dopamine changes during a impulse control task. In summary, the results reported in the current document demonstrate the effectiveness of PET imaging as a tool for probing resting and activated dopamine systems in addiction. Future studies will expand on these results, and incorporate additional methods to further elucidate the neurobiology of addiction.

A quantitative, descriptive, explorative design was used to examine drug abuse among adolescents in Swaziland. The researcher collected data by interviewing adolescents who abused drugs in the Msunduza township, Mbabane, Swaziland. The study found that these adolescents abused alcohol to such an extent that they were often intoxicated and their schoolwork deteriorated. Only 21,7% (n=13) of the adolescents were addicted to illegal drugs. The respondents indicated that the use of drugs had negatively affected their relationships with other people and their lives in general, and they had been arrested for criminal offences, which could be contributed to their use of drugs. Peer group pressure and being accepted by their friends were the primary factors that contributed to the problem. However, the fact that more than half of the sample did not live with both their parents and had a poor relationship with their guardians could also be a factor. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)