With a multi-method research approach that involves retrospective reflection, concurrent screen-capturing (Camtasia), and key-stroke logging (Translog), this study probed Chinese-English translation processes and investigated the strategy use and pause patterns of 20 translators with different professional designations (i.e., novice, paraprofessional, and professional translators). Through the application of the Translation Competence Model (PACTE, 2007) from the Translation Studies field and of the Language Ability Model (Bachman & Palmer, 1996) from the field of Language Learner Strategies research, this study is the first of its kind to compare the differences in translators’ pause patterns in the three different translation phases (i.e., orientation, drafting, and revising phases) and strategy use, and to analyze the relationship of translators’ strategy use and pause vis-à-vis translation performance. The three types of data provided a fuller picture of translators’ translation processes, and the use of the two models served to triangulate and cross-validate the multiple sources of data on translators’ reported and observed strategy use, which amounted to 97 individual strategies and 3,464 instances. The data examined quantitatively and qualitatively showed that translators of higher professional designations or the high performance level had higher percentages in professional, psycho-physiological, bilingual, and affective strategies, and paused longer and more often and spent more time in the revising phase. However, translators of lower professional designations or the low performance level showed higher percentages in instrumental and extralinguistic strategies, and paused longer and allocated more time in the drafting phase. The analysis revealed no significant correlation between overall strategy use or pauses and translation performance. The findings inform researchers, trainers, and trainees in the professions of both translation and additional-language teaching about translation strategy use and pause patterns. / Graduate

Alguns medicamentos são notórios por possuírem risco aumentado de causar danos significativos ou fatais em decorrência de falhas durante o uso, sendo identificados como medicamentos potencialmente perigosos. Conhecimento e informação são aliados na prevenção de tais falhas, contudo, o conhecimento apresentado pelos profissionais de saúde para evitá-las é incerto. Nesse contexto, almejando obter um panorama do conhecimento inerente aos profissionais enfermeiros e formular mecanismos para uma intervenção futura, pesquisadores de nacionalidade chinesa elaboraram e validaram o Questionário de Medicamentos Potencialmente Perigosos, destinado a mensurar o conhecimento pertinente à prática envolvendo estes medicamentos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi traduzir para a língua portuguesa brasileira e adaptar culturalmente o Questionário de Medicamentos Potencialmente Perigosos, verificando sua aplicabilidade no contexto brasileiro. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa metodológica, cujo rigoroso processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural compreendeu as seguintes etapas: tradução do chinês para o português brasileiro por dois tradutores independentes; síntese das traduções; retrotradução para a língua de origem; avaliação por um comitê de cinco juízes, que verificaram as equivalências semântica, idiomática, conceitual e cultural dos itens, e propuseram alterações; e pré-teste, cuja função foi julgar a clareza e a pertinência do conteúdo dos itens e proceder à versão final do questionário, sendo realizado em uma amostra composta por 30 enfermeiros que exerciam suas atividades em tempo integral ou parcial em um hospital de ensino do interior do Estado de São Paulo. No processo de tradução houve pequenas variações entre as traduções independentes que foram solucionadas após argumentação e consenso entre os tradutores. Na etapa referente à avaliação pelo comitê de juízes, os especialistas consideraram que a versão traduzida para o português apresentou equivalência semântica, idiomática, cultural e conceitual, mas alguns itens necessitaram de ajustes para se tornarem culturalmente cabíveis. No pré-teste a população-alvo foi interrogada quanto à clareza da redação e pertinência dos itens. Na primeira parte do questionário (Administração dos Medicamentos), os percentuais médios relativos à clareza da redação e pertinência dos itens foram de 93,3% e 89,6%, respectivamente. No tocante à segunda parte do questionário (Procedimentos Clínicos), o percentual médio referente à clareza da redação foi de 93,3%, enquanto que, em média, 85,3% dos sujeitos concordaram com a pertinência dos itens. Desse modo, com base nos aspectos metodológicos adotados neste estudo, o resultado apresentado pelo processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural do instrumento investigado foi considerado satisfatório, havendo equivalência entre a versão original e a versão traduzida do questionário, a qual se apresenta facilmente compreensível e adequadamente adaptada para o contexto brasileiro. Além disso, assume-se que o estudo propiciou um embasamento indispensável para o prosseguimento do processo de validação do questionário investigado / Some medications are notorious for having an increased risk of causing significant harm or death due faults during their use, being identified as high-alert medications. Knowledge and information are allies in preventing such failures, however the knowledge presented by healthcare professionals to prevent them is uncertain. In this context, aiming to obtain an overview of the inherent knowledge to nurses and formulate mechanisms for a future intervention, researchers of Chinese nationality have developed and validated the Questionnaire of High-Alert Medications designed to measure the pertinent knowledge to the practice involving these medications. Thus, the aim of this study was to translate to Brazilian Portuguese and culturally adapt the Questionnaire of High-Alert Medications checking its applicability in the Brazilian context. It was a methodological study, in which the rigorous process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation included the following stages: translation from Chinese to Brazilian Portuguese by two independent translators; synthesis of translations; back translation into the source language; evaluation by a committee of five judges that verified the semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalence of the items, and have suggested changes; and pre-test, whose function was to judge the clarity and relevance of the content of the items and proceed to the final version of the questionnaire, which was conducted in a sample composed by 30 nurses who performed their activities in full or part time in a teaching hospital in the State of São Paulo. In the translation process there were minor variations between the independent translations that were resolved after argumentation and consensus among translators. In the stage related to the evaluation by the committee of judges, the experts considered that the translated version to Portuguese showed semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalence, but some items needed adjustments in order to become culturally appropriate. In the pre-test the target population was questioned about the clarity of writing and relevance of the items. In the first part of the questionnaire (Drug Administration) the average percentages for the clarity of writing and relevance of the items were 93.3% and 89.6%, respectively. In relation to the second part of the questionnaire (Clinical Procedures) the average percentage related to the clarity of writing was 93.3%, whereas, on average, 85.3% of the subjects agreed with the relevance of the items. Therefore, based on the methodological aspects adopted in this study, the result presented by the translation and cross-cultural adaptation process of the instrument was satisfactory and there was equivalence between the original and the translated version of the questionnaire, which presents itself easily understandable and properly adapted to the Brazilian context. In addition, it is assumed that the study provided an indispensable resource for the continuation of the validation process of the questionnaire investigated

Recently, the tendencies in the translation science have changed and the interest has been shifted towards the empirical investigations of the process of the translation. A wide span of research works was enhanced by the belief that the processes, which take place in the translator’s head while he or she is translating, are as important as the perception of translation as the final product of the translated text in relation to the source text. The translated text can provide a comparably incomplete and misleading assumptions about the process of translation, i. e. ignoring and eliminating both problems and successful strategies of the translation. Insofar as it is not possible to directly observe the human mind at work, a number of attempts have been made at indirectly accessing the translator’s mind. One such attempt, which has been steadily gaining ground in translation research, has been to ask the translators themselves to reveal their mental processes in real time while carrying out a translation task. Such a method of data collection is known as ‘thinking aloud’. Starting from 1980 Think Aloud Protocols (TAPs) have become a major instrument in process-oriented translation studies. The major early concern of researchers was the analysis of translation strategies using TAPs. Translation strategies range from a subject’s realization of a translation problem to its solution or to the subject’s realization of its insolubility for him or her. In this research, the... [to full text]

Alguns medicamentos são notórios por possuírem risco aumentado de causar danos significativos ou fatais em decorrência de falhas durante o uso, sendo identificados como medicamentos potencialmente perigosos. Conhecimento e informação são aliados na prevenção de tais falhas, contudo, o conhecimento apresentado pelos profissionais de saúde para evitá-las é incerto. Nesse contexto, almejando obter um panorama do conhecimento inerente aos profissionais enfermeiros e formular mecanismos para uma intervenção futura, pesquisadores de nacionalidade chinesa elaboraram e validaram o Questionário de Medicamentos Potencialmente Perigosos, destinado a mensurar o conhecimento pertinente à prática envolvendo estes medicamentos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi traduzir para a língua portuguesa brasileira e adaptar culturalmente o Questionário de Medicamentos Potencialmente Perigosos, verificando sua aplicabilidade no contexto brasileiro. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa metodológica, cujo rigoroso processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural compreendeu as seguintes etapas: tradução do chinês para o português brasileiro por dois tradutores independentes; síntese das traduções; retrotradução para a língua de origem; avaliação por um comitê de cinco juízes, que verificaram as equivalências semântica, idiomática, conceitual e cultural dos itens, e propuseram alterações; e pré-teste, cuja função foi julgar a clareza e a pertinência do conteúdo dos itens e proceder à versão final do questionário, sendo realizado em uma amostra composta por 30 enfermeiros que exerciam suas atividades em tempo integral ou parcial em um hospital de ensino do interior do Estado de São Paulo. No processo de tradução houve pequenas variações entre as traduções independentes que foram solucionadas após argumentação e consenso entre os tradutores. Na etapa referente à avaliação pelo comitê de juízes, os especialistas consideraram que a versão traduzida para o português apresentou equivalência semântica, idiomática, cultural e conceitual, mas alguns itens necessitaram de ajustes para se tornarem culturalmente cabíveis. No pré-teste a população-alvo foi interrogada quanto à clareza da redação e pertinência dos itens. Na primeira parte do questionário (Administração dos Medicamentos), os percentuais médios relativos à clareza da redação e pertinência dos itens foram de 93,3% e 89,6%, respectivamente. No tocante à segunda parte do questionário (Procedimentos Clínicos), o percentual médio referente à clareza da redação foi de 93,3%, enquanto que, em média, 85,3% dos sujeitos concordaram com a pertinência dos itens. Desse modo, com base nos aspectos metodológicos adotados neste estudo, o resultado apresentado pelo processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural do instrumento investigado foi considerado satisfatório, havendo equivalência entre a versão original e a versão traduzida do questionário, a qual se apresenta facilmente compreensível e adequadamente adaptada para o contexto brasileiro. Além disso, assume-se que o estudo propiciou um embasamento indispensável para o prosseguimento do processo de validação do questionário investigado / Some medications are notorious for having an increased risk of causing significant harm or death due faults during their use, being identified as high-alert medications. Knowledge and information are allies in preventing such failures, however the knowledge presented by healthcare professionals to prevent them is uncertain. In this context, aiming to obtain an overview of the inherent knowledge to nurses and formulate mechanisms for a future intervention, researchers of Chinese nationality have developed and validated the Questionnaire of High-Alert Medications designed to measure the pertinent knowledge to the practice involving these medications. Thus, the aim of this study was to translate to Brazilian Portuguese and culturally adapt the Questionnaire of High-Alert Medications checking its applicability in the Brazilian context. It was a methodological study, in which the rigorous process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation included the following stages: translation from Chinese to Brazilian Portuguese by two independent translators; synthesis of translations; back translation into the source language; evaluation by a committee of five judges that verified the semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalence of the items, and have suggested changes; and pre-test, whose function was to judge the clarity and relevance of the content of the items and proceed to the final version of the questionnaire, which was conducted in a sample composed by 30 nurses who performed their activities in full or part time in a teaching hospital in the State of São Paulo. In the translation process there were minor variations between the independent translations that were resolved after argumentation and consensus among translators. In the stage related to the evaluation by the committee of judges, the experts considered that the translated version to Portuguese showed semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalence, but some items needed adjustments in order to become culturally appropriate. In the pre-test the target population was questioned about the clarity of writing and relevance of the items. In the first part of the questionnaire (Drug Administration) the average percentages for the clarity of writing and relevance of the items were 93.3% and 89.6%, respectively. In relation to the second part of the questionnaire (Clinical Procedures) the average percentage related to the clarity of writing was 93.3%, whereas, on average, 85.3% of the subjects agreed with the relevance of the items. Therefore, based on the methodological aspects adopted in this study, the result presented by the translation and cross-cultural adaptation process of the instrument was satisfactory and there was equivalence between the original and the translated version of the questionnaire, which presents itself easily understandable and properly adapted to the Brazilian context. In addition, it is assumed that the study provided an indispensable resource for the continuation of the validation process of the questionnaire investigated

La presente investigación tiene la finalidad de analizar el proceso de traducción por fans hispanoamericanos de la saga Cazadores de Sombras al traducir el libro Reina del aire y la oscuridad (2019) del inglés al español. Los fans traductores, al considerar que las traducciones oficiales previas realizadas por la Editorial Planeta no cumplieron con sus expectativas, optaron por organizarse a través de Facebook para iniciar un proceso de traducción comunitaria en línea, el cual se enfocó en producir un texto de forma rápida, pero sin perjudicar la calidad. Este estudio con enfoque cualitativo profundizará, mediante las técnicas de producción de datos de entrevista y análisis de documentos, en las etapas del proceso de traducción del equipo de fans traductores Shadowhunters contra la Ley, en la relación interna del equipo, y en la relación entre el equipo y la comunidad durante la traducción de la novela de fantasía Reina del aire y la oscuridad. / The present study aims to analyze the translation process of the book Queen of Air and Darkness (2019) of the Shadowhunters saga from English to Spanish by Hispanic fans. The fan translators considered that the previous official translations by Editorial Planeta did not fulfill their expectations. Therefore, they decided to use Facebook to start an online community translation process focused on producing a text in a short time, without compromising its quality. This qualitative study will allow us, through data production techniques such as interviews and document analysis, to learn more about the stages of the translation process of the fan translators team Shadowhunters contra la Ley. Also, it will help us to understand the internal relationship of the team and the relationship between the team and the fandom during the translation of the fantasy novel Queen of Air and Darkness. / Trabajo de investigación

Authors: Mikaela Andersson & Louise Petersson Suporvisor: Dan Halvarsson Examiner: Åsa Devine Title: Lost in translation - A qualitative study regarding the translation process of social media activities Keywords: Social media, Translation process, KPIs, Qualitative metrics, Quantitative metrics, Data collection, Data analysis Background: Social media as marketing tools have created many opportunities for marketers and companies that want to increase the social media use. However, the vast amount of data has generated many question marks, so there is a great need to understand how the translation process of social media activities is proceeding to have the ability to understand the effectiveness of the activities. Purpose: The purpose is to describe the translation process regarding the evaluation of social media activities. Research Question: How is the translation process described concerning social media activities? Methodology: The research is founded upon a qualitative approach with a descriptive purpose. It includes multiple-case studies and the data was collected through six semi-structured interviews. The result was derived by descriptions, categorizations and combination of the data. Conclusion: Despite having a fairly stable process including KPIs, metrics, data collection and analysis, there is no general way of translating social media indicators. Every translation process is dependent upon whom the client is, and what the objectives are, so it is difficult to describe the process in detail. However, the above-mentioned process can be viewed as an overall approach.

This study investigates the translation process of three translator students and their production of translated non-fiction texts. The students are followed from an initial examination task over a period of time of 5 years. The translated texts produced during this period are analysed with selected methods of text analysis, which is compared to their source texts. The text analysis focuses on certain grammatical features that are known to generate problems for translators with the language pair Russian – Swedish. The results of the analysis show that the systematic differences in the languages involved are not as problematic as expected for the participants. Writing skills in the TL, translation principles and initial beliefs as well as the individual’s approach concerning the task of a translator turn out to have the most significant influences on the participants’ performance. In a complementary analysis, introspection data obtained from concurrent verbalisations are analysed according to a model that allows indicating and classifying marked processing in the translations. The role of contrastive language knowledge is especially emphasised in this part of the study. The results are put in relation to each other to obtain a picture of the individual development of the participating translator students. The three case studies show that each participant developed his/her competence during the time of the study. They also show that this development stays within a conceptual frame set by the participants before they started their training as translators. The implications for translator training that can be drawn from this study are mainly concerned with the importance of writing skills in the TL, contrastive language knowledge and the importance of questioning individual beliefs and principles concerning the task of the translator as well as approaches to translating.

The thesis deals with the way student groups translate when simulating interactions between translators and clients, using risk management concepts as tools for describing their decisions. The research aims are: 1) to explore how the use of peer-group interaction in a simulated setting affects students’ ways of managing risk while translating, and 2) to study whether translators have any identifiable pattern of behavior of risk management and effort distribution. A two-cycle experiment involving two roles, the translator and the simulated client, was carried out with a class of translation students to test the effects of the main variable of peer-group interaction. Performance data were collected with screen recordings and think-aloud protocols. Additional data are collected through pre-and-post-experiment questionnaires and interviews with student subjects. The research analyzes of the translators’ rendition processes, codes the problems they face, observe the translation procedures they consider and finally adopt, and looks into the justifications for their procedures, in order to interpret their risk management. / La presente investigación analiza cómo los estudiantes de traducción gestionan el riesgo mientras traducen en un entorno simulado en el que se representa la relación traductor-cliente. Los objetivos de la investigación son: 1) analizar cómo la interacción de grupo de pares en un entorno simulado altera la forma en que los estudiantes gestionan el riesgo durante la traducción, y 2) averiguar si los traductores individuales tienen un patrón de comportamiento identificable en lo que respecta a la gestión de riesgo y a la distribución del esfuerzo. Se realizó un experimento de dos ciclos que incluyó dos roles (el traductor y el cliente simulado) con un grupo de estudiantes de traducción para evaluar los efectos de la interacción en un grupo de pares. Se recolectaron datos adicionales por medio de cuestionarios previos y posteriores al experimento, así como también por medio de entrevistas con los sujetos. Con el fin de interpretar su gestión del riesgo, la investigación analiza los procesos de traducción de los traductores, clasifica los problemas que enfrentaron, considera los procedimientos de traducción que tuvieron en cuenta y los que, finalmente, decidieron usar, y busca la razón por la que usaron dichos procedimientos.

Encenada pela primeira vez em 1980 em Derry, na Irlanda do Norte, pela Companhia de Teatro Field Day, Translations de Brian Friel é considerada um marco na história teatral irlandesa, suscitando diversas interpretações e análises que abrangem diversos campos de estudo: do pós-colonialismo aos estudos de linguagem. O foco desta dissertação é o estudo da linguagem dentro da criação artística na Irlanda, tanto na formação do teatro irlandês como na formação da literatura irlandesa, tendo como objetivo a leitura de Translations como uma metáfora para a criação da literatura irlandesa como um todo. O presente trabalho também propõe uma tradução da peça para o português brasileiro e é dividido em três capítulos com o objetivo de: 1) apresentar a peça e as discussões que circundavam o contexto de sua criação, assim como a recepção da peça por jornais e estudiosos literários; 2) apresentar uma breve história da criação do teatro nacional irlandês a partir da fundação do Irish Literary Theater em 1897 pelo dramaturgo e poeta W.B. Yeats e comparar a fundação da Companhia de Teatro Field Day, além de situar Translations dentro da tradição iniciada no século XIX. Ademais, o segundo capítulo também trata sobre a criação literária na Irlanda e a relação de escritores com a língua de produção, inglês ou irlandês, tentando traçar comparações entre estes e os personagens da peça; 3) apresentar traduções da peça para o irlandês, grego, italiano e português brasileiro assim como apresentar reflexões sobre a tradução aqui proposta. O presente estudo se utiliza de teorias sobre estudos irlandeses de teóricos como Declan Kiberd, teóricos do teatro como Christopher Murray, Scott Boltwood, além dos textos publicados pela própria companhia Field Day. Também foram utilizadas extensivas pesquisas em jornais irlandeses e colunas de escritores no que tange a língua de criação. A base bibliográfica utilizada é variada a fim de que se possa chegar ao objetivo deste estudo: apresentar uma leitura em que Translations não seja lida como a morte da língua irlandesa, mas como o renascimento de uma língua que incorpora a língua inglesa, formando uma terceira língua de criação para a arte literária irlandesa. / First staged in 1980 in Derry, Northern Ireland, by the Field Day Theater Co., Translations is considered a milestone in the history of Irish theater, bringing up various interpretations and analysis, from post-colonial to language studies. The present research aims at studying language as a tool in the crafting of a national art in Ireland, especially in the foundation of a theater and in the creation of a literary tradition, presenting Translations as a metaphor for this process. This study presents a possibility for the translation of the play and is divided in three main parts: 1) a presentation of the play and the discussions surrounding the time of its creation as well as the reception of critics and scholars; 2) a brief presentation of the history of the Irish national theater starting by the foundation of the Irish Literary Theater in 1897 by W.B. Yeats, and a comparison with the foundation of the Field Day Theater Company where their first production, Translations, stands in the tradition started in late 19th century. Besides that, the second part also presents some periods in Irish literature and the relation between writers and the language of production: English or Irish, comparing this relationship to the one found amongst characters in the play; 3) analysis of the translations the play has received to Irish, Greek, Italian and Brazilian Portuguese as well as reflections on the process of translating the play. The following study uses theories in Irish studies such as the ones by Declan Kiberd, theater scholars such as Christopher Murray and Scott Boltwood and texts published by Field Day. Newspapers columns and articles were also researched for this study, especially when concerning the language of literary production in Ireland. The main objetive of this study is to present a reading of the play that does not refer to the death of a language, but to the rebirth of a new Irish language incorporated in the English language, a third language used in the creation of Irish art.

Encenada pela primeira vez em 1980 em Derry, na Irlanda do Norte, pela Companhia de Teatro Field Day, Translations de Brian Friel é considerada um marco na história teatral irlandesa, suscitando diversas interpretações e análises que abrangem diversos campos de estudo: do pós-colonialismo aos estudos de linguagem. O foco desta dissertação é o estudo da linguagem dentro da criação artística na Irlanda, tanto na formação do teatro irlandês como na formação da literatura irlandesa, tendo como objetivo a leitura de Translations como uma metáfora para a criação da literatura irlandesa como um todo. O presente trabalho também propõe uma tradução da peça para o português brasileiro e é dividido em três capítulos com o objetivo de: 1) apresentar a peça e as discussões que circundavam o contexto de sua criação, assim como a recepção da peça por jornais e estudiosos literários; 2) apresentar uma breve história da criação do teatro nacional irlandês a partir da fundação do Irish Literary Theater em 1897 pelo dramaturgo e poeta W.B. Yeats e comparar a fundação da Companhia de Teatro Field Day, além de situar Translations dentro da tradição iniciada no século XIX. Ademais, o segundo capítulo também trata sobre a criação literária na Irlanda e a relação de escritores com a língua de produção, inglês ou irlandês, tentando traçar comparações entre estes e os personagens da peça; 3) apresentar traduções da peça para o irlandês, grego, italiano e português brasileiro assim como apresentar reflexões sobre a tradução aqui proposta. O presente estudo se utiliza de teorias sobre estudos irlandeses de teóricos como Declan Kiberd, teóricos do teatro como Christopher Murray, Scott Boltwood, além dos textos publicados pela própria companhia Field Day. Também foram utilizadas extensivas pesquisas em jornais irlandeses e colunas de escritores no que tange a língua de criação. A base bibliográfica utilizada é variada a fim de que se possa chegar ao objetivo deste estudo: apresentar uma leitura em que Translations não seja lida como a morte da língua irlandesa, mas como o renascimento de uma língua que incorpora a língua inglesa, formando uma terceira língua de criação para a arte literária irlandesa. / First staged in 1980 in Derry, Northern Ireland, by the Field Day Theater Co., Translations is considered a milestone in the history of Irish theater, bringing up various interpretations and analysis, from post-colonial to language studies. The present research aims at studying language as a tool in the crafting of a national art in Ireland, especially in the foundation of a theater and in the creation of a literary tradition, presenting Translations as a metaphor for this process. This study presents a possibility for the translation of the play and is divided in three main parts: 1) a presentation of the play and the discussions surrounding the time of its creation as well as the reception of critics and scholars; 2) a brief presentation of the history of the Irish national theater starting by the foundation of the Irish Literary Theater in 1897 by W.B. Yeats, and a comparison with the foundation of the Field Day Theater Company where their first production, Translations, stands in the tradition started in late 19th century. Besides that, the second part also presents some periods in Irish literature and the relation between writers and the language of production: English or Irish, comparing this relationship to the one found amongst characters in the play; 3) analysis of the translations the play has received to Irish, Greek, Italian and Brazilian Portuguese as well as reflections on the process of translating the play. The following study uses theories in Irish studies such as the ones by Declan Kiberd, theater scholars such as Christopher Murray and Scott Boltwood and texts published by Field Day. Newspapers columns and articles were also researched for this study, especially when concerning the language of literary production in Ireland. The main objetive of this study is to present a reading of the play that does not refer to the death of a language, but to the rebirth of a new Irish language incorporated in the English language, a third language used in the creation of Irish art.