This dissertation discussed the impact of the North Carolina Tort Claims Act and the history of governmental immunity that has protected school districts and school employees in North Carolina. The research question addressed was: how have North Carolina state courts interpreted the North Carolina Tort Claims Act in litigation against North Carolina school districts and their employees? The North Carolina Tort Claims Act provided citizens with a vehicle to sue local governmental agencies and their employees, such as school employees. The act also provided immunity for schools, especially for excessive damages in the case of negligence by an employee. The study examined how state courts have responded to different plaintiffs since the passage of the North Carolina Tort Claims Act in 1951. The decisions in the cases analyzed have been mostly favorable to schools, which has strengthened immunity for school employees. There were four legal aspects addressed by the courts after the passage of the North Carolina Tort Claims Act either most frequently or were unique to the case law of North Carolina. Those legal aspects were tests of school districts' governmental immunity; contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff; the official capacity of school employees in lawsuits; and the scope of the Industrial Commission in North Carolina to hear lawsuits. The case law analysis in this study explained the background of those legal aspects, and when school leaders and teachers were vulnerable to lawsuits due to negligence.

This paper examines factors affecting volunteer labor supply with two specific goals: (1) a reassessment of the model and empirical process outlined by Paul Menchik and Burton Weisbrod using a larger data set from a more recent time period; and (2) an exploration of how volunteer labor supply is affected by liability exposure of volunteers, a factor which Menchik and Weisbrod did not address.Data from a nationwide 1992 poll on volunteering conducted by the Gallup Organization and Independent Sector is applied to the quantitative approach which Menchik and Weisbrod used on data from 1977. Tobit regression analysis finds significance in some variables in the Menchik and Weisbrod model -- including variables relating to gender, offspring, education, religiosity, and parental attitudes to giving. Volunteer liability exposure has been a subject of debate in the U.S. Congress and other public policy arenas, and the Volunteer Liability Protection Act became law in 1997. The volunteer liability factor is measured in two ways -- using the variability of certain legal protections for line volunteers among state laws and using per capita tort filings per state as a "litigousness index." The "litigousness index" variable demonstrated value in predicting volunteer labor supply, which suggests that potential volunteers respond to a more generalized rather than activity-specific threat of lawsuits. Individuals' information searches probably do not go as far as to examine legal provisions affecting their specific activities. / Master of Arts

A responsabilidade civil vem sofrendo constante evolução no sentido de aumentar o campo de reparação do dano injusto, o que provocou uma ruptura paradigmática em seus pressupostos, centrando suas preocupações na indenização à vítima. Nesse contexto, vem ganhando relevo a teoria da perda de uma chance, consistente na possibilidade de reparar o dano causado pela privação da oportunidade de obter um benefício ou de evitar um prejuízo. Outrora irreparável, por ser considerado um prejuízo meramente hipotético, a chance passou a ser reputada, pela jurisprudência, uma entidade própria, substantiva em si mesma, e dotada de valor econômico. O Direito modificou a maneira de interagir com a álea, antes, repelindo-a, e, agora, absorvendo-a e levando-a em consideração no julgamento. O trabalho, uma das maiores fontes de afirmação e expressão da cidadania, também merece uma tutela especial, de modo a resguardar os princípios constitucionais da dignidade da pessoa humana, do valor social do trabalho e da livre iniciativa. Diante disso, não há como o Direito do Trabalho ficar alijado da doutrina das oportunidades perdidas, pois ambos os sujeitos da relação capital e trabalho podem sofrer essa modalidade de ofensa, cuja reparação se impõe como conquista sintomática da evoluçãosocial. Portanto, a análise da imbricação epistemológica entre esses dois fenômenos a perda de uma chance e o Direito do Trabalho , com a explicação dos seus condicionamentos, a sistematização das suas relações, o esclarecimento dos seus vínculos, e a avaliação dos seus resultados e aplicações, constitui o objeto desse estudo, cuja importância se revela, desde logo, a partir do acentuado descompasso entre o atual estado de ebulição jurisprudencial que o tema experimenta e a absoluta escassez de material doutrinário específico. / Tort liability has been in constant evolution by way of increasing the field of unfair damage recovery, which has caused a paradigmatic breach in its presupposition, centralizing on its concern for the indemnity of the victim. In this context, the loss-of-achance- doctrine has been gaining importance. This theory consists of the possibility of repairing the damage caused by the privation of the opportunity to obtain a benefit or avoid a loss. Formerly irreparable for being considered merely a hypothetical loss, the chance became reputed by jurisprudence, a personal entity, substantive in itself and endowed with economic value. The law changed the way of interacting with the alea, formerly repelling it, and now, absorbing it and taking it into consideration in the trial. The labor, one of the greatest sources of affirmation and expression of the citizen, also deserves special defense so as to protect the constitutional principles of the dignity of the human being, the social value of labor and free initiative. Thus, there is no way for the Labor Law to be disabled of the doctrine of lost opportunities, because both subjects of the capital and labor relation can suffer this modality of injury, whose reparation instills itself as a symptomatic conquest of the social evolution. Therefore, an analysis of the epistemological imbrications between these two phenomena the loss-of-a-chance and the Labor Law , with the explanation of their contingents , and the systemization of their relations, the enlightenment of their bonds, and the evaluation of their results and applications, constitute the objective of this study, whose importance is revealed, as of now, from the accentuated disorder between the current state of ebullient jurisprudence that the theme has been undergoing and the absolute scarcity of specific doctrinal material.

<p>Svensk rätt tillämpar ett så kallat principalansvar. Principalansvar innebär ett ansvar för annans culpa och är med andra ord ett arbetsgivaransvar. Arbetsgivaren skall dock endast ersätta skada som arbetstagaren vållar i tjänsten. Gränsdragningen av vad som skall anses vara ”utfört i tjänsten” är dock inte tydlig i alla situationer. I NJA 2000 s 380 ansågs ett bedrägeri, vilket var utfört av en jurist, inte ha varit utfört i tjänsten. Frågan är dock om tolkningen av ”utfört i tjänsten” i rättsfallet var den mest ändamålsenliga med hänsyn till framtida rättsfall av samma art.</p><p>I uppsatsen redogörs för vad som enligt svensk gällande rätt är att anse som utfört i tjänsten, det vill säga omfånget av rekvisitet. Uppsatsen innehåller även en komparativ del, vari engelsk och tysk rätt behandlas avseende användandet av rekvisitet ”utfört i tjänsten”. Uppsatsen utmynnar i ett ställningstagande huruvida uttrycket enligt författarens mening tolkats rätt eller om det bör tolkas annorlunda mot vad som är fallet idag.</p>

Svensk rätt tillämpar ett så kallat principalansvar. Principalansvar innebär ett ansvar för annans culpa och är med andra ord ett arbetsgivaransvar. Arbetsgivaren skall dock endast ersätta skada som arbetstagaren vållar i tjänsten. Gränsdragningen av vad som skall anses vara ”utfört i tjänsten” är dock inte tydlig i alla situationer. I NJA 2000 s 380 ansågs ett bedrägeri, vilket var utfört av en jurist, inte ha varit utfört i tjänsten. Frågan är dock om tolkningen av ”utfört i tjänsten” i rättsfallet var den mest ändamålsenliga med hänsyn till framtida rättsfall av samma art. I uppsatsen redogörs för vad som enligt svensk gällande rätt är att anse som utfört i tjänsten, det vill säga omfånget av rekvisitet. Uppsatsen innehåller även en komparativ del, vari engelsk och tysk rätt behandlas avseende användandet av rekvisitet ”utfört i tjänsten”. Uppsatsen utmynnar i ett ställningstagande huruvida uttrycket enligt författarens mening tolkats rätt eller om det bör tolkas annorlunda mot vad som är fallet idag.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität St. Gallen, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. xlix-lxix) and index.

A responsabilidade civil vem sofrendo constante evolução no sentido de aumentar o campo de reparação do dano injusto, o que provocou uma ruptura paradigmática em seus pressupostos, centrando suas preocupações na indenização à vítima. Nesse contexto, vem ganhando relevo a teoria da perda de uma chance, consistente na possibilidade de reparar o dano causado pela privação da oportunidade de obter um benefício ou de evitar um prejuízo. Outrora irreparável, por ser considerado um prejuízo meramente hipotético, a chance passou a ser reputada, pela jurisprudência, uma entidade própria, substantiva em si mesma, e dotada de valor econômico. O Direito modificou a maneira de interagir com a álea, antes, repelindo-a, e, agora, absorvendo-a e levando-a em consideração no julgamento. O trabalho, uma das maiores fontes de afirmação e expressão da cidadania, também merece uma tutela especial, de modo a resguardar os princípios constitucionais da dignidade da pessoa humana, do valor social do trabalho e da livre iniciativa. Diante disso, não há como o Direito do Trabalho ficar alijado da doutrina das oportunidades perdidas, pois ambos os sujeitos da relação capital e trabalho podem sofrer essa modalidade de ofensa, cuja reparação se impõe como conquista sintomática da evoluçãosocial. Portanto, a análise da imbricação epistemológica entre esses dois fenômenos a perda de uma chance e o Direito do Trabalho , com a explicação dos seus condicionamentos, a sistematização das suas relações, o esclarecimento dos seus vínculos, e a avaliação dos seus resultados e aplicações, constitui o objeto desse estudo, cuja importância se revela, desde logo, a partir do acentuado descompasso entre o atual estado de ebulição jurisprudencial que o tema experimenta e a absoluta escassez de material doutrinário específico. / Tort liability has been in constant evolution by way of increasing the field of unfair damage recovery, which has caused a paradigmatic breach in its presupposition, centralizing on its concern for the indemnity of the victim. In this context, the loss-of-achance- doctrine has been gaining importance. This theory consists of the possibility of repairing the damage caused by the privation of the opportunity to obtain a benefit or avoid a loss. Formerly irreparable for being considered merely a hypothetical loss, the chance became reputed by jurisprudence, a personal entity, substantive in itself and endowed with economic value. The law changed the way of interacting with the alea, formerly repelling it, and now, absorbing it and taking it into consideration in the trial. The labor, one of the greatest sources of affirmation and expression of the citizen, also deserves special defense so as to protect the constitutional principles of the dignity of the human being, the social value of labor and free initiative. Thus, there is no way for the Labor Law to be disabled of the doctrine of lost opportunities, because both subjects of the capital and labor relation can suffer this modality of injury, whose reparation instills itself as a symptomatic conquest of the social evolution. Therefore, an analysis of the epistemological imbrications between these two phenomena the loss-of-a-chance and the Labor Law , with the explanation of their contingents , and the systemization of their relations, the enlightenment of their bonds, and the evaluation of their results and applications, constitute the objective of this study, whose importance is revealed, as of now, from the accentuated disorder between the current state of ebullient jurisprudence that the theme has been undergoing and the absolute scarcity of specific doctrinal material.

This dissertation analyzed court decisions in injuries on school grounds cases under the Louisiana Governmental Claims Act. The question addressed was: How have the Louisiana courts interpreted the Louisiana Governmental Claims Act in litigation against Louisiana school districts and their employees? The intent of this study was to show how Louisiana's legal system has evolved, and how that evolution affected tort cases involving school boards and school board employees. Doctrinal legal research was the methodology used to answer the research question. To limit the number of cases analyzed, this study only focused on tort claims involving injury on school property. In order to gain a broad perspective, tort claims cases filed prior to the 1974 Louisiana Constitution, cases filed after the 1974 Louisiana Constitution, and cases filed after the 1995 Louisiana Liability Limits Amendment, and the Louisiana Governmental Claims Act of 1996 were analyzed. By analyzing the tort claims brought against Louisiana school districts and employees during the various time-periods, it was clear to see how the case rulings reflected the frequent changes of the Louisiana Constitution and its' laws. In the end, the state continued to control who could sue them and how much they would pay in damages.

- Legal responsibilty Pavel Pražák The purpose of my thesis is to analyze the institute of legal responsibility that is very often used in the Czech doctrine and in legal acts. The reason for my research is to clarify the clear content of this term. The thesis is composed of two parts, each of them using a different method. Part One is deductive. It is divided into eight chapters. Chapter One is introductory and defines the term "responsibility" according to the common Czech language and clears the terminology used in the thesis. Chapter Two examines mechanisms of Roman law similar to the contemporary legal responsibility. It deals primarily with the institutes of "nexum" and "stipulatio". Chapter Three concentrates on the function and role of legal responsibility in law. It defines its most universal function as well as its concrete roles. Chapter Four is subdivided into four subchapters and provides an outline of relevant Czech doctrinal concepts of legal responsibility, such as the concept of active responsibility or the sanction doctrine. It also deals with the classification of the concepts provided by Josef Macur in the 80's. Chapter Five describes the German doctrine in the field of legal responsibility. It clears the German terminology, deals with the doctrine of "Schuld und Haftung" and...

International law today is a discipline rife with dissensions. This is largely because international law has meant different things to different generations of scholars and nation-states. In 1996 a United States circuit court in Atlanta affirmed a civil judgment against an Ethiopian defendant in an action initiated by Ethiopian citizens for violations of that country’s law and international law. But about a decade earlier in 1984 another appeal court denied to enforce claims against Libyan and Palestinian defendants under international law because according to the court, international law is dedicated exclusively to the relationship between independent states and not their citizens. Although such different interpretations may appear startling, over the previous centuries, courts have eschewed one view while embracing the other. It is thus imperative to examine what constitutes international law or under what authority a U.S. court could challenge another state’s treatment of its own citizens, in its own land, under its own laws. The Judiciary Act of 1789 which created the Alien Tort Statute, a relatively obscure piece of legislation is at the center of these actions. But what was the original intent of the Alien Tort Statute? Is it possible to reconstruct the meaning of that statute? To answer these questions, this dissertation critically interrogated the meaning of international law and the law of nations as it existed at the time of the founding of the United States. What was called the law of nations and subsequently international law revealed multiple meanings. In unpacking the history of the Alien Tort Statute, this dissonance was reflected in the conflicts which assailed the discipline. This dissertation therefore reproduces the dissensions as it analyzes and reconstructs a hitherto unexplored front in this debacle: lawsuits filed by some Africans in the United States under the Alien Tort Statute against their leaders and corporations for egregious human rights violations in Africa. In the end therefore, the issue becomes, can justice and reparations be achieved in United States courts for human rights violations committed in Africa?