Encenada pela primeira vez em 1980 em Derry, na Irlanda do Norte, pela Companhia de Teatro Field Day, Translations de Brian Friel é considerada um marco na história teatral irlandesa, suscitando diversas interpretações e análises que abrangem diversos campos de estudo: do pós-colonialismo aos estudos de linguagem. O foco desta dissertação é o estudo da linguagem dentro da criação artística na Irlanda, tanto na formação do teatro irlandês como na formação da literatura irlandesa, tendo como objetivo a leitura de Translations como uma metáfora para a criação da literatura irlandesa como um todo. O presente trabalho também propõe uma tradução da peça para o português brasileiro e é dividido em três capítulos com o objetivo de: 1) apresentar a peça e as discussões que circundavam o contexto de sua criação, assim como a recepção da peça por jornais e estudiosos literários; 2) apresentar uma breve história da criação do teatro nacional irlandês a partir da fundação do Irish Literary Theater em 1897 pelo dramaturgo e poeta W.B. Yeats e comparar a fundação da Companhia de Teatro Field Day, além de situar Translations dentro da tradição iniciada no século XIX. Ademais, o segundo capítulo também trata sobre a criação literária na Irlanda e a relação de escritores com a língua de produção, inglês ou irlandês, tentando traçar comparações entre estes e os personagens da peça; 3) apresentar traduções da peça para o irlandês, grego, italiano e português brasileiro assim como apresentar reflexões sobre a tradução aqui proposta. O presente estudo se utiliza de teorias sobre estudos irlandeses de teóricos como Declan Kiberd, teóricos do teatro como Christopher Murray, Scott Boltwood, além dos textos publicados pela própria companhia Field Day. Também foram utilizadas extensivas pesquisas em jornais irlandeses e colunas de escritores no que tange a língua de criação. A base bibliográfica utilizada é variada a fim de que se possa chegar ao objetivo deste estudo: apresentar uma leitura em que Translations não seja lida como a morte da língua irlandesa, mas como o renascimento de uma língua que incorpora a língua inglesa, formando uma terceira língua de criação para a arte literária irlandesa. / First staged in 1980 in Derry, Northern Ireland, by the Field Day Theater Co., Translations is considered a milestone in the history of Irish theater, bringing up various interpretations and analysis, from post-colonial to language studies. The present research aims at studying language as a tool in the crafting of a national art in Ireland, especially in the foundation of a theater and in the creation of a literary tradition, presenting Translations as a metaphor for this process. This study presents a possibility for the translation of the play and is divided in three main parts: 1) a presentation of the play and the discussions surrounding the time of its creation as well as the reception of critics and scholars; 2) a brief presentation of the history of the Irish national theater starting by the foundation of the Irish Literary Theater in 1897 by W.B. Yeats, and a comparison with the foundation of the Field Day Theater Company where their first production, Translations, stands in the tradition started in late 19th century. Besides that, the second part also presents some periods in Irish literature and the relation between writers and the language of production: English or Irish, comparing this relationship to the one found amongst characters in the play; 3) analysis of the translations the play has received to Irish, Greek, Italian and Brazilian Portuguese as well as reflections on the process of translating the play. The following study uses theories in Irish studies such as the ones by Declan Kiberd, theater scholars such as Christopher Murray and Scott Boltwood and texts published by Field Day. Newspapers columns and articles were also researched for this study, especially when concerning the language of literary production in Ireland. The main objetive of this study is to present a reading of the play that does not refer to the death of a language, but to the rebirth of a new Irish language incorporated in the English language, a third language used in the creation of Irish art.

This paper analyzes the author’s own translation of a metaphor dense non-fiction text and investigates how metaphors have been translated from English to Swedish. The analysis mainly draws on Schäffner’s 2004 study that views metaphors on two levels, micro and macro, and Newmark’s 1981 prescriptive framework. The translation of metaphors is a widely discussed topic among translation scholars and it has been suggested by neurological studies that translated texts with lower metaphor density than their source texts have less emotional impact. However, the issue of translation is complicated by the translatability of metaphors as conceptual metaphor theory suggests that our understanding of metaphors is primarily based on cultural experience. The findings indicate that the metaphors in the source text can be directly translated into Swedish to a high degree, and micro-level changes do not always affect the macro-level metaphor. Based on this, it appears that macro-level metaphors at times can remain intact in the target text even if changes on the micro-level are necessary in order to conform to target language conventions. However, due to the study’s limited sample, no firm conclusions are made.

Para realizar trabajos de traducción, los estudiantes de Traducción hacen uso de sus competencias culturales e interculturales para atender los focos de dificultad cultural que se presenten en el proceso traslativo. Si bien existen investigaciones sobre problemas culturales en la traducción, aún no hay suficientes estudios dedicados a analizar cómo se aplican las competencias culturales para atender estos problemas, sobre todo en el contexto peruano. Por ello, en la presente investigación se analizará de qué manera los estudiantes de la carrera de Traducción e Interpretación Profesional de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas aplican sus competencias culturales para identificar y solucionar problemas culturales. Con el fin de obtener resultados, este estudio se centrará en estudiantes que cursen las asignaturas de Traducción Directa II y Traducción Inversa I, ya que en estas asignaturas los estudiantes aplican los conocimientos culturales previamente desarrollados en trabajos de traducción. Para el desarrollo de esta investigación se propone utilizar las técnicas de análisis de documentos, observación y entrevistas. El análisis de documentos será útil para analizar las traducciones de los estudiantes y conocer las técnicas de traducción aplicadas. La observación a sesiones de las asignaturas seleccionadas permitirá conocer los problemas culturales que identificaron y, por último, las entrevistas ayudarán a comprender el proceso traslativo de cada estudiante, es decir, las estrategias empleadas para atender los problemas culturales identificados. / In order to carry out translation tasks, translation students use their cultural and intercultural competences to deal with cultural problems that appear in the translational process. Although there are researches on cultural problems in translation, there are still not enough studies focused on analyzing how cultural competences are applied to address these problems, especially in the Peruvian context. Therefore, this research will analyze how Translation and Interpreting students from Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas apply their cultural competences to identify and solve cultural problems. In order to obtain results, this study will focus on students who are taking Traducción Directa II y Traducción Inversa I, since the students apply the cultural knowledge previously developed in translation tasks in these subjects. For the development of this research, it is planned to use the techniques of document analysis, observation and interviews. The analysis of documents will be useful to analyze students' translations and to learn about the translation techniques they have applied. The observation of the selected subjects will allow us to understand the cultural problems they have identified and finally, the interviews will help us to understand the translation process of each student. / Trabajo de investigación

Den här uppsatsen handlar om framväxten av kryptovalutor och blockkedjeteknik i den globala ekonomin. Kritik har riktats mot bankers och andra centraliserade intermediärers finansiella system, i form av ineffektiva processer, tillkommande avgifter och att användarnas integritet undermineras. I takt med kritiken har tillkomsten av kryptovalutor och blockkedjeteknik vuxit fram och det sker en snabb utveckling inom detta område. Intresset ökar i samhället där aktörer försöker adaptera den nya teknologin samtidigt som centraliserade organisationer vill förbli konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden. Tidigare har det varit en mer negativ inställning gentemot kryptovalutor men uppfattningen har börjat förändras.  Intentionen med studien är att undersöka framväxten av kryptovaluta och blockedjeteknologin. För att uppnå studiens syfte har vi kartlagt vilka aktörerna är och hur de förhåller sig till kryptovaluta. I denna studie har Actor-Network Theory (ANT) använts som teoretisk referensram och bidrar till resultatets uppbyggnad. Centralt inom teorin är att olika aktörer interagerar med varandra och tillsammans bygger ett nätverk som strävar efter att stabiliseras. Studiens empiri har samlats in genom en dokumentstudie.  Resultatet visar att nätverket kring kryptovalutor har blivit stabiliserat över tid men inte fullständigt institutionaliserat eller allmänt accepterat i samhället. Ledande aktörer utöver myndigheter och makthavare har hjälpt till att forma nätverket och bidragit till kryptovalutors utveckling. Däremot framgår det att aktörer som banker har andra incitament bakom användningen av teknologin där de ser fördelarna men väljer att inte i dagsläget adaptera teknologin fullständigt. / This thesis explains the emergence of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology in the global economy. An increased criticism has been noticed against banks and other centralized organizations financial systems. The main critics evolve around its inefficient processes, the additional fees that intermediaries are demanding for their services, and that the users integrity tends to be undermined. Cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology has emerged as a counteractive answer to these criticisms, and there is a rapidly growing development in the area. Cryptocurrencies are given more attention in society which shows by the increase of private investors and organizations who are trying to take advantage of the new technology. Centralized organizations have been passive towards cryptocurrencies in the early stages to stay competitive in the market. There has been a general negative attitude towards cryptocurrencies in the past, but these perceptions are changing. The intention of this study is to investigate the emergence of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology. To achieve the purpose of the study, we have mapped who these contributors are and how they relate to the phenomena. In this study, actor-network theory (ANT) has been used as a theoretical framework and contributes to the structure of the results. Central to the theory is that different types of participants interact with each other and together build a network that strives to form a stable structure. This studys empirical data has been determined through a document study.  The results show that the network around cryptocurrencies has been stabilized over time but is not fully institutionalized. There is still progression to be made until it will become widely accepted in society. Leading actors in addition to authorities and those in power have in one hand helped shape the network and contributed to the development of cryptocurrencies. On the other hand, it appears that involved actors such as banks have other incentives for engaging in the technology, since they seem to have taken notice of the benefits of it but choose not to fully adapt the technology yet. This essay is written in Swedish.

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<p>The category of grammatical gender has gained considerable attention in the linguistic literature. Previous studies focused primarily on describing the often very complex system of genders in particular languages, on the understanding of the category <em>per se</em> (e.g. the origin of gender differentiation) or the acquisition of grammatical gender and the processing of this category in language production.</p> <p>In contrast, the present dissertation looks at grammatical gender from a cognitive point of view. For the sake of this dissertation, <em>cognitive perspective</em> is defined as the assumption that human language cannot be separated from the way human beings perceive the world since language and thought are inextricably related. This approach also implies that research cannot be limited to theoretical explorations, but rather, that it must employ experimental methods and use research tools traditionally associated with other disciplines to collect data about authentic language use. All studies included in this thesis concentrate on the topic of grammatical gender, but they approach the category from a variety of perspectives.</p> <p>It was found that the grammatical gender, at least to some degree, shapes the worldview of speakers of those languages in which the category operates, since the gender of the personification of concepts usually agrees with the grammatical gender of the respective nouns. In the context of translation, grammatical gender proved to be much more challenging than had been expected; there were many mistakes found in the translation product and many hesitations observed in the translation process.</p> <p>The findings of the studies included in this thesis add to the general understanding of the complexities of the category of grammatical gender and its relationship to the way language users perceive the world. What is more, the investigations and proposals presented here emphasize the need for a more interdisciplinary approach to the study of grammatical gender.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis deals with the translation process in Czech central state administration bodies - more precisely in the ministries. The theoretical part of the thesis presents a definition of the terms institution and institutional translation and specifies the activities and functions of individual ministries. Ministries can be divided into two groups based on the presence of a translation department in their organizational structure: ministries with a translation department and ministries without a translation department. After that, selected publications on institutional translation in national institutions and in the institutions of the European Union are summarized and a model of translation process in institutions is created based on these publications and adjusted to every ministry individually. The empirical part focuses on the results of the survey and structured interviews conducted in the ministries. The conclusions are presented for every ministry individually and then for the whole group. The models of translation process are compared and commented on. Key words: International institution, institutional translation, Czech central state administration bodies, ministry, translation process, model of translation process, translation department Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

A partir da versão para a língua inglesa de dez contos da obra Ainda Orangotangos do autor gaúcho Paulo Scott (2003), este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma análise parcial do processo tradutório no que tange elementos culturais e narratológicos. Para realizar tal análise, foram contempladas três áreas de estudo: a Literatura Comparada, os Estudos da Tradução e a Narratologia. A Literatura Comparada abre as portas para a interdisciplinaridade aqui proposta e valida a tradução literária como seu objeto de estudo, visto que, de acordo com Carvalhal (2003), uma tradução literária pode ser considerada material criativo, na medida em que também constitui em um esforço criativo. O primeiro capítulo trata das questões culturais muito exploradas nos Estudos da Tradução. Martínez (2001), Newmark (1988) e Aixelá (1996) propõem algumas definições e classificações de elementos culturais úteis para reflexão, enquanto os dois últimos, além de Venuti (1992) e Sun (2012), apontam possíveis abordagens para a tradução destes elementos. Apesar de simpatizarmos com as propostas de Aixelá (1996) e Venuti (1992) de propagar o estranhamento em detrimento da domesticação, a proposta de Sun (2012) de equilibrar momentos de precisão e aceitabilidade foi considerada mais próxima de uma tradução realista. Por fim, Aixelá (1996) concebe um conjunto de técnicas de tradução que serão utilizadas aqui a fim de alcançar tal equilíbrio nas versões. O segundo capítulo trata das questões narratológicas e propõe um diálogo entre Narratologia e Estudos da Tradução. Autores como O'Sullivan (2003), Cavagnoli (2008), Nunes (2012) e Boase-Beier (2014) afirmam que o tradutor é leitor e (re)escritor do texto a ser traduzido, e que tal leitura precisa ser diferenciada, visto que questões de narrativa são tão importantes quanto as culturais para conceber o texto literário como um todo. Para fazer essa leitura, propomos a utilização de conceitos da Narratologia de Genette (1980) e Bal (2007). Traduzir é, portanto, uma tarefa interpretativa e transpõe não só o sentido, mas também a forma desse sentido. / Based on the translation of ten short stories from the book Ainda Orangotangos by Paulo Scott (2003) into English, this research aims at carrying out a partial analysis of the translation process regarding cultural and narratological elements. In order to carry out this analysis, three fields of study were contemplated: Comparative Literature, Translation Studies and Narratology. Comparative Literature makes such interdisciplinarity possible and validates literary translation as its object of study since, according to Carvalhal (2003), a literary translation can be considered creative material to the extent that it also constitutes creative effort. The first chapter addresses the cultural issues much explored by Translation Studies. Martínez (2001), Newmark (1988) and Aixelá (1996) propose some definitions and classifications of cultural elements useful for reflection, while the latter two, Venuti (1992) and Sun (2012), indicate possible approaches for translating these elements. Even though we appreciate the proposition by Aixelá (1996) and Venuti (1992) that foreignization should be propagated at the expense of domestication, the proposition by Sun (2012) of balancing accuracy and acceptability was considered better aligned with a realistic translation. Finally, Aixelá (1996) develops a set of translation techniques that are going to be employed to achieve such balance. The second chapter discusses the narratological issues and proposes a dialogue between Narratology and Translation Studies. Authors such as O'Sullivan (2003), Cavagnoli (2008), Nunes (2012) e Boase-Beier (2014) state that the translator is both reader and (re)writer of the text to be translated, and that such reading has to be deeper since narrative issues are as important as the cultural ones to conceive a literary text as a whole. In order to perform such special reading, we propose employing the narratological concepts by Genette (1980) and Bal (2007). Translating is therefore an interpretative task and transposes not only meaning, but also the form of that meaning.

O diabetes mellitus requer da pessoa o gerenciamento do autocuidado de forma contínua e permanente, para a prevenção de agravos e para a melhoria da qualidade de vida, no entanto, é necessário ter a capacidade para se comprometer em atividades de autocuidado. Nesse contexto, a escala \"Appraisal of Self Care Agency - Revised\" (ASAS-R) é utilizada para avaliar a capacidade de autocuidado quanto ao poder da pessoa em executar operações produtivas de autocuidado. Essa escala foi estruturada a partir de sua versão original que tem como base conceitual a Teoria do Déficit de Autocuidado de Orem juntamente com a análise do Grupo de Conferência em Desenvolvimento em Enfermagem (NDCG). Escala do tipo Likert que contém 15 itens com cinco opções de resposta, três fatores nomeados de \"Tendo, Desenvolvendo e Faltando Poder para o autocuidado\" e intervalo possível para o total da medida de 15 a 75, sendo que os maiores valores refletem maior capacidade de autocuidado. O presente estudo objetivou descrever o processo de tradução, de adaptação e de validação da escala ASAS-R para o Brasil em uma amostra de pessoas com diabetes mellitus (DM) tipo 2 em uso de insulina. Estudo do tipo metodológico que foi conduzido na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) de um município do interior do Estado de Minas Gerais, no ano de 2011. O processo seguiu as etapas: tradução, síntese das traduções, avaliação pelo Comitê de Juízes, retrotradução, submissão das versões retrotraduzidas aos autores da versão original, validação semântica, pré-teste e análise das propriedades psicométricas (validade de construto convergente, discriminante e fatorial, confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade). A amostra foi constituída por 150 participantes, sendo 83(55,3%) do sexo feminino, 94(62,7%) com mais de 60 anos de idade, 76(50,7%) aposentados e 117 (77,9%) com menos de nove anos de estudo. Os resultados da análise da validade de construto convergente confirmaram a hipótese de correlação negativa entre os escores da escala ASAS-R com a Escala Cognitiva de Depressão (DCS) e de correlação positiva com o instrumento Estado de Saúde Percebido (SF 36) em seis de seus domínios; por outro lado, rejeitou a hipótese de correlação positiva com a Escala de Apoio Social (MOS). A validade de construto discriminante entre grupos distintos constatou diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as pessoas com mais de 75 anos de idade (p<0,026), com baixa escolaridade (p<0,002) e que não autoaplicam a insulina (p<0,001), nas quais obtiveram menor escore de capacidade de autocuidado. A validade de construto obtida, a partir da análise fatorial, não confirmou integralmente a dimensionalidade da escala proposta teoricamente pelos autores da versão original, porém a partir da análise do scree plot, foi confirmado o mesmo número de fatores (três). A confiabilidade, por meio da consistência interna, apresentou valores de alfa de Cronbach satisfatórios para o total de itens (&#945;=0,74) e para os fatores 1 \"Tendo Poder\" e 3 \"Faltando Poder\" (&#945;=0,69). A reprodutibilidade, por meio do teste-reteste e análise interobservadores, confirmou a estabilidade (r=0,81; p<0,001) e a equivalência (r=0,84; p<0,001) da escala ASAS-R pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasses. Conclui-se, portanto, que a escala ASAS-R é válida e confiável, no entanto, novas pesquisas em amostras representativas da população geral serão necessárias para consolidar o processo de validação da escala e comprovar a dimensionalidade da estrutura fatorial. Espera-se que este estudo subsidie ações que contribuam em estratégias para melhor acompanhamento das pessoas com DM na ESF. / Diabetes Mellitus requires the person to manage self-care in a continuous and permanent way for injury prevention and the improvement of life quality. However, it is necessary to be committed in self-care activities. In this context, the Appraisal of Self-care Agency - Revised (ASAS-R) scale is used to evaluate the ability of self-care related to the power of the person to execute productive self-care operations. This scale was structured from its original version which has as a conceptual basis the Orem\'s nursing self-care theory together with the analysis of the Conference Group in Nursing Development (NDCG). Likert scale which contains 15 items with five answer options, three factors called \"Having, Developing and Lacking power to self-care\" and interval possible for the total measure of 15 to 75, having the higher values reflecting higher skill of self-care. This study had the aim to describe the process of translation, adaptation and validation of the ASAS-R scale for Brazil in a sample of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus using insulin. A methodological study was carried out in Family Health Strategy (FHS) in an inner county in Minas Gerais State, in 2011. Process followed the stages: translation, synthesis of the translations, evaluation by the Judges Committee, back translation, submission of the back translated versions to the authors of the original version, semantic validation, pretest and analysis of the psychometric properties (validation of the discriminant, convergent and factorial construct, reliability and reproducibility). Sample was constituted of 150 participants, being 83 (55.3%) female, 94 (62.7%) over 60 years old, 76 (50.7%) retired and 117 (77,9%) with less than nine years of study. The results of the analysis of the convergent construct validation confirmed the hypothesis of the negative correlation between the scores of ASAS-R scale and the Depressive Cognition Scale (DCS) and the positive correlation with the Medical Outcomes Survey 36 item Short-Form (SF 36) showed in six of its domains. On the other hand, it refused the hypothesis of the positive correlation with the Social Support Scale (MOS). Validation of the discriminant construct among different groups saw statistically significant differences among people over 75 years old (p<0.026), lower education (p<0.002), and the ones who do not self-administer insulin (p<0.001), in which they got the lower score of self-care skill. Validation of the construct obtained from the factorial analysis did not fully confirm the dimensionality of the scale proposed theoretically by the authors of the original version; however, from the analysis of the scree plot, it was confirmed the same number of factors (three). Reliability, through internal consistence, presented satisfactory alpha Cronbach values for the total items (&#945;=0.69). Reproducibility, through test and retest, and interobserver analysis, confirmed the stability (r=0.81; p<0.001) and equivalence (r=0.84; p<0.001) of ASAS-R scale by the intraclass correlation coefficients. It is concluded, therefore, that ASAS-R scale is valid and reliable; nevertheless, new research with representative samples from the general population is necessary for the consolidation of the scale validation process and to check the dimensionality of the factorial structure. It is hoped that this study will subsidize actions that contribute to strategies for better monitoring of the people with DM in FHS.