CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho aborda o uso de Objetos de Aprendizagem (OAs) voltado para o ensino de CombinatÃria e como esses objetos podem auxiliar no processo de aprendizagem dos alunos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho à verificar se a utilizaÃÃo de OAs nas aulas de MatemÃtica promovem uma melhor assimilaÃÃo dos conteÃdos relacionados à CombinatÃria, buscando despertar no aluno a curiosidade e a investigaÃÃo nesta Ãrea. Por isso, optou-se por um estudo experimental do qual participaram 20 alunos do 3o ano do Ensino MÃdio da Escola de Ensino Fundamental e MÃdio JoÃo Mattos, localizada em Fortaleza, CearÃ. Esses alunos foram escolhidos de forma aleatÃria e divididos entre dois grupos, experimental e controle, com 10 alunos em cada grupo. Para a coleta dos dados, foram utilizados, um questionÃrio socioeconÃmico e um teste de mÃltipla escolha sobre permutaÃÃo, arranjo e combinaÃÃo. Esses dados foram organizados e analisados com o auxÃlio do programa Microsoft Office Excel 2010. Os resultados mostram que o grupo que teve uma abordagem diferenciada (experimental) obteve um melhor desempenho em relaÃÃo ao grupo que teve uma abordagem tradicional (controle). / This work approaches the use of Learning Objects (LOs) facing the teaching of Combinatorics and how these objects can help in the learning process of students. Accordingly, the aim of this work is to check that the use of LOs in Math classes promotes a better assimilation of the contents related to Combinatorics, seeking to awaken in the student curiosity and research in this area. Therefore, we opted for an experimental study involving 20 students of the senior year of High School from School JoÃo Mattos, located in Fortaleza, CearÃ. These students were chosen at random and divided between two groups, experimental and control, with 10 students in each group. For the collect of data, were used, a socioeconomic questionnaire and a multiple choice test about permutation, arrangement and combination. These data were organized and analyzed with the help of Microsoft Office Excel 2010 program. The results show that the group that had a differentiated approach (experimental) obtained a better performance compared to the group that had a traditional approach (control). .

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Text in Afrikaans / Until 1988, hearsay-evidence in our legal system was governed by common law. During this period resistance developed regarding the practice that hearsay which complied with certain exceptions could indeed be allowed. Case law excluded further exceptions being added. Legislation was enacted in 1988 in which hearsay was defined, a total exclusionary rule retained, but the Courts given a wide discretion to allow hearsay. Via this legislation a more accommodating stance towards hearsay was introduced. This dissertation aimed at measuring whether the legislation achieved its objectives and consisted of analysing case law and interviewing Judges and Advocates. The conclusion arrived at is that the legislation has only marginally changed the usage of hearsay in our legal system. The major obstacle lies in the attitude of practitioners who continue to distrust hearsay and do not utilize the mechanism provided by statute. / Tot en met 1988, is hoorse-getuienis in ons regstelsel gemeenregtelik beheer. In die tydperk bet besware egter geleidelik ontwikkel veral oor die gekunstelde wyse waarop hoorsê as aan bepaalde uitsonderings voldoen is wel toegelaat is. Regspraak het voorts ook bepaal dat geen verdere uitsonderings toegevoeg kon word nie. In 1988 is wetgewing uitgevaardig waarin hoorsê-getuienis omskryf word, 'n algehele uitsluitingsreel behou word maar aan die howe 'n wye diskresie verleen word om na oorweging van voorgeskrewe faktore, hoorsê wei toe te laat. Die oogmerk van hierdie wetgewing was om 'n meganisme daar te stel om soos by die civil regstelsels en sekere ander Iande, 'n meer toeskietlike houding jeens hoorsê te bewerkstellig. Hierdie verhandeling se hoofdoel was om te bepaal of die wetgewing in die doel geslaag bet. Om tot 'n bevinding te kom is regspraak ontleed, en is onderhoude gevoer beide met Regters en die Advokatuur. Die slotsom bereik dui daarop dat die wetgewing maar weinig verander bet in die gebruikmaking van hoorse-getuienis in ons regstelsel. Wat die wetgewing self betref, hoewel daar sekere besware te make is oor sekere bepalings, verskaf dit tog 'n bruikbare instrument. Die grootste struikelblok is gelee in die instelling van die praktisyns wat bly vasklou aan 'n gevestigde vrees vir hoarse en nie gebruikmaak van die nuwe geleentheid nou deur die wetgewing daargestel nie. / Law / LL.M.

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Text in Afrikaans / Until 1988, hearsay-evidence in our legal system was governed by common law. During this period resistance developed regarding the practice that hearsay which complied with certain exceptions could indeed be allowed. Case law excluded further exceptions being added. Legislation was enacted in 1988 in which hearsay was defined, a total exclusionary rule retained, but the Courts given a wide discretion to allow hearsay. Via this legislation a more accommodating stance towards hearsay was introduced. This dissertation aimed at measuring whether the legislation achieved its objectives and consisted of analysing case law and interviewing Judges and Advocates. The conclusion arrived at is that the legislation has only marginally changed the usage of hearsay in our legal system. The major obstacle lies in the attitude of practitioners who continue to distrust hearsay and do not utilize the mechanism provided by statute. / Tot en met 1988, is hoorse-getuienis in ons regstelsel gemeenregtelik beheer. In die tydperk bet besware egter geleidelik ontwikkel veral oor die gekunstelde wyse waarop hoorsê as aan bepaalde uitsonderings voldoen is wel toegelaat is. Regspraak het voorts ook bepaal dat geen verdere uitsonderings toegevoeg kon word nie. In 1988 is wetgewing uitgevaardig waarin hoorsê-getuienis omskryf word, 'n algehele uitsluitingsreel behou word maar aan die howe 'n wye diskresie verleen word om na oorweging van voorgeskrewe faktore, hoorsê wei toe te laat. Die oogmerk van hierdie wetgewing was om 'n meganisme daar te stel om soos by die civil regstelsels en sekere ander Iande, 'n meer toeskietlike houding jeens hoorsê te bewerkstellig. Hierdie verhandeling se hoofdoel was om te bepaal of die wetgewing in die doel geslaag bet. Om tot 'n bevinding te kom is regspraak ontleed, en is onderhoude gevoer beide met Regters en die Advokatuur. Die slotsom bereik dui daarop dat die wetgewing maar weinig verander bet in die gebruikmaking van hoorse-getuienis in ons regstelsel. Wat die wetgewing self betref, hoewel daar sekere besware te make is oor sekere bepalings, verskaf dit tog 'n bruikbare instrument. Die grootste struikelblok is gelee in die instelling van die praktisyns wat bly vasklou aan 'n gevestigde vrees vir hoarse en nie gebruikmaak van die nuwe geleentheid nou deur die wetgewing daargestel nie. / Law / LL.M.

Bibliography: leaves 232-239 / This thesis investigates the various language varieties of Venda. In traditional descriptions, researchers were mainly concerned with linguistic differences which characterised the socalled Venda 'dialects'. These are spoken forms which are mutually intelligible to one another and which occur within identifiable regional boundaries. Each of these forms in turn, is mutually intelligible to the so-called standard form, commonly known as Tshiphani. Various factors contributed to the evolvement of · the Venda dialects and, as this study shows, in some cases these factors are historical in nature and in others, they are determined by adjacent ethnic groups of people. The linguistic differences which characterise each of these dialects are identified and discussed. It is then argued that the term 'dialect' is far too restricted to account for the various spoken forms which characterise the Venda language, and the term 'language variety' is introduced to deal with the shortcomings of the traditional approach to language differences. The nature of different spoken forms is then discussed within the ambit of the definition of 'language varieties'. This is a term used in general linguistic studies and accounts for the many different forms that may characterise a language.+ To this end, a detailed discussion is presented of the social rural and urban varieties which are found in Venda. Some of these varieties are secretive in nature, and are not generally known to the general public. They include language varieties which characterise various institutions such as murundu, vhutuka, musevhetho, vhusha, thondo and domba . Then there are those varieties which are referred to as 'open' rural varieties which are not, generally speaking secretive in nature, for example those which characterise traditional religious beliefs, taboo forms, and those referred to as musanda and malombo. Finally, reference is made to the language varieties which permeate urban as well as rural areas, including those of divination, the church, tsotsitaal, gender, a variety which is referred to as the the linguistic restriction variety and finally the varieties used in the courtroom as well as that used by politicians. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Text in Afrikaans / Wanneer die konstitusionele invloed op borgstelling in die bree bespreek word, moet die bepalings van die Grondwet 200 van 1993 met inbegrip van die Handves van Menseregte en die onderliggende waardes, beginsels en doelstellings daartoe binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks inaggeneem word. Die algemene transformasie van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap in 'n verteenwoordigende demokrasie, veelvolkigheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap, eskalerende misdaadsyfer, wantroue van die gemeenskap in die regstelsel en die beklemtoning van fundamentele regte is aspekte wat figureer binne die Suid-Afrikaanse borgtogreg. Die tradisionele benadering dat die bewyslas op die beskuldigde rus tydens borgtogverrigtinge is binne die moderne borgtogreg en in die lig van die Grondwet 200 van 1993 asook die Tweede Strafproseswysigingswet 75 van 1995 onvanpas. As algemene reel behoort die bewyslas by 'n borgaansoek op die staat te rus op oorwig van waarskynlikhede. In sekere spesifiek omskrewe gevalle soos vervat inartikel60(11) van die Tweede Strafproseswysigingswet rus die bewyslas op die beskuldigde. Hierdie beperking is regverdigbaar in tenne van artike133 van die Grondwet 200 van 1993. Daar bestaan verder nie voldoende rede om nie gebruik te maak van die bewyslasbegrip as gevestigde prosessuele maatreel tydens borgverrigtinge nie. In die moderne Suid-Afrikaanse borgtogreg moet 'n balans gehandhaaf word tussen die belange van die gemeenskap en die fundamentele regte van die individu. Die howe moet in elke spesifieke geval· inhoud aan hierdie beginsel verleen. / When the effect of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 200 of 1993 on bail is considered, the transformation of the South African community, multi-racial society, high crimerate, disillusionment of the community with regard to the courtsystem and importance of fundamental rights must be regarded. The traditional approach that the onus is upon the accused (in his capacity as applicant) to prove on a balance of probability that the court should exercise its discretion in favour of granting bail and, in discharging this burden, he must show that the interests of justice will not be prejudiced, is in terms ofthe Constitution 200 of 1993 and the Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act 75 of 1995 unacceptable. It is submitted that the onus should be on the State to place grounds before the Court why there should be an exercise of discretion in favour of the State for further detention of the individual. In terms of certain spesific crimes as described in article 60(11) of the Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act theis placed on the accused. This exception is acceptable as it prescribes to the requirements in article 33 of the Constitution 200 of 1993. It is submitted that there is no reason why onus as excepted evidentiary rule should not be used in bail applications. A balance between the interest of the community and fundamental rights of the individual must be kept in modern law regarding bail. It is in the hands of the courts to substantiate this balance. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

L’objectif de l’étude est de mettre en valeur les fonctions de l’enseignant remplies dans les interactions en classe du FLE et de trouver des pistes didactiques optimisant au maximum les résultats de l’enseignement en classe de FLE en Corée du Sud. Nous avons recueilli les corpus oraux des enseignants coréens et des enseignants français en classe avec les apprenants coréens pour comparer leurs techniques et apercevoir comment les objectifs pédagogiques et la compréhension des apprenants s’accomplissent. Les classes observées, enregistrées ont été analysées pour observer la méthode de constitution du scénario didactique et les stratégies didactiques que chaque enseignant choisit selon ses propres expériences et sa culture, et leurs effets didactiques. L’analyse des interactions en classe est accompagnée des entretiens avec les enseignants effectuées avant/après le cours ; la planification et l’auto-évaluation de chaque enseignant nous permettent de comprendre leurs choix en matière de méthodologies didactiques. Cette étude nous amène enfin à réfléchir sur le type d’enseignement contextualisé au public coréen ; des interviews et une enquête effectuées auprès des apprenants sont présentés afin de cerner leurs envies et besoins, et discutés ensuite en rapport avec le travail de l’enseignant. L’étude vise à établir les différents rôles de l’enseignant adaptés à un public coréen. / The objective of the study is to highlight the functions of the teacher in FLE classroom interactions and to discover teaching methods that can lead to optimal teaching results of FLE in South Korea. We collected the oral corpus of both Korean and French teachers in class with Korean learners to compare their techniques and to identify how the learning objectives and learners' understanding are accomplished. The observed, recorded classes were analyzed in order to observe the method of constitution of the didactic scenario and the didactic strategies that each teacher chooses according to his own experiences and culture and their didactic effects. Interaction analysis in the classroom is accompanied by interviews with teachers before/ after the class ; The planning and the self-evaluation of each teacher enables us to understand their didactic choices. This study finally leads us to reflect on the type of teaching contextualized for Koreans; Interviews and a survey of learners are presented to identify their wants and needs and then discussed in relation to the work of the teacher. The study aims to establish the different roles of the teacher adapted to the Korean public.

Text in Afrikaans / Wanneer die konstitusionele invloed op borgstelling in die bree bespreek word, moet die bepalings van die Grondwet 200 van 1993 met inbegrip van die Handves van Menseregte en die onderliggende waardes, beginsels en doelstellings daartoe binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks inaggeneem word. Die algemene transformasie van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap in 'n verteenwoordigende demokrasie, veelvolkigheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap, eskalerende misdaadsyfer, wantroue van die gemeenskap in die regstelsel en die beklemtoning van fundamentele regte is aspekte wat figureer binne die Suid-Afrikaanse borgtogreg. Die tradisionele benadering dat die bewyslas op die beskuldigde rus tydens borgtogverrigtinge is binne die moderne borgtogreg en in die lig van die Grondwet 200 van 1993 asook die Tweede Strafproseswysigingswet 75 van 1995 onvanpas. As algemene reel behoort die bewyslas by 'n borgaansoek op die staat te rus op oorwig van waarskynlikhede. In sekere spesifiek omskrewe gevalle soos vervat inartikel60(11) van die Tweede Strafproseswysigingswet rus die bewyslas op die beskuldigde. Hierdie beperking is regverdigbaar in tenne van artike133 van die Grondwet 200 van 1993. Daar bestaan verder nie voldoende rede om nie gebruik te maak van die bewyslasbegrip as gevestigde prosessuele maatreel tydens borgverrigtinge nie. In die moderne Suid-Afrikaanse borgtogreg moet 'n balans gehandhaaf word tussen die belange van die gemeenskap en die fundamentele regte van die individu. Die howe moet in elke spesifieke geval· inhoud aan hierdie beginsel verleen. / When the effect of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 200 of 1993 on bail is considered, the transformation of the South African community, multi-racial society, high crimerate, disillusionment of the community with regard to the courtsystem and importance of fundamental rights must be regarded. The traditional approach that the onus is upon the accused (in his capacity as applicant) to prove on a balance of probability that the court should exercise its discretion in favour of granting bail and, in discharging this burden, he must show that the interests of justice will not be prejudiced, is in terms ofthe Constitution 200 of 1993 and the Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act 75 of 1995 unacceptable. It is submitted that the onus should be on the State to place grounds before the Court why there should be an exercise of discretion in favour of the State for further detention of the individual. In terms of certain spesific crimes as described in article 60(11) of the Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act theis placed on the accused. This exception is acceptable as it prescribes to the requirements in article 33 of the Constitution 200 of 1993. It is submitted that there is no reason why onus as excepted evidentiary rule should not be used in bail applications. A balance between the interest of the community and fundamental rights of the individual must be kept in modern law regarding bail. It is in the hands of the courts to substantiate this balance. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

The primary goal of my study was to explore the possible ways in which postmodern career facilitation can be utilized to improve the achievement motivation of a traditionally disadvantaged adolescent. The study was conducted by means of a case study in which the achievement motivation of a traditionally disadvantaged adolescent was measured by the Achievement Motivation Profile test (Friedland, Mandel&Marcus, 1982) prior to, and on completion of the postmodern career facilitation process. The inquiry into the participant’s motivation to achieve was dependent on a qualitative integration of psychometric test results and information obtained from narrative techniques. The study was motivated by previous research indicating that traditional disadvantagement does not support the development of sufficient achievement motivation beliefs. Sufficient achievement behaviour appears to be preceded by both the will, and the skill, to achieve. / Dissertation (MEd(Educational Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Educational Psychology / MEd / unrestricted

This study was carried out in collaboration with Tracab, a brand leader in real-time digital sports data. As a result, the application field is centred on sports analytics. The technology, for instance, consists of multiple cameras that capture a football pitch in a panoramic setup. The alignment of two or more cameras in both a spatial and temporal manner is referred to as sub-frame synchronisation. Because the cameras are already in the same geometric coordinates, only temporal synchronisation will be addressed in this project. The main method for retrieving the desynchronisation information that affects the cameras is based on optical flow. The off-sync cameras' spacial information is then synthesised to the time required by the synchronisation constraint using motion interpolation. In addition, the created system is compared to a real-time intermediate flow interpolation approach. The latter method relies on machine learning techniques, whereas this study focuses on more traditional methods. The metrics Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Structural Similarity Index Measure are used to address the quality criteria required by this subject of study. Furthermore, visually perceived quality is examined to identify differences between measured and perceived quality. The results reveal that in every realistic situation investigated, temporal synchronisation can be addressed by an error measure of less than 1ms. The frame synthesis stage, on the other hand, fails to accurately estimate complicated scenarios, while the machine learning approach stands out. The implemented approach, on the other hand, addresses fast-moving objects with greater precision. Furthermore, the machine learning approach is unable to interpolate intermediate frames in arbitrary time steps, which is critical for the project's application. Finally, considering the lack of real-time computational speed and the quality achieved by machine learning approaches, more research is required in these directions. / Denna studie genomfördes i samarbete med Tracab, en marknadsledare inom digital sportdata levererad i realtid. Studiens applikationsområde kommer där av centreras kring sportdata där två eller flera kameror filmar en fotbollsplan i ett videopanorama. Kamerasynkroniseringen måste ske både spatialt och temporalt. Eftersom kamerorna har samma position kommer endast den temporala synkronisering tas upp i detta projekt. Den övergripande metoden för att göra detta är baserat på optiskt flöde. Data från en ej synkroniserad kamera syntetiseras via en synkroniseringkonstant mha. rörelseinterpolering. Detta jämförs även mot ett tillvägagångssätt som bygger på maskininlärning medan man i denna studie fokuserar på en mer traditionell lösningsmetod. Mätvärdena Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio och Structural Similarity Index Measure används som kvalitetskriteria. Även visuellt upplevd kvalitet undersöks för att identifiera skillnaden mellan mätt och upplevd kvalitet. Resultatet visar att vid realistiska situationer kan den temporala synkroniseringen beräknas till under 1ms. Den syntetiserade datan lyckas dock inte estimera komplicerade situationer, medan maskininlärningsmetoden presterar bra. Dock så klarar studiens lösningsmetod att bättre generera objekt i snabb rörelse. Vidare så kan inte maskininlärningsmetoden generera video med en godtycklig tidförskjutning, något som är avgörande för projektets tillämpningsområde. Slutligen, med tanke på svårigheter i realtidsberäkning kontra kvaliteten hos maskin- inlärningsmetoder krävs därför mer forskning inom området.

Cette recherche tente de déterminer si, dans le cadre d’un cours de physique de cinquième secondaire, l’utilisation d’un laboratoire par enquête guidée (comme complément d’enseignement basé sur une approche conceptuelle) permet aux élèves de mieux comprendre des notions de cinématique, que le laboratoire traditionnel. Elle s’inscrit dans une série d’études, réalisées au collégial ou à l’université, qui portent sur des approches d’enseignement exploitant le laboratoire comme moyen de transmission des concepts mécaniques en physique (McDermott, 1996; Beichner, 1994). Le laboratoire par enquête est associé à une approche conceptuelle axée sur le raisonnement qualitatif alors que celui qui est traditionnel est associé à une approche traditionnelle de l’enseignement de la physique. Le test TUG-K, «Test of Understanding Graphs in Kinematics » (Beichner, 1994), ainsi que des entrevues individuelles ont été utilisés afin d’évaluer la compréhension des concepts de cinématique. Il semble d’abord que le laboratoire par enquête guidé soit efficace pour enseigner la plupart des notions de cinématique. De plus, en comparant deux groupes d’une trentaine d’élèves de 5e secondaire ayant suivi deux types de laboratoires différents, l’étude a permis d’entrevoir une piste concernant la compréhension du concept d’accélération. Les résultats suggèrent qu’un laboratoire associé à une approche conceptuelle permettrait aux étudiants, à long terme, de mieux s’approprier les notions d’accélération qu’un laboratoire traditionnel. / The goal of this study is to determine whether the use of a guided inquiry laboratory (as a teaching complement based on a conceptual approach) will allow secondary five students to better understand kinematics notions than by the use of an expository laboratory. It comes within a series of college and university studies about teaching approaches using laboratories to transmit physics’ concepts in mechanics (McDermott, 1996; Beichner, 1994). The guided inquiry laboratory approach is associated to a conceptual approach based on qualitative reasoning, whereas the expository laboratory is associated to traditional approach in teaching physics. The Test of Understanding Graphs in Kinematics (TUG-K) (Beichner, 1994) and individual interviews were used to evaluate understanding of kinematics concepts. First of all, the study shows that a guided inquiry approach is an effective method to teach most of kinematics notions. Comparing the results from two groups of 38 students, the study results indicate that a conceptual approach laboratory is better than an expository laboratory for students’ long-term understanding of acceleration notions.