La loi du 31 décembre 1975 sur l’autodétermination des Comores organise deux consultations à Mayotte pour demander aux Mahorais s’ils confirment le maintien de leur Île dans la France et la seconde les invitant à déterminer le statut de Mayotte. La loi du 24 décembre 1976 tire les conséquences de ce choix et crée une collectivité territoriale au statut provisoire sur le fondement de l'article 72 de la Constitution. La loi du 11 juillet 2001 qui réaffirme l’ancrage de Mayotte dans la République, martèle d’une part que celle-ci ne peut quitter la France sans le consentement des Mahorais et modifie d’autre part le statut sui generis pour établir celui de la Collectivité Départementale (CDM). Consultée le 29 mars 2009, les électeurs mahorais se prononcent largement pour ériger Mayotte en un département d’outre-mer avec les perspectives de sa rupéisation. Sur le plan institutionnel, Mayotte se retrouve à un moment décisif de son histoire puisqu’ au lendemain des lois du 7 décembre 2010 qui créent le statut de département, Mayotte affronte les défis de la départementalisation outre-mer dont les enjeux nécessitent une plus grande synergie entre pouvoirs publics et des Mahorais toujours vigilants à l’évolution de leur propre statut. Et cette transformation statutaire engendre une autre mutation subséquente du statut européen de PTOM vers celui de région ultrapériphérique de l’Union européenne à l’horizon 2014. Comment ce dogme va-t-il évoluer ? Tel est l’objet de la présente thèse. / The law of 31 December 1975 on self determination of Comores organises two consultations in Mayotte to ask its residents to declare maintenance in France and the second inviting mahorais to determine the status of Mayotte within the Republic. Mahorais confirm their donating and the law of 23 December 1976 create local authority to the provisional status on the basis of Article 72 of the constitution. The law of 11 July 2001 changes that status to establish « collectivité territoriale of Mayotte » by specifying the local system to enfoncement of laws and regulations by reducing the legal context of legislative specialty rule. This resolution is immediatly followed by a consultation of population of Mayotte the 29 March 2009 that must decide on the future of the island’s status. In the institutional plan, Mayotte find it self in a decisive moment from it hitory to next day of laws of 7 December 2010 that create the department status, Mayotte face to the overseas administration department’s challenges whose the aims need biggest collaboration between public powers and the Mahorais who are always vigilant to the evolution of their status. And this statutory transformation cause an other subsequent transfer of european status of PTOMVERS the one of an ultra-perpheral regional of the European Union in the horizon 2014. How does this dogma evolue ? That is the goal of this thesis.

Since the turn of the century Scottish drama has struggled to create drama distinct from England's. The four century dearth in playwriting is attributed to the antipathy of the Scottish Kirk holding sway in Scotland after King James moved his court to London in 1603. Inspired by Dublin's Abbey Theatre, the Scots' dream of a national theatre is traced through three major periods: Rebirth, Inter-war and Postwar. Analysis reveals organismic development where spurts of growth are followed by plateaus of consolidation. An early stage of Kailyard drama was followed by a return to the Scots dialect. Thus they created their own pseudo-indigenous drama. The national theatre torch first carried by the Glasgow Repertory Company in 1909 passed to the Scottish national Players in the 1920s before settling with the Citizens' Theatre in the 1940s. The Post-war Edinburgh Festival has acted like a pressure-cooker to drama. Two Scottish historical studies point to talented writers and theatrical craft in abundance. Nevertheless, first magnitude writers failed to emerge. Scholars identified major weaknesses as: writers poorly based in dramatic theory; bridging the gap between the parochial and universal; historical themes lacking cognizance of the present; and a reliance on derogatory comic stereotypes. This study of three recent Scottish plays, Chinchilla by David Robert MacDonald, Animal by Tom McGrath and The Jesuit, by Donald Campbell concludes that Scottish drama has overcome its weaknesses. It now passes the test of universality without loss of Scottish ethnicity. Dealing with man's relationship to art, his fellowman and God, all three proclaim their Celtic origins through the imaginative use of space, time and consciousness. The authors' sophisticated, poetic use of language indicates that Scottish drama has arrived at last on the threshold of maturity.

Depuis vingt ans, le discours des sciences exactes apparaît régulièrement sur la scène britannique : la mécanique quantique, les mathématiques du chaos, la thermodynamique et les sciences naturelles sont aujourd’hui des matériaux dramaturgiques courants. Cette étude définit l’esthétique particulière et le nouveau rapport entre théâtre et savoir produits par ce phénomène, à partir d’un corpus reflétant la diversité de la création contemporaine, des dramaturges Tom Stoppard, Michael Frayn, Timberlake Wertenbaker ou Caryl Churchill aux compagnies de théâtre Complicite et On Theatre. Le discours scientifique joue dans ce théâtre un rôle simultanément épistémologique et poétique, car ses formes y sont détournées et activées dans de nouveaux contextes. Il fournit des métaphores et des structures narratives à des dramaturgies incertaines, caractérisées par une esthétique postmoderne de la vérité multiple et de l’ouverture du sens. Ces transferts discursifs sont ici abordés selon les trois grandes modalités du rapport à la science ainsi construit : l’imitation d’un modèle rationnel, la critique d’un lieu de pouvoir, et l’importation des schèmes poétiques de l’imaginaire scientifique. / Over the past twenty years, the discourse of hard science has appeared increasingly frequently on the British stage: quantum mechanics, chaos mathematics, thermodynamics and the natural sciences have provided dramatic material for contemporary artists. This thesis defines the resulting aesthetic, and the new relationship between theatre and knowledge that can be found in the work of dramatists such as Tom Stoppard, Michael Frayn, Timberlake Wertenbaker or Caryl Churchill, and theatre companies such as Complicite and On Theatre. The function of this scientific discourse is both epistemological and poetic: its forms are activated in new contexts, and bring metaphors and narrative structures to a postmodern drama characterised by uncertainty and multiple truths. These discursive transfers are analysed according to the relationship they create with science, which can involve imitating it as a rational model, criticizing it an instrument of power, or importing the shapes and patterns of scientific imagination.

Understanding intentionality, i.e. coding the object directedness of agents towards objects, is a fundamental component of Theory of Mind abilities. Yet it is unclear how it is perceived and coded in different species. In this thesis, we present a series of comparative studies to explore human adults' and Capuchin monkeys' ability to infer intentional objects from actions. First we studied whether capuchin monkeys and adult humans infer a potential object from observing an object-directed action. With no direct information about the goal-object, neither species inferred the object from the action. However, when the object was revealed, the monkeys retrospectively encoded the directedness of the object-directed action; unexpectedly, in an adapted version of the task adult humans did not show a similar ability. We then adapted another paradigm, originally designed by Kovács et al (2010), to examine whether the two species implicitly register the intentional relation between an agent and an object. We manipulated an animated agent and the participants' belief about a ball's presence behind a hiding screen. We found no evidence showing that humans or monkeys coded object-directedness or belief. More importantly, we failed to replicate the original results from Kovács et al's study, and through a series of follow up studies, we questioned their conclusions regarding implicit ToM understanding. We suggested that, instead of implicit ToM, results like Kovacs et al's might be interpreted as driven by “sub-mentalizing” processes, as suggested by Heyes (2014). We conclude that so called ‘implicit ToM' may be based upon the computation of intentional relations between perceived agents and objects. But, these computations might present limitations, and some results attributed to implicit ToM may in fact reflect “sub-mentalizing” processes.

The humor of Mark Twain has long fascinated his readers. Critics such as Messent (2007), Budd (2005), Gerber (1988) and Camfield (2005) have all analyzed Mark Twain’s humor to reveal nuances and to help further the understanding of what makes Twain’s writing humorous. However, there is a distinct gap in the research so far conducted investigating Twain’s humor in relation to young readers, which this paper will begin to address. Twain’s novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (2007) poses a relevant subject for this research as Twain explicitly (in the preface to the novel) professes to write both for children and adults simultaneously. Writing in such a way can be categorized as either “double address” or “dual address”, understanding these terms according to the definitions of Barbara Wall (1991). In this paper I will argue that Mark Twain manages to create “dual address” in Tom Sawyer by using what Greg Camfield (2005) calls “amiable humor” and constructing scenes out of childhood in order to produce delight and nostalgia. By reading closely excerpts of the book and analyzing Twain’s specific use of humor through three prominent theories—superiority theory, relief theory and incongruity— it becomes possible to identify what the implied reader is meant to find humorous, and therefore if Twain manages to establish a “dual address”. An understanding of Twain’s humor from the perspective of both young and adult reader furthers our understanding of the novel by revealing Twain’s implementation of complex “dual address” narration and its implications.

This bachelor thesis evolves around the topic of art collectors as a phenomenon throughout different centuries. Ernest Thiel was a Swedish art collector at the turn of- and early 20th- century. Tom Böttiger is a contemporary art collector who acquired his first artwork during the 80’s. Both collectors are more like than alike, which points to and enforces certain common stereotypes as to whom could be a collector and what kinds of collectors exist. This thesis compares those two collectors from different times, from an art collectors perspective. The thesis concluded that collectors often bring upon themselves to act as patrons for the artists, both by promoting and purchasing their works, but also by aiding them financially.

As espécies selvagens relacionadas ao tomateiro desenvolveram-se em uma ampla gama de latitudes que compreende o sul do Equador ao norte do Chile, ocupando diferentes habitats e constituindo uma fonte de diversidade genética natural. Essa diversidade tem sido utilizada no melhoramento de tomateiro, sobretudo para introgressão de genes de resistência a patógenos e mais recentemente de genes afetando a qualidade dos frutos. Embora a variação genética natural tenha a relevância de algo que foi selecionado na natureza e que pode ter implicações evolutivas, ela ainda é pouco explorada em estudos básicos. Para o uso intensivo desse recurso é necessário lançar mão de cruzamentos e retrocruzamentos em larga escala entre as espécies selvagens e o tomateiro cultivado (Solanum lycopersicum). Para tanto, dispomos de uma cultivar miniatura de tomateiro, a cv Micro-Tom (MT), a qual pode crescer nas mesmas condições requeridas para a planta modelo Arabidopsis thaliana. Com o uso da cv MT, podemos explorar de forma adequada a variação genética natural das espécies selvagens de tomateiro, sendo que a identificação de alterações fenotípicas é muito mais evidente quando podemos visualizar a planta como um todo. Dessa forma, vários alelos ainda não conhecidos foram resgatados dessas espécies, os quais levam a fenótipos distintos daqueles encontrados nos parentais, tais como frutos cor rosa-salmão vindo de S. neorickii, frutos de superfície opaca vindo de S. chmielewskii e frutos de coloração verde escuro vindo de S. galapagense. Esse modelo parece ser de especial importância para isolar genes de efeito maior. Assim, isolamos um locus vindo de S. pimpinellifolium que aumenta o número de flores por inflorescência da cv MT de 7 para 11. Sendo o tomateiro uma planta cultivada, os alelos oriundos das espécies selvagens, além de úteis para estudos genéticos e fisiológicos, podem ser aproveitados em programas de pré-melhoramento. / Tomato wild species evolved in a wide range of latitudes, from the south of Ecuador to the north of Chile, which comprise different habitats and are a source of natural genetic variation. This diversity is commonly used in tomato breeding, especially for the introgression of genes for resistance to pathogens and, recently, for fruit quality. Although natural genetic variation usually has an adaptive significance, which means that it may have evolutionary implications, it is still poorly explored in basic research. For the intensive utilization of this resource, it is necessary to perform large scale crosses and backcrosses between wild species and cultivated tomato. Aiming to this purpose, we used the miniature tomato cultivar, cv Micro-Tom (MT), which can growth in the same minimum requirements of the Arabidopsis thaliana model. Using MT one can adequately explore the natural genetic variation of wild species with less time and space requirements. In addiction, phenotypical alterations are more evident in MT, since one can easily visualize the whole plant. Thus, alleles hitherto unknown were isolated from tomato wild related species, leading to distinct phenotypes, such as pink-salmon fruits from S. neorickii, opaque fruit surface from S. chmielewskii and dark green fruits from S. galapagense. The MT model seems to be particularly adequate for the isolation of major genes and QTLs of great effects. Thereby, we had isolated a S. pimpinellifolium locus that increases the number of flowers per inflorescence, from 7 to 11, in MT. Being the tomato a cultivated plant, the alleles obtained in the wild species, besides to be useful for genetic and physiological studies, can be used in pre-breeding programs.

Micorrizas arbusculares (MAs) são simbioses mutualistas formadas entre fungos do solo e a maioria das plantas terrestres, principalmente angiospermas. Esta simbiose pode trazer uma série de benefícios para o hospedeiro vegetal, como uma maior absorção de fosfato, um aumento na tolerância ao estresse abiótico e biótico, e resistência a agentes patogênicos, resultando numa melhor adaptação ao meio. É possível que hormônios vegetais estejam envolvidos em eventos de sinalização entre fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e plantas hospedeiras, durante os processos de colonização das raízes e de desenvolvimento dos arbúsculos. Recentes estudos têm demonstrado que durante o estabelecimento da simbiose, ocorre uma reprogramação da expressão de um grande número de genes, e que essas alterações na expressão gênica podem estar associadas a alterações dos níveis de hormônios nas plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de MAs em mutantes de tomateiro cv Micro-Tom (MT) insensível ao ácido jasmônico (jai1-1), superprodutor de etileno (epi) e duplo mutante epijai1 inoculados com Glomus clarum em condições de baixa concentração de fósforo no substrato, e a expressão de genes relacionadas à biossíntese do ácido jasmônico (AJ) (OPR3 e AOC) e do etileno (ET) (ACO4 e ACS2). O mutante jai1-1 não apresentou colonização intrarradicular e o acúmulo de transcritos tanto para a via de biossíntese do AJ como do ET foi relativamente menor do que o controle MT o que sugere a importância do AJ para o desenvolvimento da simbiose.O mutante epi e o duplo mutante apresentaram colonização intraradicular reduzida em relação ao controle MT. O acúmulo de transcritos dos genes da via do ET (ACO4 e ACS2) e do AJ (OPR3 e AOC) foi maior no mutante epi. A insensibilidade ao AJ presente no duplo mutante não impediu o acúmulo de transcritos para as vias de biossíntese do AJ e do ET, o que sugere uma relação sinérgica entre os hormônios vegetais no estabelecimento da simbiose. / Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses are formed between mutualistic soil fungi and most land plants, particularly angiosperms. This symbiosis can bring many benefits to the host plant, such as increased absorption of phosphate, an increase in tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress, and resistance to pathogens, resulting in better adaptation to the environment. Its possible that plant hormones are involved in signaling events between mycorrhizal fungi and host plants during the processes of colonization of roots and development of arbuscules. Recent studies have shown that during the establishment of symbiosis, there is a reprogramming of the expression of a large number of genes, and that these changes in gene expression may be associated with altered levels of hormones in plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development of MA in mutants of tomato cv Micro-Tom (MT) insensitive to jasmonic acid (jai1-1), ethylene overproducer (epi) and double mutant epijai1 inoculated with Glomus clarum under low phosphorus concentration in substrate, and the expression of genes related to biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) (and OPR3 AOC) and ethylene (ET) (ACO4 and ACS2). Jai1-1 mutant showed no intraradical colonization and the accumulation of transcripts for both the biosynthesis of JA and ET was less than the control MT suggesting the importance of JA for the development of epi and double mutant symbiosis. The mutant epi and the double mutant showed reduced intraradical colonization when compared to the control MT. The transcript accumulation of the ET (ACO4 and ACS2) and JA (OPR3 and AOC) genes was higher in the mutant epi. The insensitivity to the JA in this double mutant did not prevent the accumulation of transcripts for the biosynthetic pathways of JA and ET, suggesting a synergistic relationship between plant hormones for the establishment of symbiosis.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:54:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 344888.pdf: 733447 bytes, checksum: c43147b500a27e10b6ff59f973b1509e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-07 / O De regno ? um op?sculo, inacabado, que versa sobre o tema da monarquia. A import?ncia desse op?sculo ? devida ao fato da entrada da Pol?tica de Arist?teles no meio intelectual do Ocidente latino. Por isso, nele, o pensamento pol?tico de Tom?s de Aquino segue a via segura das teorias pol?ticas de Arist?teles. No entanto, o objetivo do Aquinate, ao retomar as teorias do Estagirita, ? solucionar os seus pr?prios problemas filos?fico-pol?ticos. A partir disso, apresenta-se o problema da autoridade no De regno, a qual, no governo de uma cidade ou reino, tem a finalidade de conservar a paz e agir de acordo com o bem comum. Apresenta-se, em seguida, a retomada da divis?o cl?ssica dos regimes de governo. Mesmo que a monarquia, dentre as v?rias formas de governo, seja o melhor regime, Tom?s manifesta a sua prefer?ncia pelo regime misto, para evitar o abuso de poder. Por fim, exp?e-se o problema da tirania. Acerca desse problema, a argumenta??o de Tom?s ocupa a maior parte do escrito. O seu intento ? comparar as desvantagens da tirania com os benef?cios da realeza. Em suma, mesmo retomando a via segura da Pol?tica de Arist?teles, n?o h? como negar que o pensamento pol?tico de Tom?s, no De regno, ? pr?prio de um te?logo e crist?o do s?culo XIII.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-15T12:50:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 438835.pdf: 1662597 bytes, checksum: ebb0ce0fe2ba2c31e0b7263a476e8214 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / The current Dissertation is a reflection upon Theology of Lord s daily life in St Thomas Aquinas. The research has, as a tool, the Summa Theologiae and the commandments of charity, written later, in the commandments. The theme discussesthe Lord s daily life in the context of the commandments, trying to understand the reflection of St Thomas Aquinas s Law (eternal, natural, human, old and new). This action leads to the Day of the Lord in the third commandment of Act of God, taking into consideration the biblical concept of the Exodus and Deuteronomy, making use of the theological elements of the ancient law and the new one given by Jesus Christ in the commandment of love to God and to the others. Thomas suggests sanctification as a central element of the Day of the Lord, which is a Day of Worship, in honor of God as well as end of the slave labor, in order to serve the Lord in community and celebrate His presence in Eucharist. / Esta Disserta??o, apresentada para o Mestrado em Teologia, ? uma reflex?o sobre a Teologia do Dia do Senhor em Santo Tom?s de Aquino. A pesquisa tem como fonte a Suma Teol?gica e o escrito tardio sobre os dois mandamentos da caridade dentro dos dez mandamentos. O tema ? abordado a partir do Dia do Senhor no contexto maior dos mandamentos, nele buscando conhecer a reflex?o da Lei em Tom?s (lei eterna, natural, humana, antiga e nova). Esta compreens?o remete ao Dia do Senhor dentro do terceiro mandamento da Lei de Deus, partindo da concep??o b?blica do ?xodo e do Deuteron?mio, resgatando os elementos teol?gicos da lei antiga e da lei nova, dada em Jesus Cristo pelo mandamento do amor a Deus e ao pr?ximo. Tom?s prop?e a santifica??o como elemento central do Dia do Senhor, dia do Culto, devido a Deus, e cessar o trabalho servil, para servir ao Senhor em comunidade e celebrar a sua presen?a na Eucaristia.