Les génomes bactériens contiennent de nombreuses séquences répétées qui ont un rôle majeur dans la plasticité et l'évolution des génomes. Parmi elles, les séquences REP sont de courtes séquences d'ADN, trouvées en grand nombre dans des régions intergéniques de plusieurs espèces bactériennes. Ces séquences ont la particularité de présenter des structures en tige boucle précédées par un tétranucléotide conservé. Elles peuvent exister seules mais sont majoritairement groupées dans des clusters consécutifs appelés BIME. De nombreux rôles ont été attribués aux REP/BIME dans la physiologie de la cellule : elles sont notamment impliquées dans la régulation de l'expression des gènes et elles constituent des sites de fixation pour plusieurs protéines de l'hôte. Toutefois, leur origine et le mécanisme de leur dissémination dans les génomes ne sont pas connus. Récemment, un gène codant une protéine (TnpAREP) apparentée aux transposases de la famille des séquences d'insertions IS200/IS605 a été identifiée en association avec des REP/BIME au sein de structures appelées REPtron. Il a été alors proposé que les REP/BIME pourraient être des éléments transposables non-autonomes mobilisables par la protéine TnpAREP. Cette protéine fait partie de la superfamille des enzymes HuH comprenant des Relaxases, des protéines Rep des phages/plasmides à réplication en cercle roulant et certaines transposases. Elles utilisent le motif HuH (Histidine - résidu hydrophobe - Histidine) pour coordonner des cofacteurs métalliques ainsi que des résidus tyrosines pour leur activité catalytique. Comme pour les transposases HuH de la famille IS200/IS605, TnpAREP reconnait spécifiquement des substrats ADN simple brin. Elle est active in vitro sur des séquences structurées contenant des REP/BIME sous forme simple brin et celle-ci clive au niveau d'un dinucléotide spécifique. Des données cristallographiques suggèrent que TnpAREP serait monomérique, contrairement aux transposases d'IS200/IS605 qui sont des dimères obligatoires. Cela pose de nombreuses questions sur le site catalytique de l'enzyme ainsi que sur le mécanisme de prolifération des REP/BIME dans les génomes bactériens, d'autant plus qu'aucune activité de TnpAREP n'a été décrite in vivo. Mes premiers résultats portent sur la caractérisation du site catalytique de TnpAREP d'E. coli et ont permis d'exclure la possibilité d'un site catalytique hybride comme dans le cas des protéines Rep de certains plasmides. J'ai pu mettre en évidence une activité in vivo de TnpAREP : son expression sous contrôle d'un promoteur inductible à un effet toxique et induit la réponse SOS chez E. coli. J'ai également développé un test pour cartographier des sites de clivage de TnpAREP in vivo et montré que l'enzyme est capable de cliver les deux brins des plasmides et de l'ADN chromosomique. De plus, une excision d'un BIME a pu être observée dans ces conditions. J'ai aussi construit des souches bactériennes permettant d'étudier l'évolution expérimentale des REP/BIME in vivo dont les résultats sont en cours d'analyse. Enfin, nous avons élargi notre étude à un sous-groupe de TnpAREP associées à un autre type de REP/BIME. Cette analyse comparative nous a permis non seulement de généraliser des propriétés observées avec TnpAREP d'E. coli, mais aussi de révéler des caractéristiques spécifiques de ce sous-groupe. / In spite of their compact size, bacterial genomes carry many repetitive sequences, often important for genome function and evolution. Among them, REPs are short DNA found at high copy number in intergenic regions in many bacterial species. These sequences can form stem-loop structures preceded by a conserved tetranucleotide. They can exist as individual units but also as complex consecutive clusters called BIMEs. REP/BIMEs are known to interact with different proteins and several important roles have been attributed to these sequences in cell physiology. However, their origin and dissemination mechanisms are poorly understood. Recently, a first example of prokaryotic domesticated transposases (TnpAREP) was found associated with REP/BIME sequences in structure called REPtron. REP/BIMEs might represent a special type of non-autonomous transposable element mobilizable by TnpAREP. TnpAREP is member of the HuH enzymes superfamily including Relaxases, Rep proteins of RCR plasmids/ss phages and some transposases. These transposases are fundamentally different from classical transposases. They use HuH motif (Histidine-hydrophobe-Histidine) to coordinate metal cofactor and tyrosine residues (Y) as nucleophile for catalysis. TnpAREP shares certain similarities to Y1 HuH transposases encoded by the IS200/IS605 family which processes only ssDNA substrates. Analysis of E. coli TnpAREP activity in vitro also shown the strict requirement of structured single stranded REP/BIME DNA substrates. Cleavage in vitro occurs at a specific dinucleotide. In contrast to Y1 HuH transposases which are obligatory dimers, E. coli TnpAREP is a monomer as shown by structural studies. Furthermore, TnpAREP activities have never been described in vivo. This raises questions about its catalytic sites and also the way by which it promotes REP/BIME proliferation within their host genomes. The first objective of my PhD was to characterize the TnpAREP catalytic site. My results exclude the possibility of a second catalytic site as observed for REP protein of some plasmid families. Here I show that in vivo, expression of TnpAREP under control of an inducible external promoter is toxic to E. coli cells and induces SOS response, the effect depending on catalytic activity of the protein. I have developed an assay to map TnpAREP cleavage sites in vivo and show that it can cleave both DNA strands on plasmid and bacterial chromosome. In these conditions, an excision of BIME could be observed. I also constructed bacterial strains to perform REP/BIME experimental evolution, results are under analysis. Finally, we are extending our analysis to a subgroup of TnpAREP that are associated with another type of REP/BIME. This comparative analysis not only permitted to generalize some properties observed with E. coli TnpAREP but also revealed some interesting distinct characteristics of this subgroup.

Les années 2000 sont marquées par l’émergence et la diffusion de souches résistantes aux antibiotiques en particulier chez les entérobactéries. Un des principaux mécanismes de résistance concerne les bêta-lactamines, ce sont les bêta-lactamases. Certains mécanismes de résistances ont connus ou connaissent actuellement un certain succès comme les bêta-lactamase à spectre étendu (BLSE) de type CTX-M puis récemment les carbapénèmases. La transmission de plasmides porteurs de ces enzymes joue un rôle prépondérant ainsi que certaines espèces comme Klebsiella pneumoniae et Escherichia coli qui est l’entérobactérie prépondérante dans le tube digestif de l’homme et des animaux et également la principale cause d’infection. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié le transfert par transposition qui est le mécanisme clé de cette diffusion via différents plasmides parmi les plus prépondérants chez les entérobactéries dont essentiellement E. coli et K. pneumoniae. Nous avons également recherché une éventuelle relation avec le groupe phylogénétique, les gènes de résistance, type de plasmides et systèmes d’addiction plasmidique. Ce travail montre que les plasmides IncF ayant acquis TEM-1 ont de multiples systèmes d’addiction avec une fréquence plus élevée que les souches sensibles. Ce qui contribuerait à leur maintenance dans l’hôte. Les plasmides à large spectre d’hôte sont très rares chez ces souches de manière générale. Il ne semble pas y avoir de relation entre le groupe phylogénétique et les gènes de résistances dans cette étude. Quant au phénomène de transposition, il suscite la mise au point de conditions opératoires qui le régisse. Une détermination des conditions de stress a été réalisée et il reste à tracer le phénomène à proprement dit. / The last years are characterized by the spread of antibiotics resistant strains particularly in Enterobacteriacae. Various mechanisms of resistances were acquired and transmitted by species like K. pneumoniae. Bacterial plasmids play an important role in the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial drug resistance genes like: CTX-M enzymes witch become the most prevalent family of ESBLs and recently carbapenemases. In this work, we studied the transfer by transposition, the key mechanism of resistance genes diffusion, between different plasmids. We also sought a possible relation between the genetic background and the frequency of transposition, by testing various types of plasmids among the most prevalent E. coli and K. pneumoniae. This work shows that IncF plasmids having acquired TEM-1 have multiple addiction systems with a frequency higher than the sensitive strains. It would contribute to their maintenance in the host. By the way, broad range plasmids are very rare at these strains. In addition, it does not seem to be a relation between the phylo-group and the genes of resistances in this study. For the transposition event, we start to settle the operating conditions which govern this phenomenon. A determination of the stress conditions was established and it remains to be completed.

Orientadores: Samuel Rocha de Oliveira, Rúbia Barcelos Amaral / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T09:47:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_RodrigoRosalisda_M.pdf: 18359966 bytes, checksum: 6615fe0d90be23b1ad3ef993bbbf76de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Tendo em vista as constantes discussões e acontecimentos no meio educacional no que se refere às novidades tecnológicas que surgem na sociedade e são inseridas na sala de aula, nesta pesquisa partimos do momento da inserção dos tablets no ensino público brasileiro, com o objetivo de discutir o desenvolvimento de uma transposição e expansão do conteúdo do livro didático impresso de matemática para o tablet. Procuramos mostrar que, para utilizar o tablet em sala de aula e desenvolver materiais para esse dispositivo, é importante focar no aluno, nos seus processos cognitivos e na sua aprendizagem, e não apenas nos recursos inovadores que uma tecnologia pode oferecer. De modo mais específico, foi tratado o seguinte problema: Como adaptar o conteúdo dos livros didáticos para os tablets, considerando seus efeitos na aprendizagem dos alunos? Esses dispositivos são muito utilizados para livros digitais, pois suas características beneficiam esse tipo de mídia. Partimos desses livros impressos ¿ os quais possuem um vasto e rico conteúdo constantemente avaliado ao longo dos anos, sendo protagonistas em diversas pesquisas acadêmicas ¿, procurando expandir e enriquecer seu conteúdo no tablet, de forma a acrescentar recursos de interatividade, vídeo, imagem e som. Para fundamentar nossas discussões, utilizamos a Teoria Cognitiva de Aprendizagem Multimídia e seus doze princípios para o desenvolvimento de uma Instrução Multimídia que proporcione uma Aprendizagem Multimídia de forma significativa. Para discutir essa transposição, pesquisamos sobre os tablets que serão disponibilizados na escola pública e realizamos uma análise de conteúdo sobre funções trigonométricas seno e cosseno em seis livros impressos do PNLD-EM 2009 ou 2012, a fim de conhecer as semelhanças no tratamento dos conteúdos em diferentes livros. Após conhecer bem os protagonistas (tablet e livro), realizamos a discussão teórica de desenvolvimento da transposição do conteúdo / Abstract: In view of the ongoing discussions and developments in the educational environment with regard to new technologies that arise in society and are inserted in the classroom, in this research we start from the time of insertion of the tablets in the Brazilian public education, with the aim of discussing the transposition of an implementation and expansion of the content of the printed textbook math for the tablet. Sought to show that, to use the tablet in the classroom and develop materials for this device, it is important to focus on the student in their cognitive processes and their learning, not only in innovative features that technology can offer. Specifically, the following problem was addressed: How to adapt the content of textbooks for tablets, considering its effects on student learning? These devices are widely used for digital books, because their characteristics benefit this type of media. We leave these printed books - which have a vast and rich content constantly evaluated over the years, being protagonists in several academic research - looking to expand and enrich its content on the tablet in order to add interactivity, video, image and sound . To substantiate our discussion, we use the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning and its twelve principles for the development of a Multimedia Instruction that provides a significantly Multimedia Learning. To discuss this transposition, we researched on tablets that will be available at the public school and performed a content analysis on trigonometric functions sine and cosine in six books printed PNLD-IN 2009 or 2012 in order to meet the similarities in the treatment of the contents in different books. Once familiar with the protagonists (tablet and book), we performed the theoretical development of the transposition of the content. / Mestrado / Ensino de Ciencias e Matematica / Mestre em Multiunidades em Ensino de Ciências e Matemática

Olivier Messiaen and Naji Hakim are both representative composers of the twentieth century. For the performer this "modern" music is difficult to analyze because of the increased complexities of its harmonic language. Therefore the purpose of this study is to demonstrate a way to approach Naji Hakim's Le Tombeau d'Olivier Messiaen through Messiaen's own musical language. This study examines how Hakim has borrowed Messiaen's theory and used it in his own piece. Chapter I outlines the purpose and motive of this study. Chapter II briefly outlines the piece, introduces the meaning of Tombeau in music history, and presents Messiaen's modes of limited transposition, one of the main sources used in the composition of Le Tombeau d'Olivier Messiaen. Chapter III details Messiaen's influence in Hakim's piece. This influence consists of four elements: melody, mode, harmony, and extra-musical ideas. This chapter is the primary portion of the document. After examining the influence of Messiaen, a conclusion of this study is offered in Chapter IV. Four appendixes are attached to this document: an interview with Naji Hakim about Le Tombeau d'Olivier Messiaen; the modes of limited transposition in Le Tombeau d'Olivier Messiaen; a biographical sketch of Naji Hakim; and program notes from Le Tombeau d'Olivier Messiaen.

Syftet för detta examensarbete är att beskriva hur matematikkunskap i termer avpraxeologier utvecklas och får liv hos eleverna in en undervisningssituation. Studien ärinspirerad av aktionsforskning och beskriver ett försök att introducera en lösningsteknik,kallad proportionsmetoden, i samband med undervisning inom området procent i kurs 1apå gymnasiet. Proportionsmetoden grundar sig på proportionalitetsbegreppet ochproportionella ekvationer. Huvudfrågan i denna fallstudie är vilka typer avlösningstekniker grundade på proportionalitet bland de som var tillgängliga för elever ärrepresenterade i elevlösningar av uppgifter som handlar om procent. Resultatenanalyseras med utgångspunkt i teorin om den didaktiska transpositionen av kunskap därden kunskap som undervisas sammanställs mot den kunskap som faktisk lärs av eleverna.Under denna studie har det visat sig att proportionsmetod är inte oftast förekommande ielevlösningar och att undervisningen av metoden kräver längre tid för att kunna integrerasi olika områden i matematik.

Notre étude se propose d’analyser les changements dans les adjectifs qui surviennent dans la traduction suédoise de l'oeuvre L'Amant de Duras (1984). Le français est un langage analytique où de nombreuses constructions analytiques peuvent être découvertes. La langue suédoise a à la fois des caractéristiques analytiques et synthétiques et, comme les deux langues ont des structures différentes, il faut employer des stratégies et des méthodes pour obtenir une équivalence aussi exacte que possible dans une traduction. L'étude aborde les regroupements de composantes de sens (selon Ingo), des cas sémantiques spéciaux tels que l'action explicite et implicite, la transposition, où un changement de classe de mot a lieu mais le sens demeure, ainsi que les ajouts et omissions sémantiques. L'analyse de la traduction des adjectifs de L'Amant montre qu'il y a un usage fréquent des transpositions et des regroupements synthétiques et analytiques. Elle montre également que les lexèmes suédois ont généralement une grande complexité sémantique où les adjectifs avec le suffixe -ig se distinguent comme un groupe. Les lexèmes français en comparaison sont plus généraux et dépendent d'autres lexèmes pour exprimer une signification exacte. Le cadre théorique est basé sur les recherches de Tegelberg, qui sont présentées dans son livre Kontrastiv lexikologi i praktiken (2000) et d’Ingo, dans les deux livres Från källspråk till målspråk (1991) et Konsten att översätta (2011). / Our study aims to analyze the changes in adjectives that occur in the Swedish translation of L’Amant (the Lover) of Duras (1984). French is an analytical language where many analytical constructs can be discovered. Elisabeth Tegelberg (2000) states that French lexemes (in this study concerning adjectives) generally have a lower semantic complexity than Swedish lexemes (Tegelberg, 2000 : 13). The Swedish language has both analytical and synthetic characteristics, and since the two languages have different structures, strategies and methods are needed to achieve as exact an equivalence as possible in a translation. The study addresses the regroupings of components of meaning (Ingo, 1991 : 186-187), special semantic cases such as explicit and implicit action, transposition where a change of word class takes place but the meaning remains, and semantic additions and omissions. The examination of the translation of the text of Duras’ L'Amant shows that there is a frequent use of transpositions as well as synthetic and analytical regroupings. It also shows that Swedish lexemes generally have a great semantic complexity where the adjective group with the suffix -ig stands out as a group. French lexemes in comparison are more general and depend on other lexemes to express an exact meaning. The theoretical framework is based on the research of Tegelberg, which is presented in her book Kontrastiv lexikologi i praktiken (2000) and by Ingo, in the two books Från källspråk till målspråk (1991) and Konsten att översätta (2011).

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18564号 / 工博第3925号 / 新制||工||1603(附属図書館) / 31464 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 中北 英一, 准教授 KIM Sunmin, 教授 角 哲也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

A variety of protected enolic forms of 1, 2-cyclohexanedione was prepared as substrates for conjugate addition studies using organocopper reagents. The sequence involved the enol ether preparation via the enolate, alkylation with an organometalic reagent, and oxidative rearrangement with pyridinium chlorochromate followed by the conjugate addition reactions. Protection of 1, 2-cyclohexanedione was achieved by reacting with chloro tert-butyldimethyl silane and subjected to alkylation. Steric problems were encountered and so an alternative protective group the methoxymethyl acetal was prepared and studied. Alkylation of these derivatives was successful; however, the oxidation was problematic and although evidence for rearrangement was observed in one case, it did not provide the desired ketone.

Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements capable of replicating and spreading within, and in some cases, between genomes. I describe a whole-genome analysis of DD34E TEs, which belong to the IS630-Tc1-mariner superfamily of DNA transposable elements, in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Twenty-six new transposons as well as a new family, gambol, were identified. The gambol family shares the DD34E catalytic motif with Tc1-DD34E transposons, but is distinct from these elements in their phylogenetic relationships. Although gambol appears to be related to a few DD34E transposons from cyanobacteria and fungi, no gambol elements have been reported in any other insects or animals thus far. This discovery expands the already expansive diversity of the IS630-Tc1-mariner TEs, and raises interesting questions as to the origin of gambol elements and their apparent diversity in An. gambiae. Several DD34E transposons discovered in An. gambiae possess characteristics that are associated with recent transposition, such as high sequence identity between copies, and intact terminal-inverted repeats and open reading frames. One such element, AgTango, was also found in a distantly related mosquito species, Aedes aegypti, at high amino acid sequence identity (79.9%). It was discovered that Tango transposons have patchy distribution among twelve mosquito species surveyed using PCR as well as genomic searches, suggesting a possible case for horizontal transfer. Additionally, it was discovered that in some mosquito genomes, there are several Tango transposons. These observations suggest differential evolutionary scenarios and/or TE-host interaction of Tango elements between mosquito species. This strengthened the case that AgTango may be a functional transposase, and I sought to test its potential activity in a cell culture-based inter-plasmid transposition assay using the Herves plasmids as a positive control (Arensburger et al., 2005). AgTango constructs were successfully constructed; however, no transposition events were detected for Tango or Herves. Because the positive control failed to work, no assessment can be made concerning Tango's transposase. Possible causes and solutions for these results, alternative means to detect transposition, as well as future directions with Tango are discussed. / Ph. D.