L’objectif de cette thèse est d’interroger la mise en œuvre locale des politiques du patrimoine urbain. Ce travail propose de dépasser une approche juridique des instruments d’action publique pour analyser leurs dimensions territoriales et appréhender leurs effets sur les centres-villes. Nous avons construit une approche comparée des modalités de l’institutionnalisation locale de l’action patrimoniale à partir de l’étude de trois villes du Val de Loire (Angers, Tours et Orléans) pour montrer le rôle des instruments dans la patrimonialisation des espaces urbains. Ce travail retrace l’instrumentation du patrimoine depuis le XIXe siècle jusqu’à aujourd’hui, avant de confronter les outils aux réalités locales. Les modalités de mise en œuvre des politiques patrimoniales ont été différentes dans les trois villes, tant dans leurs temporalités, effectivités et dimensions territoriales que dans le choix des outils. Il s’agit de comprendre en quoi les instruments sont une grille de lecture des enjeux de la patrimonialisation des centres anciens. Ce travail interroge les relations entre diffusion des politiques patrimoniales et instruments territorialisés. Il permet de saisir, dans sa complexité, les spécificités locales de la mise en œuvre de politiques patrimoniales / The aim of this thesis is to examine the implementation of local policies in the field of the protection of urban heritage. This work seeks to overcome a legalistic approach of the tools of public action, to analyze their territorial dimensions, and to understand their effects on city centers. We have constructed a comparative approach considering the different forms of local "institutionalization". We have used this comparative approach to examine what "players"“ did to enact heritage preservation regulations in three towns of the Loire Valley : Angers, Tours and Orleans. We have shown the role of the various tools in the process of heritage protection. This study analyzes these tools used to protect the heritage from the XIXth century to the present, and examines how the process confronts local realities. The forms of heritage policies implementation have been different in the three cities in their temporality, efficacy and territorial dimensions due to the choice of these tools. The objective of this study is to show how these tools are useful as keys to aid in understanding the stakes of patrimonialization of the old city centers. This study also examines the links between the expanding of heritage policies and the use of localized tools. In conclusion, it helps to grasp, in all its complexity, the local specificities of the implementation of heritage policies

La découverte à Tours de plus de six mille fragments de textiles dans la même fosse, à l’extérieur du rempart qui longe la berge de la Loire (site 69 « place Anatole France »), a permis d’étudier tout le processus du travail textile, du fil au rejet. La quasi-totalité des éléments examinés sont en drap de laine, grande industrie en Europe aux 15e – 16e siècles. Tout comme pour les soieries, moins bien conservées, l’étude s’est attachée à déterminer s’il s’agit de produits tourangeaux. Le traitement des draps de laine, augmentant leur résistance, a permis l’observation des formes, dont quelques pièces de vêtements isolées. Les pièces vestimentaires ont été découpées pour produire lacets et chausses avec une fréquence qui incite à voir dans le rejet la vidange d’un atelier de fripier. Ce corpus et l’analyse de chartes concernant la ville de Tours ouvrent un aperçu de la vie quotidienne dans une capitale de la fin du Moyen Âge, où les habitants relativement fortunés sont vêtus de bon drap et, malgré l’interdiction, de vêtements et accessoires de soie / The discovery in Tours of a set of almost 6000 pieces in the same pit, located just outside the city walls along the Loire River ("place Anatole France") provides an opportunity to study the entire process of textile work. The fragments studied are mostly wool cloth, which was a significant commercial production on the 15th - 16th centuries. As for remains of silk which are less well preserved, the study attempted to determine if they were produced in Tours. Among the shapes of wool remains, remarkably preserved, were a few clear parts of garments. Textiles were re-used to fashion laces and hoses in such a high frequency that the corpus is interpreted as the emptying of a second-hand clothes dealer shop. This corpus, combined with law texts regarding Tours, provides a picture of a late medieval capital city, where bourgeoisie wore good broadcloth and, contrary to law, silk dress accessories

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

L'objet de ce travail est l'étude générale des représentations linéaires dugroupe de tresses $B_n$ qui proviennent de l'intégration de systèmes de Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov (KZ), vus comme représentations de l'algèbre des tressesinfinitésimales. Nous utilisons la technique des bases de Gelfand-Tsetlin pour étudier certaines représentations de cette algèbre, et montrons comment construire explicitement les représentations du groupe d'Artin correspondantes. Nous classifions complètement les systèmes KZ qui sont irréductibles pour l'action du groupesymétrique et construisons les nouvelles représentations de $B_n$ qui apparaissent àcette occasion. Nous obtenons d'autre part des critères d'irréductibilité sur les représentations de $B_n$ obtenues par construction tensorielle. Nous obtenons enfin d'autres résultats utiles dans ce cadre, notamment une décomposition partielle de l'algèbre de Lie engendrée par les transpositions dansl'algèbre de groupe du groupe symétrique. Cette décomposition partielle est en rapport avec les composantes irréductibles de la représentation de Jones.

Alors qu’à la fin du Ve siècle s’effaçait le pouvoir impérial de Rome sur l’ensemble de ses territoires occidentaux, le pouvoir en Gaule se retrouva entre les mains de deux groupes de dirigeants : il y avait, d’une part, les évêques, issus pour la plupart de la classe aristocratique gallo-romaine, qui s’étaient donné comme mission de maintenir la romanité et la foi catholique vivantes dans les cités dont ils étaient les véritables chefs, et, d’autre part, les rois d’origine germanique qui occupaient différents royaumes, taillés à même les territoires cédés par Rome quelques décennies auparavant. Supporté par l’épiscopat, le règne de Clovis, roi d’origine franque et fondateur de la première dynastie catholique en Gaule, s’imposa à ce moment critique de l’histoire gallo-romaine. Malheureusement, les sources écrites qui décrivent l’avènement et la postérité du règne sont rares. Ce travail s’attachera à présenter les lettres qui établirent les fondements du royaume franc ainsi que la première œuvre qui, plusieurs années après la mort de Clovis, fit état de sa carrière afin de constater dans quelle mesure et dans quelles circonstances les évêques qui les écrivirent purent influencer la foi et la politique du roi franc.

The current paper presents a study conducted at CERN, Switzerland, to investigate visitors' and tour guides' use and appreciation of existing panels at visit itinerary points. The results were used to develop a set of recommendations for constructing optimal panels to assist the guides' explanation.

Since the two side of SEF and ARATS started the meeting again in Beijing in JUN 13th 2008, completed two issues of both weekend Direct air links between Taiwan and China and the people visit Taiwan from mainland, in july 4,2008, the first group came to Taiwan as tourists from mainland. Those tourists, not only bring lots of good business but also been very helpful to our sightseeing industrial Because of those reasons, I decided to discuss : 1.what are the real effects to our tourist business by allowing tourists from mainland? 2. which parts of Taiwan are really gets benefits from them? So in this thesis, only discuss the international tourist hotels. we find out lots of ideas by survey from the internet and, and also understand what the government think about the policy of allowing tourists from mainland by developed of passed issues and policy. The international tourist hotels are the most been helped and gets benefits in this situation by allowing tourists from mainland, we found out the increase of room average, at the same time, hotel stuffs also got the strong feeling about tourists from china bring lots of benefits to them, although they also bring lots of problems in rooms, food and language, but we still found out more benefits than that in this issue. we hope Kaohsiung will become the biggest model of all by allowing tourists from china, and by the changing of the government policy, make the flight in both come and out in Kaohsiung become regular, we believe in the future of Kaohsiung tourist business will be better, not only the hotels been helped but also the economic of Kaohsiung will be better.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Alors qu’à la fin du Ve siècle s’effaçait le pouvoir impérial de Rome sur l’ensemble de ses territoires occidentaux, le pouvoir en Gaule se retrouva entre les mains de deux groupes de dirigeants : il y avait, d’une part, les évêques, issus pour la plupart de la classe aristocratique gallo-romaine, qui s’étaient donné comme mission de maintenir la romanité et la foi catholique vivantes dans les cités dont ils étaient les véritables chefs, et, d’autre part, les rois d’origine germanique qui occupaient différents royaumes, taillés à même les territoires cédés par Rome quelques décennies auparavant. Supporté par l’épiscopat, le règne de Clovis, roi d’origine franque et fondateur de la première dynastie catholique en Gaule, s’imposa à ce moment critique de l’histoire gallo-romaine. Malheureusement, les sources écrites qui décrivent l’avènement et la postérité du règne sont rares. Ce travail s’attachera à présenter les lettres qui établirent les fondements du royaume franc ainsi que la première œuvre qui, plusieurs années après la mort de Clovis, fit état de sa carrière afin de constater dans quelle mesure et dans quelles circonstances les évêques qui les écrivirent purent influencer la foi et la politique du roi franc.

BRILHANTE, Igo Ramalho. Recommending places based on the wisdom-of-the-crowd. 2016. 164 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência da Computação)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016. / Submitted by Anderson Silva Pereira (anderson.pereiraaa@gmail.com) on 2017-06-08T21:15:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_irbrilhante.pdf: 14886146 bytes, checksum: 6613aa522f50b0c6b1733926b9d1cd5d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rocilda Sales (rocilda@ufc.br) on 2017-06-09T11:12:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_irbrilhante.pdf: 14886146 bytes, checksum: 6613aa522f50b0c6b1733926b9d1cd5d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-09T11:12:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_irbrilhante.pdf: 14886146 bytes, checksum: 6613aa522f50b0c6b1733926b9d1cd5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / The collective opinion of a great number of users, popularly known as wisdom of the crowd, has been seen as powerful tool for solving problems. As suggested by Surowiecki in his books, large groups of people are now considered smarter than an elite few, regardless of how brilliant at solving problems or coming to wise decisions they are. This phenomenon together with the availability of a huge amount of data on the Web has propitiated the development of solutions which employ the wisdom-of-the-crowd to solve a variety of problems in different domains, such as recommender systems, social networks and combinatorial problems. The vast majority of data on the Web has been generated in the last few years by billions of users around the globe using their mobile devices and web applications, mainly on social networks. This information carries astonishing details of daily activities ranging from urban mobility and tourism behavior, to emotions and interests. The largest social network nowadays is Facebook, which in December 2015 had incredible 1.31 billion mobile active users, 4.5 billion “likes” generated daily. In addition, every 60 seconds 510 comments are posted, 293,000 statuses are updated, and 136,000 photos are uploaded. This flood of data has brought great opportunities to discover individual and collective preferences, and use this information to offer services to meet people’s needs, such as recommending relevant and interesting items (e.g. news, places, movies). Furthermore, it is now possible to exploit the experiences of groups of people as a collective behavior so as to augment the experience of other. This latter illustrates the important scenario where the discovery of collective behavioral patterns, the wisdom-of-the-crowd, may enrich the experience of individual users. In this light, this thesis has the objective of taking advantage of the wisdom of the crowd in order to better understand human mobility behavior so as to achieve the final purpose of supporting users (e.g. people) by providing intelligent and effective recommendations. We accomplish this objective by following three main lines of investigation as discussed below. In the first line of investigation we conduct a study of human mobility using the wisdom-of-the-crowd, culminating in the development of an analytical framework that offers a methodology to understand how the points of interest (PoIs) in a city are related to each other on the basis of the displacement of people. We experimented our methodology by using the PoI network topology to identify new classes of points of interest based on visiting patterns, spatial displacement from one PoI to another as well as popularity of the PoIs. Important relationships between PoIs are mined by discovering communities (groups) of PoIs that are closely related to each other based on user movements, where different analytical metrics are proposed to better understand such a perspective. The second line of investigation exploits the wisdom-of-the-crowd collected through user-generated content to recommend itineraries in tourist cities. To this end, we propose an unsupervised framework, called TripBuilder, that leverages large collections of Flickr photos, as the wisdom-of-the-crowd, and points of interest from Wikipedia in order to support tourists in planning their visits to the cities. We extensively experimented our framework using real data, thus demonstrating the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposal. Based on the theoretical framework, we designed and developed a platform encompassing the main features required to create personalized sightseeing tours. This platform has received significant interest within the research community, since it is recognized as crucial to understand the needs of tourists when they are planning a visit to a new city. Consequently this led to outstanding scientific results. In the third line of investigation, we exploit the wisdom-of-the-crowd to leverage recommendations of groups of people (e.g. friends) who can enjoy an item (e.g. restaurant) together. We propose GroupFinder to address the novel user-item group formation problem aimed at recommending the best group of friends for a < user, item > pair. The proposal combines user-item relevance information with the user’s social network (ego network), while trying to balance the satisfaction of all the members of the group for the item with the intra-group relationships. Algorithmic solutions are proposed and experimented in the location-based recommendation domain by using four publicly available Location-Based Social Network (LBSN) datasets, showing that our solution is effective and outperforms strong baselines. / A opinião coletiva de um grande número de usuários, popularmente conhecida como wisdom-of-the-crowd, tem sido vista como poderosa ferramenta para resolver problemas. Como sugerido por Surowiecki em seus livros, grandes grupos de pessoas são considerados mais inteligentes do que uma elite de poucos, independentemente de quão brilhante na resolução de problemas ou tomadas de decisões sábias esses são. Este fenômeno, juntamente com a disponibilidade de uma enorme quantidade de dados na Web propiciou o desenvolvimento de soluções que empregam a sabedoria da multidão para resolver uma variedade de problemas em diferentes domínios, tais como sistemas de recomendação, redes sociais e problemas combinatoriais. A grande maioria dos dados na Web tem sido gerada nos últimos anos por bilhões de usuários em todo o mundo através de seus dispositivos móveis e aplicações web, principalmente em redes sociais. Esta informação carrega detalhes surpreendentes sobre as atividades dia ́rias, que variam da mobilidade urbana e comportamento de turismo, à emoções e interesses. Atualmente, a maior rede social é o Facebook, que em dezembro de 2015 tinha incríveis 1.31 bilhões de usuários (móveis) ativos, 4.5 bilhões de “likes” gerados diariamente. Além disso, a cada 60 segundos, 510 comentários são publicados, 293.000 status são atualizados e 136.000 fotos são enviadas. Esta inundação de dados trouxe grandes oportunidades para delinear as preferências individuais e coletivas, e usar essas informações para oferecer serviços para atender às necessidades das pessoas, como recomendar itens relevantes e interessantes (por exemplo, notícias, lugares, filmes). Ainda, é possível explorar as experiências de grupos de pessoas como um comportamento coletivo para aumentar a experiência de outros. Este último ilustra o cenário importante onde a descoberta de padrões comportamentais coletivos, a sabedoria da multidão, pode enriquecer a experiência de usuários individuais. Neste sentido, esta tese tem o objetivo de aproveitar a sabedoria da multidão para entender melhor o comportamento da mobilidade humana de modo a alcançar o propósito final de auxiliar os usuários (por exemplo, pessoas), fornecendo recomendações inteligentes e eficazes. Alcançamos esse objetivo seguindo três linhas principais de investigação, conforme discutido abaixo. Na primeira linha de investigação, realizamos um estudo sobre a mobilidade humana usando a sabedoria da multidão, culminando no desenvolvimento de uma estrutura analítica que oferece uma metodologia para entender como os pontos de interesse (PoIs) em uma cidade estão relacionados com base no deslocamento de pessoas. Experimentamos nossa metodologia usando a topologia de rede de PoIs para identificar novas classes de pontos de interesse com base em padrões de visitas, deslocamento espacial de um PoI para outro, bem como popularidade dos mesmos. Relações importantes entre PoIs são mineradas pela descoberta de comunidades (grupos) de PoIs que estão intimamente relacionadas entre si com base nos movimentos do usuário, onde diferentes métricas analíticas são propostas para entender melhor tal perspectiva. A segunda linha de investigação explora a sabedoria da multidão coletada através de conteúdo gerado por usuários para recomendar itinerários em cidades turísticas. Para isso, propomos uma estrutura não supervisionada, chamada TripBuilder, que alavanca grandes coleções de fotos do Flickr e pontos de interesse da Wikipedia, a fim de auxiliar os turistas no planejamento de suas visitas às cidades. Experimentamos extensivamente nossa estrutura usando dados reais, demonstrando assim a eficácia e eficiência da proposta. Com base no arcabouço teórico, desenhamos e desenvolvemos uma plataforma que engloba as principais características necessárias para a realização de passeios turísticos personalizados. Esta plataforma tem recebido um interesse significativo dentro da comunidade de pesquisa, uma vez que este tem sido reconhecido como crucial para entender as necessidades dos turistas quando eles estão planejando uma visita a uma nova cidade. Consequentemente, isto levou a resultados científicos notáveis. Na terceira linha de investigação, exploramos a sabedoria da multidão para realizar recomendações de grupos de pessoas (por exemplo, amigos) que pudessem desfrutar de um determinado item (por exemplo, restaurante) em conjunto. Propomos GroupFinder para abordar o novo problema de formação de grupo de usuário-item destinado a recomendar o melhor grupo de amigos para um determinado par < usuário,item >. A proposta combina informações sobre a relevância do item para o usuário juntamente com a rede social deste (ego network), ao mesmo tempo em que tenta equilibrar a satisfação de todos os membros do grupo pelo item com as relações intra-grupais. Soluções algorítmicas são propostas e experimentadas no domínio de recomendação baseado em localização, utilizando quatro base de dados de rede sociais baseados em local (LBSN) publicamente disponíveis, mostrando que nossa solução é eficaz e supera baselines definidos.