This thesis explores the variable behavior of bare nouns in Persian. Bare singular nouns realize different grammatical functions, including subject, object and indirect object. They receive different interpretations, including generic, definite and existential readings. However, the task of understanding the reasons for, and limits on, this variation cannot be achieved without understanding a number of pivotal features of Persian sentential architecture, including Information Structure, prosody, word order, and the functions of various morphological markers in Persian. After a brief introduction, chapters 2-3 deal with bare noun objects, firstly comparing them with nominals marked with indefinite morpheme -i suffixed to the noun, and the determiner yek. A bare noun object differs from morphologically marked nominals as it shows properties associated with noun incorporation in the literature (chapter 2). Of particular interest are the discourse properties of these ‘quasi-incorporated’ nominals. With respect to the discourse transparency of Incorporated Nominals, Persian belongs to the class of discourse opaque languages within Mithun’s classification (1984). However, under certain circumstances, Persian bare nouns show discourse transparency. These circumstances are examined in chapter 3, and it is proposed that bare nouns do introduce a number neutral discourse referent. There are no overt anaphoric expressions that could match such number-neutral antecedents in Persian. But covert anaphora lack number features, and hence can serve as means to pick up a number-neutral discourse referent. Also, in case world knowledge tells us that the number-neutral discourse referent is anchored to an atomic entity or to a collection, then an overt singular pronoun or an overt plural pronoun might fit the combined linguistic and conceptual requirements, and may be used to pick up the number-neutral discourse referent. This proposal is phrased within Discourse Representation Theory. In the second half of the dissertation, the interpretation of bare nouns in different positions and with different grammatical functions are discussed. Under the independently supported hypothesis of position>interpretation mapping developed by Diesing (1992), we will see the role of the suffix -ra in indicating that an object has been moved out of VP. Following Diesing, I assume that VP-internal variables are subject to an operation of Existential Closure. In many cases, VP-external –ra-marked objects have a different interpretation to their VP-internal, non-ra-marked, counterparts, because of escaping Existential Closure. For subjects, there is no morphological marking corresponding to –ra on objects, and we have to rely on prosody and word order to determine how a VP is interpreted using theories of the interaction of accent and syntactic structure. We assume that VP-internal subjects exist, under two independent but converging assumptions. The first is prosodic in nature: Subjects can be accented without being narrowly focused; theories of Persian prosody predict then that there is a maximal constituent that contains both the subject and the verb as its head. The second is semantic in nature: Bare nouns require an external existential closure operation to be interpreted existentially, and we have to assume existential closure over the VP for our analysis of the interpretation of objects. So, this existential closure would provide the necessary quantificational force for bare noun subjects as well. It is proposed that both subject and object originate within the VP, and can move out to the VP-external domain. The motivation for these movements are informational-structural in nature, relating in particular to the distinctions between given and new information, and default and non-default information structure.

Abstract In our dissertation we address the needs rooting in the ongoing process of systematic efforts to improve the Czech educational system. Mainly, we focus on the question of how to implement the cross-curricular topic Multicultural Education into English language classes at lower and upper secondary schools. As Multicultural Education, along with the other cross-curricular topics, has become an obligatory and essential part of the reformed Czech curricula. The author of this dissertation is employed with the English Department at the Faculty of Education of The University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice. That is why we aim to introduce the theoretical background and history of the cross-curricular topic Multicultural Education in the Czech educational system. Then, based on that theoretical background, we shall design and run a course at the Pedagogical faculty for our students (teachers-to-be) that will provide them with sufficient amount of theory. Within the course the students will be given enough practical examples of the implementation of Multicultural Education into English classes when combining cultural and linguistic aims and at the end of the course we will allow the students to design and try such a class during their peer teaching. We will also publish the results of the course for...

The dissertation is focused on changes in an attitude and initiative students at secondary special school with gastronomy orientation to study special subjects after realization a creative project: "Welcome Day - Day of Open Door - Halloween." The target group are students of Secondary School and College for Tourist Industry in České Budějovice. The dissertation is divided into fifth chapters. I the first two chapters different opinions of experts in teaching methods, classical and alternative methods of education and teaching, teachers competence and authority participation, experimental education are compared. The thirds chapter contains proposals for topics of project learning in schools with gastronomy orientation. There is an enumeration of folk traditions and their connection with the culture and gastronomy. The fourth chapter describes the project realization in Secondary School and College for Tourist Industry in České Budějovice. The fifth chapter contains the research targets, the research methods and interpretation of research results. The target of the dissertation is questionnaire comparison of students' attitudes after realization the project learning. The research assumptions are that students appreciate extension special subjects of folk traditions and do not reject to participation in the pro?ject realization.

A osteomielite possui elevada prevalência e morbidade. O tratamento depende de apropriada terapia antimicrobiana por tempo prolongado e frequentemente requer cirurgia para remoção de tecidos necróticos. A aderência dos pacientes com osteomielite à prescrição do antibiótico, embora fundamental para o sucesso terapêutico, tem sido pouco estudada. O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar a aderência à terapia antimicrobiana oral em pacientes adultos com osteomielite; identificar se alguns fatores relacionados na literatura estavam associados com a não aderência; estabelecer o valor preditivo dos fatores associados a não aderência ao tratamento em pacientes com osteomielite. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, fundamentado na avaliação por meio de métodos indiretos da aderência para 83 pacientes. Foram considerados pelo menos 30 dias de uso do antimicrobiano à entrevista e os pacientes foram classificados como aderentes de acordo com o questionário de Morisky, que é constituído por 4 questões com respostas dicotômicas para avaliar a aderência. Os pacientes com < 2 pontos foram considerados de baixa aderência e os que obtiverem > 3 pontos, de alta aderência. O presente estudo identificou uma prevalência de alta aderência de 83,1% (n=63). O ajuste dos modelos de regressão logística múltipla não resultou em variáveis conjuntas influenciando a aderência ao tratamento, porém pacientes do gênero masculino sugeriram apresentar maior frequência de baixa aderência ao tratamento em relação aos pacientes do gênero feminino (p = 0,053). Com relação à idade, a análise dos dados mostrou que os pacientes com idade entre 31 e 59 anos possuíam probabilidade de baixa aderência 68% menor que pacientes com idade entre 18 e 30 anos. A aderência observada foi semelhante à encontrada na literatura. Os fatores sociodemográficos podem interferir na aderência de pacientes em uso de antibióticos orais para tratamento de osteomielite / Osteomyelitis is a highly prevalent disease and a major cause of morbidity. Clinical treatment is based on appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Adherence of patients with osteomyelitis to the prescribed treatment, although critical for successful treatment, has been little studied. The aim of the study was: to measure the adherence to oral antimicrobial therapy in adult patients with osteomyelitis; to identify whether some of the factors listed in health literature were associated with non-adherence; to establish the predictive values associated with non-adherence to antimicrobial therapy in patients with osteomyelitis. We conducted a cross-sectional study, based on evaluation through indirect methods of adherence for 83 patients. We included patients receiving at least 30 days of antimicrobial use. Patients were interviewed and classified as adherent according to the Morisky questionnaire, that consists of 4 questions with dichotomous responses to assess adherence. Patients with 3 points, with high adherence. This study identified a prevalence of high adherence of 83.1% (n = 63). The multivariate logistic regression analysis did not result in multiple variables influencing adherence to treatment. Gender was the only variable with an suggested association with low adherence, male gender was more associated with low adherence than female (p = 0,053). Regarding age, data analysis showed that patients aged between 31 and 59 years had low adherence probability 68% lower than patients aged between 18 and 30 years. The high adherence observed in this study was similar than previous reported in the literature. Social and demographic factors may interfere in the adherence with patients using oral antibiotics for the treatment of osteomyelitis

由於概括條款欠缺明確的構成要件，其適用方法即有異於其他規定，本文係在探討概括條款具體化時合適的法學方法，並且以信用卡定型化契約之內容控制為例加以說明。 司法判決曾有認為信用卡循環息約款違反消費者保護法第12條第1項規定之誠信原則，但該判決經上訴後遭高院廢棄，現行司法實務見解在該問題上多與高院見解相同。事實上，該2判決結論的不同，起因於該2判決對相同事實有不同的評價，以及其分別使用不同的法學方法。是以引發幾項問題，包含該「評價」在法學方法中的意義為何？其所使用的法學方法有無學理之依據？ 法律適用過程必須對事實作出「評價」可以在「價值法學」中找到其意義，由此也彰顯了其與傳統法學方法的不同。雖然「評價」無法避免其主觀性，但「價值法學」仍要求評價應儘量求其客觀，所以發展一個有助於評價活動客觀化的法學方法有其必要性。本文嘗試在所舉的案例中操作Larenz的法學方法，發現其方法仍有不足之處，進而思考「法律論證」可以提供的助益。 依學理之觀察，「法律論證」有助於評價活動的客觀化。在主要幾種法律論證方法中，本文認為「論題學」（類觀點學）應該是最適合運用於本案的方法之一，其與傳統法學方法的根本差異在於其本質為「修辭式推理」及「問題導向論證」。學理也認為，在論題學的各種觀點中，「結果」具有相當程度的重要性，所以本文介紹了學理上關於「結果考量」（後果考量)之論述，並建議其得與論題學結合運用。 / The method of applying general clauses is different from the method of applying other clauses due to general clauses are short of requisite elements. This Essay is discussing the methodology of materializing general clauses in jurisprudence and taking judicial review of the provisions in the credit card pre-formulated standard contracts for an example. There was a judicial judgment awarded the revolving interest clause in the credit card pre-formulated standard contracts violate good faith principle in Consumer Protection Act article 12, section 1. However, the judgment was abandoned by the High Court. Now, almost all the courts’ perspectives about the issue are the same as the High Court. In fact, the different outcomes of the two judgments resulted from the different “evaluations” of the case fact and the different legal methods used in the judgments. The observation inspire us: what is the meaning of the evaluation in the legal method? Is there any academic basis for the legal method used in the judgments? For “Jurisprudence of Evaluation”, evaluations are necessary when we applying provisions of the law. That is different from the traditional legal method. Although evaluations cannot be objective purely, Jurisprudence of Evaluation still requires evaluations as objective as possible. That’s why it’s necessary to improve the legal method to comply with the requirement. This essay also tries to use Larenz's legal method in the case mentioned before to figure out the shortcomings of the method and reflects on the advantages of “Legal Argumentation”. According to academic research, Legal Argumentation is helpful to objective evaluations. In several methods of Legal Argumentation, this essay takes up the position that “Topic Argument” should at least be one of the best to the case mentioned before. The radical difference between Topic Argument and traditional legal method is that the former's essential is “Rhetorical Inference” and “Problem-oriented Argument”. Besides, according to academic research, “consequence” is a quite important perspective when we use Topic Argument. Therefore, this essay introduces “Consequentialist Argument” and proposes it can be used with Topic Argument.

This thesis explores the variable behavior of bare nouns in Persian. Bare singular nouns realize different grammatical functions, including subject, object and indirect object. They receive different interpretations, including generic, definite and existential readings. However, the task of understanding the reasons for, and limits on, this variation cannot be achieved without understanding a number of pivotal features of Persian sentential architecture, including Information Structure, prosody, word order, and the functions of various morphological markers in Persian. After a brief introduction, chapters 2-3 deal with bare noun objects, firstly comparing them with nominals marked with indefinite morpheme -i suffixed to the noun, and the determiner yek. A bare noun object differs from morphologically marked nominals as it shows properties associated with noun incorporation in the literature (chapter 2). Of particular interest are the discourse properties of these ‘quasi-incorporated’ nominals. With respect to the discourse transparency of Incorporated Nominals, Persian belongs to the class of discourse opaque languages within Mithun’s classification (1984). However, under certain circumstances, Persian bare nouns show discourse transparency. These circumstances are examined in chapter 3, and it is proposed that bare nouns do introduce a number neutral discourse referent. There are no overt anaphoric expressions that could match such number-neutral antecedents in Persian. But covert anaphora lack number features, and hence can serve as means to pick up a number-neutral discourse referent. Also, in case world knowledge tells us that the number-neutral discourse referent is anchored to an atomic entity or to a collection, then an overt singular pronoun or an overt plural pronoun might fit the combined linguistic and conceptual requirements, and may be used to pick up the number-neutral discourse referent. This proposal is phrased within Discourse Representation Theory. In the second half of the dissertation, the interpretation of bare nouns in different positions and with different grammatical functions are discussed. Under the independently supported hypothesis of position>interpretation mapping developed by Diesing (1992), we will see the role of the suffix -ra in indicating that an object has been moved out of VP. Following Diesing, I assume that VP-internal variables are subject to an operation of Existential Closure. In many cases, VP-external –ra-marked objects have a different interpretation to their VP-internal, non-ra-marked, counterparts, because of escaping Existential Closure. For subjects, there is no morphological marking corresponding to –ra on objects, and we have to rely on prosody and word order to determine how a VP is interpreted using theories of the interaction of accent and syntactic structure. We assume that VP-internal subjects exist, under two independent but converging assumptions. The first is prosodic in nature: Subjects can be accented without being narrowly focused; theories of Persian prosody predict then that there is a maximal constituent that contains both the subject and the verb as its head. The second is semantic in nature: Bare nouns require an external existential closure operation to be interpreted existentially, and we have to assume existential closure over the VP for our analysis of the interpretation of objects. So, this existential closure would provide the necessary quantificational force for bare noun subjects as well. It is proposed that both subject and object originate within the VP, and can move out to the VP-external domain. The motivation for these movements are informational-structural in nature, relating in particular to the distinctions between given and new information, and default and non-default information structure.

V této diplomové práci bylo zkoumáno téma kalibrace zařízení a sekcí ve vztahu k aerodynamickému tunelu na brněnském institutu leteckého inženýrství. Přístroje používané v aerodynamickém tunelu jsou kalibrovány a jsou popsány a provedeny kalibrace sekcí na testovací sekci. Kalibrační listy a šablony sestav jsou vytvořeny za účelem zjednodušení budoucích procesů. Nově kalibrovaná sestava se používá k provádění měření síly a probuzení na modelovém voze, která jsou porovnána s předkalibrací měření, aby dále ilustrovala užitečnost kalibrací.

Text in English, Tswana and siSwati / This dissertation examines the multiplicity of social positions within which African women in the postcolonial era find themselves. It focuses on how the dramatic dialogue depicts the positions of women in Zakes Mda’sThe Nun’s Romantic Story, And the Girls in their Sunday Dresses and You Fool, How can the Sky Fall. The study is intended to explore the dramatic dialogue in these plays and to show whether there is any evidence of change in women’s positions. It seeks to demonstrate the extent to which the positions of women have changed and also how the dramatic dialogue in the selected plays of Zakes Mda indicates the change in women’s positions. / Thutopatlisiso eno e tlhatlhoba maemo a loago a mantsintsi a basadi ba maAforika ba ba tshelang mo motlheng wa morago ga puso ya bokoloniale ba iphitlhelang ba le mo go ona. E tota ka moo puisano ya terama e bontshang maemo a basadi ka gona mo The Nun’s Romantic Story, And the Girls in their Sunday Dresses le You Fool, How can the Sky Fall tsa ga Zakes Mda. Maikaelelo a thutopatlisiso ke go sekaseka puisano ya terama mo metshamekong eno go bontsha gore a go na le bosupi bope jwa diphetogo mo maemong a basadi. E batla go bontsha ka moo maemo a basadi a fetogileng ka gona le ka moo puisano ya terama mo metshamekong e e tlhophilweng ya ga Zakes Mda e bontshang diphetogo mo maemong a basadi ka gona. / Ledisetheshini ihlolisisa tikhundlanyenti tetenhlalo bomake base-Afrika labatitfola bakuto ngemuva kwesikhatsi sembuso webukolonali (umbusobucalu). Igcile ekutsini inkhulumomphendvulwane emidlalweni yaZakes Mda itikhombisa kanjani letikhundla tabomake; i-The Nun’s Romantic Story [Indzaba yelutsandvo yemasisitela], ne-Girls in their Sunday Dresses [Emantfombatana etingutjeni tawo teLisontfo] ne-You Fool [Wena Silima], How can the Sky Fall [Singawa kanjani Sibhakabhaka]. Lolucwaningo lwentelwe kuhlolisisa inkhulumomphendvulwane kulemidlalo kanye nekukhombisa kutsi ingabe bukhona yini bufakazi bengucuko etikhundleni tabomake. Ifuna kukhombisa kutsi tikhundla tabomake tigucuke kangakanani kanye nekutsi inkhulumomphendvulwane emidlalweni lekhetsiwe yaZakes Mda ikukhombisa kanjani kugucuka kwetikhundla tabomake. / English Studies / M.A.(Theory of Literature)

Объект исследования – счастье и психологическое благополучие. Предмет исследования – связь счастья и психологического благополучия человека с его отношением к смерти. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (69 источников) и приложения, включающего в себя Данные среднего и стандартного отклонения по исследуемым параметрам, показатели асимметрии и эксцесса, результаты сравнительного анализа, бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 114 страниц, на которых размещены 14 рисунков и 18 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируется и конкретизируется гипотеза, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме счастья, субъективного благополучия, психологического благополучия, отношения к смерти. Представлен раздел, посвященный исследованию связи уровня счастья и психологического благополучия с отношением к смерти. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: «Обновленный Оксфордский опросник счастья (Oxford Happiness Inventory)»; «Шкала психологического благополучия К. Рифф» в адаптации Л.В. Жуковской, Е.Г. Трошихиной; опросник Отношение к смерти» И.Ю. Кулагиной, Л.В. Сенкевич; опросник «Отношение к смерти» К.А. Чистопольской и соавт. Также в главе представлен сравнительный и корреляционный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутой гипотезе, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object of research is happiness and psychological well-being. The subject of the study is the connection between happiness and psychological well-being of a person with his attitude towards death. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (69 sources) and an appendix, which includes data on the average and standard deviation for the parameters under study, indicators of asymmetry and kurtosis, results of a comparative analysis, forms of the methods used. The volume of the master's thesis is 114 pages, which contain 14 figures and 18 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problematics, sets the goal and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject of the study, formulates and concretizes the hypothesis, indicates the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of the study, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of happiness, subjective well-being, psychological well-being, and attitudes towards death. A section devoted to the study of the relationship between the level of happiness and psychological well-being and attitudes towards death is presented. The conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It presents a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained by all methods used: "Updated Oxford Happiness Inventory"; "Scale of psychological well-being K. Riff" adapted by L.V. Zhukovskaya, E.G. Troshikhina; Questionnaire Attitude towards death” I.Yu. Kulagina, L.V. Senkevich; questionnaire "Attitude towards death" K.A. Chistopolskaya et al. The chapter also presents a comparative and correlation analysis of the results of the study. Chapter 2's conclusions include the main findings of the empirical study. In the conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are summarized, as well as conclusions on the hypothesis put forward, the practical significance of the study is substantiated, and possible prospects for further development of this issue are described.

Объект исследования: отношение к смерти. Предмет исследования: взаимосвязь отношения к смерти с экзистенциальной исполненностью человека. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (65 источников) и приложения, включающего в себя процентное распределение респондентов относительно их демографического положения, процентное распределение респондентов относительно их отношения к смерти, бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 114 страниц, на которых размещены 9 рисунков и 12 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируется и конкретизируется гипотеза, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме отношения к смерти, экзистенциальной исполненности, психологического благополучия. Представлены разделы, посвященные исследованию отношения к смерти, а также отношения к смерти в связи с экзистенциальной исполненностью человека. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: опросник Отношение к смерти» И.Ю. Кулагиной, Л.В. Сенкевич; опросник «Отношение к смерти» К.А. Чистопольской и соавт.; «Диагностика экзистенциальной исполненности: оригинальная русскоязычная версия теста экзистенциальных мотиваций» разработанная В.Б. Шумским, Е.М. Уколовой, Е.Н. Осиновым и Я.Д. Лупандиной.; «Шкала психологического благополучия К. Рифф» в адаптации Л.В. Жуковской, Е.Г. Трошихиной. Также в главе представлен сравнительный и корреляционный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутой гипотезе, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / Subject of study: the relationship of attitudes towards death with the existential fulfillment of a person. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (65 sources) and an appendix, which includes the percentage distribution of respondents in relation to their demographic status, the percentage distribution of respondents in relation to their attitude to death, forms of the methods used. The volume of the master's thesis is 114 pages, which contain 9 figures and 12 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problematics, sets the goal and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject of the study, formulates and concretizes the hypothesis, indicates the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of the study, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of attitudes towards death, existential fulfillment, and psychological well-being. Sections devoted to the study of attitudes towards death, as well as attitudes towards death in connection with the existential fulfillment of a person, are presented. The conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It presents a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained by all the methods used: questionnaire Attitude towards death” I.Yu. Kulagina, L.V. Senkevich; questionnaire "Attitude towards death" K.A. Chistopolskaya et al.; "Diagnosis of existential fulfillment: the original Russian version of the test of existential motivations" developed by V.B. Shumsky, E.M. Ukolova, E.N. Osinov and Ya.D. Lupandina.; "Scale of psychological well-being K. Riff" adapted by L.V. Zhukovskaya, E.G. Troshikhina. The chapter also presents a comparative and correlation analysis of the results of the study. Chapter 2's conclusions include the main findings of the empirical study. In the conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are summarized, as well as conclusions on the hypothesis put forward, the practical significance of the study is substantiated, and possible prospects for further development of this issue are described.