Rapid urbanization and population growth have represented a great challenge to water resources management, since wastewater generated in urban areas forms a non-conventional source, wastewater reuse is being recognized as a sustainable water management approach. This study focuses on with the potential and practibility of implementing wastewater reuse techniques in Izmir region, especially with the aim to use treated wastewater and nutrient for agriculture. To this end, qualititative and quantitative agricultural water demand were considered. This thesis introduces a wastewater reuse planning model and optimization method with an emphasis on the wastewater treatment technology used as well as the agricultural demand in the area of the study. The model was developed with considerations over water quality, wastewater treatment and discharge. The objective of the model is to upgrade existing wastewater treatment plants or to design new treatment plants in regard to reuse wastewater in agriculture. The model is also capable of comparing treatment technologies from the point of design and cost. Three case studies were represented so as to demonstrate the modeling process and optimization studies for agricultural irrigation.

Tesis por compendio / [EN] The aim of this thesis is to analyze how farmer-managed systems adapt to the changes related to the integration of new water resources and drip irrigation technologies. Chapters two and three study the operating principles for water management. These principles, when applied by farmers as collective rules, result in interactions that create equity on water rights and transparency. The study area includes the irrigation system of the Huerta of Valencia (Spain). This system, well known internationally, has traditionally used surface water from the Turia River. Though recently, the use of groundwater and treated wastewater have been integrated with surface water. In this context, the analysis evolves around the subject of how the rules, developed for the sharing of surface water, have been adapted for conjunctive use of these new water resources. In addition, attention is also placed on how this process was crucial for the management of the 2005 - 2008 drought period. Results show that the operating principles, based in the proportionality and uniformity on irrigation frequency between users, underlie a system of distribution that is equitable, transparent and robust. In addition, the use of drought emergency wells and the reuse of treated wastewater have not resulted in any important conflict. These resources are used together with surface water during drought periods, increasing the guarantee of supply. However, treated wastewater use affects the uniformity on irrigation frequency among Water User Associations. Besides, Groundwater User Associations overlap in irrigated surface, farmers and infrastructure with Water User Associations using surface water. This situation results in informal conjunctive, a strategy that seems effective to deal with drought. Chapter four analyses the conversion to drip irrigation, an important technological transformation. In order to do that, institutional and management changes are examined. The cases studied are the Acequia Real del Júcar, the Júcar-Turia Channel and the General Community of Irrigators of Vall d'Uixó. At Water User Association level a centralization of managment has been observed (in the irrigation network, water resources managment and the merging of preexisting associations). In addition, the reasons to convert, the advantages, disadvantages and the satisfaction of users are also assessed. Besides, the work examines some aspects of how users adapt the use of irrigation and fertigation technology to their needs, diverging in some cases from the initial criteria of design. Chapter five discusses and compares the implications of the previous chapters. Some aspects of irrigation management and governance are assessed in a more detailed manner for the case of gravity irrigation Water Users Associations. In addition, the changes related to the introduction of drip irrigation technologies and new water resources are further compared In conclusion, the thesis reflects on current water policy dilemmas, focusing in currently prevailing water policy measures in the Valencia region, but also at world level: drip irrigation implementation, reuse of treated water and conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water. This allows identifying and comparing local aspects that influence the adoption and adaptation of new technologies and the integration of new water sources. Considering these features in irrigation policy would increase the efficacy of traditional solutions. Including these perspectives would also help to adapt new solutions to collective water and irrigation management settings characterized by significant complexity. / [ES] Este proyecto de tesis tiene por objetivo analizar cómo la gestión comunitaria del riego se adapta a los cambios relacionados con la integración de nuevos recursos hídricos y tecnologías de riego localizado. Los capítulos dos y tres estudian los principios de operación para la gestión del agua. Estos principios, cuando son aplicados por los agricultores como reglas de gestión colectiva, resultan en interacciones que crean equidad entre derechos de agua y transparencia. La zona de estudio comprende el sistema de riego de la Huerta de Valencia (España), un sistema de riego conocido a nivel mundial que tradicionalmente ha utilizado los recursos superficiales del río Turia, pero que recientemente ha integrado el uso de aguas subterráneas y aguas residuales tratadas. En este marco se analiza cómo estas normas, desarrolladas sobre la base de la gestión de los recursos superficiales, se han adaptado para el uso conjunto de estos nuevos recursos y cómo este proceso ha sido crucial para la gestión del periodo de sequía ocurrido entre 2005 y 2008. Los resultados indican que los principios operativos subyacentes, basados en la proporcionalidad y la uniformidad de la frecuencia de riego entre los usuarios, son el fundamento de un sistema de reparto equitativo, transparente y robusto. Además, el uso de pozos de emergencia de sequía o de aguas residuales tratadas no ha sido fuente de conflicto, pues se utilizan durante el periodo de sequía como un recurso adicional junto con el riego de aguas superficiales, aumentando la garantía de abastecimiento. No obstante, el uso de agua depurada afecta a la uniformidad de la frecuencia de riego entre comunidades. Por otro lado las asociaciones de riego con aguas subterráneas se solapan con las comunidades de regantes y, aunque son diferentes organizaciones, comparten en gran medida superficie regable, regantes e infraestructura, resultando en un uso conjunto informal, lo que parece una estrategia efectiva de adaptación a la sequía. En el capítulo cuatro, se analiza la conversión a riego localizado, una transformación tecnológica significativa. Para ello, se examinan los cambios institucionales y de gestión. El ámbito del trabajo es la Acequia Real del Júcar, el Canal-Júcar Turia y la Comunidad General de Regantes de Vall d'Uixó. A escala de comunidad de regantes, se ha observado una transformación hacia una gestión más centralizada (de la red de riego, de los diferentes recursos hídricos y fusión de organizaciones preexistentes). Además, se centra la atención en las razones para la conversión, los pros, los contras y la satisfacción de los usuarios. También se examinan aspectos de cómo los usuarios adaptan el uso de la tecnología de riego y fertirrigación a sus necesidades, divergiendo en algunos casos del criterio de diseño inicial. En el capítulo cinco se discuten y comparan las implicaciones de los capítulos anteriores. Algunos aspectos de la gestión y gobernanza del riego se analizan de una manera más detallada para el caso de las comunidades de regantes con riego por gravedad. En conclusión, esta tesis reflexiona sobre los dilemas actuales de la gestión del agua, centrándose en las medidas que actualmente predominan en Valencia, pero también a nivel mundial: la implementación del riego localizado, la reutilización de aguas residuales tratadas y el uso conjunto de los recursos superficiales y subterráneos. Esto permite identificar y comparar aspectos locales que influyen en la adopción y adaptación de nuevas tecnologías y la integración de recursos hídricos. Tenerlos en cuenta en las políticas de regadío puede aumentar la eficacia de las soluciones tradicionales, ayudando a adaptar nuevas soluciones a ámbitos de la gestión colectiva del agua y del riego caracterizados por una elevada complejidad. / [CA] El projecte de tesi té per objectiu analitzar com la gestió comunitària del reg s'adapta als canvis relacionats amb la integració de nous recursos hídrics i les tecnologies de reg per degoteig. Els capítols dos i tres estudien els principis d'operació per a la gestió de l'aigua. Aquests principis, quan són aplicats pels llauradors com a regles de gestió col¿lectiva, resulten en interaccions que creen equitat entre drets d'aigua i transparència. La zona d'estudi comprén el sistema de reg de l'Horta de València (Espanya), un sistema de reg de renom internacional que tradicionalment ha utilitzat recursos superficials del riu Túria. Però, recentment ha integrat la utilització d'aigües subterrànies i aigües residuals tractades. En aquest marc, s'analitza com les normes, desenvolupades en base a la gestió dels recursos superficials, s'han adaptat a la utilització conjunta dels nous recursos i com aquest procés ha estat crucial per a la gestió de la sequera que va tindre lloc entre 2005 i 2008. Els resultats indiquen que els principis operatius subjacents, basats en la proporcionalitat i la uniformitat en la freqüència de reg entre els usuaris, són el fonament d'un sistema de repartiment equitatiu, transparent i robust. A més a més, l'ús de pous de sequera o la reutilització d'aigües residuals tractades no ha estat cap font de conflicte, ja que s'utilitzen durant els períodes de sequera com un recurs addicional juntament amb les aigües superficials, augmentant-ne la garantia d'abastiment. No obstant això, l'ús d'aigües depurades tractades afecta la uniformitat en la freqüència de reg entre comunitats. D'altra banda, les associacions de reg amb aigües subterrànies se solapen amb les comunitats de regants i, tot i que són diferents organitzacions, comparteixen en gran mesura superfície regable, regants i infraestructura. Això genera una utilització conjunta informal que sembla una estratègia eficaç d'adaptació a la sequera. En el capítol quatre s'analitza la conversió a reg per degoteig, una transformació tecnològica significativa. Per aquest motiu, s'examinen els canvis institucionals en l'organització i la gestió derivats de la implementació de reg per degoteig. L'àmbit del treball es la Séquia Reial del Xúquer, el canal Xúquer-Túria i la Comunitat General de Regants de Vall d'Uixó. A escala de comunitat de regants s'ha observat una transformació vers una gestió més centralitzada (de la xarxa de reg, dels diferents recursos hídrics i fusió d'organitzacions preexistents). A més a més, es posa l'atenció en les raons dels llauradors per a prendre aquesta decisió, i s'estudien els pros, els contres i la satisfacció dels usuaris. També s'examinen aspectes de com els usuaris adapten la utilització de la tecnologia del reg i fertirrigació a les necessitats que tenen, cosa que divergeix en alguns casos del criteri de disseny inicial. En el capítol cinc es discuteixen i comparen les implicacions dels capítols precedents. Alguns aspectes de la gestió i governança del reg s'analitzen de una manera més detallada per al cas de les comunitats de regants amb reg per gravetat. En conclusió, la tesi reflexiona sobre els dilemes actuals de la gestió de l'aigua, i posa l'atenció en les mesures que predominen actualment en València, però també a escala mundial: la implementació del reg per degoteig, la reutilització d'aigües depurades tractades i la utilització conjunta de recursos superficials i subterranis. Això permet identificar aspectes que influeixen en l'adaptació i l'adopció de noves tecnologies i en la integració de nous recursos hídrics. Tindre'ls en compte a l'hora de dissenyar polítiques de regadiu augmentaria l'eficàcia de les solucions tradicionals i, al mateix temps, ajudaria a adaptar noves solucions a àmbits de la gestió col¿lectiva de l'aigua i del reg, caracteritzats per una complexitat elevada. / Ortega Reig, MV. (2015). Collective management of irrigation in eastern Spain. Integration of new technologies and water resources [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59245 / TESIS / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales / Compendio

The use of treated wastewater (TWW) for crop irrigation is how many governments are looking to feed their large population due to urbanisation. Here, we outline and analyse the benefits of using TWW and the drawbacks of such practices in line with existing regulations. The review begins by highlighting the history of wastewater reuse in agriculture. The approach used in the write-up is outlined after the background. There is an in-depth look at three main areas: the uptake of heavy metals and pharmaceuticals on crop irrigation, plant yield, and the impact of regulations on these practices. Results demonstrate the presence of several pharmaceuticals, triclosan, acetaminophen, diazepam in lettuce, meprobamate, atenolol in celery, and carbamazepine, triclosan, and triclocarbon in soybean. Trace metals (Cd, Pb) are present in the edible part of the vegetable and arsenic is found in the ryegrass roots and maise. Some benefits derived from using TWW in crop irrigation include nutrient supply, water resource protection and food security, whereas the drawbacks are exposure of contaminants to food and humans.

Introdução: Bactérias do gênero Aeromonas estão presentes em ambientes de água doce, salgada e salobra. O isolamento destes microrganismos já foi relatado em água de abastecimento público e alimentos. Algumas espécies podem ser patogênicas ao homem, causando gastrenterites e outras infecções. Isolados de Aeromonas de fontes diversas expressam resistência a antimicrobianos, especialmente a -lactâmicos, devido à presença de enzimas -lactamases. A patogenicidade das espécies se deve à virulência multifatorial, que compreende a produção de enterotoxinas (Act, Alt e Ast), de elastase, presença de flagelo, entre outros. Objetivo: Isolar, identificar e quantificar Aeromonas hydrophila isoladas de esgoto e lodo tratado; pesquisar a ocorrência dos genes de virulência e resistência a -lactâmicos. Material e Métodos: A detecção e quantificação de Aeromonas hydrophila foram realizadas por meio da técnica de membrana filtrante e meio de cultura específico; a identificação foi realizada por meio da PCR utilizando um par de primers específicos para a espécie. Após a confirmação da espécie foi realizado o antibiograma para conhecer o perfil de resistência aos antibióticos; a pesquisa dos genes de virulência act, alt, ast, ela, lip e fla e genes de resistência a -lactâmicos foi realizada por meio da PCR e seqüenciamento. Resultados: Foram analisadas 15 amostras (seis de esgoto tratado e nove de lodo tratado). Destas, somente nove foram positivas para A. hydrophila, obtendo-se 441 colônias típicas, das quais 348 foram positivas, por PCR para identificação do gênero e 209 para identificação da espécie. Os 209 isolados, sendo 92 do esgoto tratado e 117 do lodo tratado, apresentaram os seguintes valores na pesquisa dos genes de virulência: 36 por cento (act), 40 por cento (ast), 78 por cento (alt), 82 por cento (fla), 86 por cento (lip) e 87 por cento (ela) e 100 por cento dos isolados apresentaram pelo menos um dos genes. Para os testes de sensibilidade aos antibióticos todos os isolados foram resistentes a pelo menos um dos antibióticos. A produção de enzimas MBL, ESBL e AmpC foi detectada em isolados. Também foram encontrados genes de resistência cphA, bla TEM e bla MOX, enquanto que os genes bla VIM, bla IMP, bla e bla não foram detectados. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que A. hydrophila pode resistir ao processo de tratamento de esgoto e lodo, além disso, pode apresentar diversos genes de virulência e resistência a antibióticos, motivos pelos quais A. hydrophila pode ser uma ameaça a Saúde Pública, uma vez que estas amostras são reutilizadas para fins urbanos ou agrícolas / Introduction: Bacteria of the genus Aeromonas are present in fresh, brackish and salty waters. The isolation of these microorganisms has been reported in public water supplies and foods. Some species can be pathogenic to humans, causing gastroenteritis and other infections. Aeromonas isolates from different sources express resistance to antimicrobials, especially -lactams, due to the presence of lactamase enzymes. The pathogenicity of the species is due to the multifactorial virulence, wich includes the production of enterotoxins (Act, Alt and Ast) of Elastase and presense of flagello, among others. Objectives: Identify and quantify Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from treated wastewater and sludge, to investigate the occurrence of virulence genes and resistance to -lactams. Material and methods: The detection and quantification of A. hydrophila were made through the membrane filter technique and specific culture medium, the identification was performed by PCR using a pair of primers specific for the species. After confirming the species sensitivity was performed to know the profile of antibiotic resistance, the survey of virulence genes act, alt, ast, ela, lip, fla and resistance to -lactams gene was performed by PCR and sequencing. Results: We analyzed 15 samples (six of nine treated wastewater and sludge). Of these only nine were positive for A. hydrophila, resulting in 441 typical colonies, of wich 348 were positive by PCR to identify the genus and 209 for species identification. The 209 isolates, being 92 and 117 of treated wastewater and treated sludge showed the following values in the study of the virulence genes: 36 per cent (act), 78 per cent (alt), 82 per cent (fla), 86 per cent (lip), 87 per cent (ela) and 100 per cent of the isolates had at least one of the genes. For antibiotic susceptibility testing all isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The production of MBL, ESBL and AmpC enzyme was detected in isolates. It was also found resistance genes cphA, bla TEM and bla MOX, while genes bla VIM , bla IMP , bla and bla FOX CTX-M were not detected. Conclusion: The results suggest that A. hydrophila can resist the process of treating of wastewater and sludge, moreover, may have different virulence genes and antibiotic resistance, which is why A. hydrophila can be a threat to public health, since these samples are reused for agricultural or urban purposes. , bla SHV

Introdução: Bactérias do gênero Aeromonas estão presentes em ambientes de água doce, salgada e salobra. O isolamento destes microrganismos já foi relatado em água de abastecimento público e alimentos. Algumas espécies podem ser patogênicas ao homem, causando gastrenterites e outras infecções. Isolados de Aeromonas de fontes diversas expressam resistência a antimicrobianos, especialmente a -lactâmicos, devido à presença de enzimas -lactamases. A patogenicidade das espécies se deve à virulência multifatorial, que compreende a produção de enterotoxinas (Act, Alt e Ast), de elastase, presença de flagelo, entre outros. Objetivo: Isolar, identificar e quantificar Aeromonas hydrophila isoladas de esgoto e lodo tratado; pesquisar a ocorrência dos genes de virulência e resistência a -lactâmicos. Material e Métodos: A detecção e quantificação de Aeromonas hydrophila foram realizadas por meio da técnica de membrana filtrante e meio de cultura específico; a identificação foi realizada por meio da PCR utilizando um par de primers específicos para a espécie. Após a confirmação da espécie foi realizado o antibiograma para conhecer o perfil de resistência aos antibióticos; a pesquisa dos genes de virulência act, alt, ast, ela, lip e fla e genes de resistência a -lactâmicos foi realizada por meio da PCR e seqüenciamento. Resultados: Foram analisadas 15 amostras (seis de esgoto tratado e nove de lodo tratado). Destas, somente nove foram positivas para A. hydrophila, obtendo-se 441 colônias típicas, das quais 348 foram positivas, por PCR para identificação do gênero e 209 para identificação da espécie. Os 209 isolados, sendo 92 do esgoto tratado e 117 do lodo tratado, apresentaram os seguintes valores na pesquisa dos genes de virulência: 36 por cento (act), 40 por cento (ast), 78 por cento (alt), 82 por cento (fla), 86 por cento (lip) e 87 por cento (ela) e 100 por cento dos isolados apresentaram pelo menos um dos genes. Para os testes de sensibilidade aos antibióticos todos os isolados foram resistentes a pelo menos um dos antibióticos. A produção de enzimas MBL, ESBL e AmpC foi detectada em isolados. Também foram encontrados genes de resistência cphA, bla TEM e bla MOX, enquanto que os genes bla VIM, bla IMP, bla e bla não foram detectados. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que A. hydrophila pode resistir ao processo de tratamento de esgoto e lodo, além disso, pode apresentar diversos genes de virulência e resistência a antibióticos, motivos pelos quais A. hydrophila pode ser uma ameaça a Saúde Pública, uma vez que estas amostras são reutilizadas para fins urbanos ou agrícolas / Introduction: Bacteria of the genus Aeromonas are present in fresh, brackish and salty waters. The isolation of these microorganisms has been reported in public water supplies and foods. Some species can be pathogenic to humans, causing gastroenteritis and other infections. Aeromonas isolates from different sources express resistance to antimicrobials, especially -lactams, due to the presence of lactamase enzymes. The pathogenicity of the species is due to the multifactorial virulence, wich includes the production of enterotoxins (Act, Alt and Ast) of Elastase and presense of flagello, among others. Objectives: Identify and quantify Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from treated wastewater and sludge, to investigate the occurrence of virulence genes and resistance to -lactams. Material and methods: The detection and quantification of A. hydrophila were made through the membrane filter technique and specific culture medium, the identification was performed by PCR using a pair of primers specific for the species. After confirming the species sensitivity was performed to know the profile of antibiotic resistance, the survey of virulence genes act, alt, ast, ela, lip, fla and resistance to -lactams gene was performed by PCR and sequencing. Results: We analyzed 15 samples (six of nine treated wastewater and sludge). Of these only nine were positive for A. hydrophila, resulting in 441 typical colonies, of wich 348 were positive by PCR to identify the genus and 209 for species identification. The 209 isolates, being 92 and 117 of treated wastewater and treated sludge showed the following values in the study of the virulence genes: 36 per cent (act), 78 per cent (alt), 82 per cent (fla), 86 per cent (lip), 87 per cent (ela) and 100 per cent of the isolates had at least one of the genes. For antibiotic susceptibility testing all isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The production of MBL, ESBL and AmpC enzyme was detected in isolates. It was also found resistance genes cphA, bla TEM and bla MOX, while genes bla VIM , bla IMP , bla and bla FOX CTX-M were not detected. Conclusion: The results suggest that A. hydrophila can resist the process of treating of wastewater and sludge, moreover, may have different virulence genes and antibiotic resistance, which is why A. hydrophila can be a threat to public health, since these samples are reused for agricultural or urban purposes. , bla SHV

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A preocupaÃÃo com relaÃÃo à qualidade e à quantidade de Ãgua potÃvel tem incentivado o reÃso de Ãgua como uma das alternativas para enfrentar este problema. O reÃso tornou-se, portanto, um importante instrumento de gestÃo ambiental, visando à liberaÃÃo da Ãgua de melhor qualidade para fins mais nobres. O reÃso com aplicaÃÃo na piscicultura constitui fonte alternativa de produÃÃo de proteÃna a baixo custo, alÃm de funcionar como uma forma de reciclagem de nutrientes. Mas, a sustentabilidade desta atividade està diretamente relacionada à qualidade do efluente tratado e seus efeitos sobre a qualidade da Ãgua nos tanques de peixes. Outro fato notÃrio à a crescente preocupaÃÃo com os riscos potenciais inerentes a esta atividade. Diante deste cenÃrio, surgiu a necessidade de realizar um estudo mais profundo dos riscos inerentes ao reÃso de Ãguas residuÃrias, tanto numa abordagem ambiental, como num ponto de vista ecotoxicolÃgico. Para isso, foram realizados testes de toxicidade aguda, de curta duraÃÃo, para avaliaÃÃo da toxicidade dos efluentes tratado e bruto provenientes de uma EstaÃÃo de Tratamento de Esgoto a nÃvel terciÃrio, composto por um sistema de lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo, tendo como organismos-teste peixes de Ãgua doce da espÃcie Oreochromis niloticus (tilÃpia do Nilo). Os testes objetivaram determinar o Ãndice de toxicidade aguda (LC50). O efluente tratado foi utilizado em duas etapas distintas, com peixes com idade superior a 60 dias e alevinos com tempo de vida inferior a 15 dias. Em ambos, nÃo foi observada mortalidade de nenhum organismo. No caso do esgoto bruto, o ensaio foi realizado com e sem aeraÃÃo, sendo obtido para o esgoto bruto sem aeraÃÃo os Ãndices de LC50-24h de 68,0% e LC50-96h de 35,4%. Jà com a aeraÃÃo mecÃnica aplicada Ãs duas diluiÃÃes de 50 e 100% de esgoto bruto, os LC50âs encontrados foram de 44,5% (24 h), 41,0% (48 h) e 36,7% (96 h). O ensaio foi tambÃm realizado para avaliaÃÃo do nÃvel de toxicidade da amÃnia, tendo em vista que a mesma tem sido considerada por vÃrios pesquisadores um produto tÃxico Ãs algas, ao zooplÃncton e aos peixes. Para estes ensaios foram determinados os LC50âs de 2,01 mg/L NH3-N (2 h), 1,97 mg/L NH3-N (4 h) e 1,66 mg/L NH3-N (atà 96 h). AlÃm disso, foi realizado um ensaio com nitrogÃnio amoniacal variando-se o pH para originar trÃs meios distintos â Ãcido, neutro e bÃsico â devido a influÃncia deste no Ãndice de toxicidade calculado. Os LC50âs encontrados neste caso foram: 8,70 mg/L para o tempo de 2 a 4 horas e 6,45 mg/L para 24, 48 e 96 horas para o meio Ãcido; 8,70 mg/L para 2 horas e 6,45 mg/L para 4, 24, 48 e 96 horas para o meio neutro; e, 1,96 mg/L de 2 horas em diante para o meio bÃsico. Por fim, foi utilizada uma metodologia de anÃlise de riscos buscando-se realizar um estudo dos efeitos potenciais à saÃde humana e ao meio ambiente, e ainda propondo-se medidas para tentar minimizar os possÃveis impactos adversos.

The thesis deals with the issue of simulation of treated wastewater irrigation by the HYDRUS 2D software. The first part of the thesis is designed as a theoretical research of academic information and knowledge. It aims at introducing the issue of treated wastewater utilization for the purpose of the irrigation. Furthermore it provides basic theoretical information on numeric simulation of the dissolved materials motion and transport in the soil. The last chapter of the theoretical part describes the calibration of the simulation by the HYDRUS 2D software. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the formation of filtration columns placed in the chosen site of the root zone wastewater plant. Within the filtration columns the automatic irrigation was formed and set off. Measuring of humidity in filtration columns was taking place for 81 days as well as the water sampling after the flow through the soil horizons. On the grounds of the measuring results the calibration of numeric simulation was carried out by the HYDRUS 2D software. The last part of the thesis presents the applications through the extending and alternation of the modelled setting. The main aim of the thesis is to calibrate the model and propose a general solution to advancement at realization of irrigation details when using the treated wastewater for the purpose of irrigation.

Around 20% of the global water abstractions are originated by the industrial sector, while water demand overall will increase by 20–33% by 2050. Wastewater could provide an alternative source of water for industrial activities. There are not many studies exploring the potential of treated wastewater use under a private–public partnership (PPP), despite their potential of contributing to an effective integrated water management through the creation of inter-sectorial synergies. This paper aims therefore to provide a holistic overview of the main factors that affect the effectiveness of PPPs in using treated municipal wastewater in the industrial sector. Through a systematic literature review, the main barriers, drivers, industries and different applications of water use are analysed. Barriers and drivers are classified through the inductive Gioia method into seven categories. The results showed that economic and technical aspects related to the feasibility of the scheme were most prominent in the literature, while water availability seems to be central driving factor for such water reuse schemes. The conclusion of PPPs in water reuse, however, relies on the possibilities for such a partnership and on bridging the needs of the two parties, which entails effective communication through negotiation and information sharing. This paper is a first step to understanding how water circularity practices under an interconnected and sustainable urban environment can be facilitated and explored.

Die Untersuchung von Klimaszenarien ergab, dass die Grundwasserneubildung in Nordostdeutschland abnehmen könnte. Um Süßgewässer zu erhalten müssen neue Strategien entwickelt werden. Im Gebiet des Lietzengrabens wird Klarwasser eingeleitet, um Feuchtgebiete und Seen zu erhalten. Diese Strategie wurde durch eine Szenarioanalyse erarbeitet, die sich auf das hydrologische iterative Modell ArcEGMO-ASM stützte. In dieser Arbeit wurde das voll integrierte Modell HydroGeoSphere genutzt, um den Fluss von Wasser an der Oberfläche und im Untergrund zu simulieren. Basierend auf dieser Simulation wurden Fließpfade und Aufenthaltszeiten abgeschätzt. Die Ergebnisse beider Modelle wurden analysiert und verglichen. Mit beiden Modellen war es möglich, die Abfluss- und Grundwasserdynamiken im Einzugsgebiet zu reproduzieren. Bei der Anwendung von HydroGeoSphere fehlten Möglichkeiten zur Berücksichtigung von z.B. Schneefall und Wehren, welche in ArcEGMO-ASM vorhanden sind. Die Kalibrierung des Modells lieferte Parameterwerte, die eine Reproduktion der Dynamiken erlaubten. Allerdings könnte HydroGeoSphere nur eingeschränkt nutzbar sein, da die Werte teils unrealistisch waren. HydroGeoSphere ermöglichte aber die Abschätzung von unterirdischen Fließpfaden und Aufenthaltszeiten. Weiter wurde der Austritt von Grundwasser in einen Bachabschnitt durch Messungen bestimmt und mit Simulationsergebnissen verglichen. Keines der Modelle war geeignet, die räumlichen Muster auf dieser Skala zu reproduzieren. Die simulierten Exfiltrationsraten wichen von den beobachteten ab. Der Vergleich von ArcEGMO-ASM und HydroGeoSphere zeigte die Vorteile und Grenzen der Modelle auf. Der Einsatz von HydroGeoSphere bei Untersuchungen von Bewirtschaftungsstrategien macht sich noch nicht bezahlt, vergleicht man den Aufwand mit den Vorteilen. Da HydroGeoSphere weiterentwickelt wird und die Rechenkapazitäten zunehmen, könnte das Modell in der nahen Zukunft in der Praxis nutzbar sein. / Analysis of climatic scenarios for North-East Germany showed that groundwater recharge could decline. In order to sustain freshwaters, new strategies must be developed. At the Lietzengraben catchment treated wastewater is discharged to sustain wetlands and lakes in the catchment. This management strategy was developed previously by scenario analysis, performed by the hydrological iterative model ArcEGMO-ASM. In this work, the fully integrated model HydroGeoSphere was used to simulate the surface and subsurface water flow in the catchment. Based on the simulation results, flow paths and residence times were estimated. The results of the simulations by both models were investigated and compared. It was possible to reproduce the catchment dynamics regarding discharge and groundwater heads reasonably well with both models. The application of HydroGeoSphere was limited due to the inability of the model to represent features like snowfall and weirs, which are represented in ArcEGMO-ASM. The calibrated parameter values enabled the model to reproduce the catchment dynamics reasonably well. HydroGeoSphere may be limited in its use since the obtained values are partially unrealistic. HydroGeoSphere allowed the approximation of subsurface flow paths and residence times. The exfiltration of groundwater to a stream reach was estimated by measurements and compared to simulation results. Both models were not able to reproduce the spatial patterns on a sub-reach scale and the calculated exfiltration rates did not match the observed rates. The comparison of ArcEGMO-ASM and HydroGeoSphere showed the advantages and limitations of both models. Comparing the overall additional effort to the benefits, however, the application of HydroGeoSphere to investigations regarding management strategies or scenario analyses may not pay off. Since HydroGeoSphere is under steady development and computational resources improve, the use of HydroGeoSphere may be applicable in the near future.

The authors of this article conducted an analysis of the companies providing publicsanitation services. In particular, they focus on determining if these are legally entitled to market the treated waste water generated as a result of the provision of public services in charge. Additionally, in order to provide a complete analysis of the issue, the authors speak about the powers of the National Water Authority and his power to permit reuse of treated wastewater. / Los autores del presente artículo realizan un análisis sobre las empresas prestadoras de servicios públicos de saneamiento. En particular, se enfocan en determinar si es que estas se encuentran facultadas legalmente para comercializar el agua residual tratada que generan como consecuencia de la prestación de los servicios públicos a su cargo. Adicionalmente, a fin de brindar un análisis completo del tema, se toman en cuenta las facultades de la Autoridad Nacional del Agua para conceder autorizaciones de reúso del agua residual tratada.