This thesis focuses on the Huaihai Campaign (Nov. 6 1948 - Jan.10 1949) in the Chinese Civil War (1927-1936, 1949-1950). This war involved the Republic of China’s (ROC) Kuomintang Party (KMT) and the emerging Communist Party of China (CPC). Over the course of a few months and around one million combatants, the Communists pulled off a resounding victory dealing the final blow to the KMT which led to the CPC’s governance over mainland China. This case study of two key turning points in the Huaihai Campaign is analyzed using Sun Tzu’s five net assessments from The Art of War. Although the KMT appeared the much superior force on paper, they were dealt a decisive blow during the Huaihai Campaign. This thesis uses Sun Tzu’s five net assessments to explain the root cause of KMT decision failings. The KMT failures stemmed from ignorance of the most basic and vital military axioms of assessing advantages and disadvantages before going into battle.

This project has evolved from my own observation of our deteriorating living environments. I am exploring the development of a visual story to represent my contemplation of humankind's consumption, and how it endangers the balance of the natural world. Through drawing and animation, I hope to develop a visual language and an approach to storytelling that will inspire people to think about balancing economic, environmental, and ethical issues in design and development, and to advocate a simple honest life and noninterference with the necessary course of natural events.

本論文分五章:第一章緒論：敘明研究動機、目的、方法與架構。第二章莊子思想背景與基礎：首先對莊子思想形成之背景及其生平作一般性介紹，續而探討莊子管理思想之哲學基礎，以求綱舉目張，以簡御繁，有助於探索莊子整個思想領域。並以現今科學研究新趨勢及當代管理的困境，說明莊子管理思想之現代意義與必要性。第三章莊子管理哲學之人文精神： 對「人」的關注是莊子管理哲學的根本，基於對被管理者的維護，莊子對管理者所應具備的理想人格相當重視。管理者透過心齋坐忘的工夫，消融自身的成見與偏執。「我執」泯除，群我關係自能建立在更自由平等的基礎上。而自由與平等的對待，是組織創意與彈性的來源，正是組織面對當今變局的利器。本章末節將莊子之人文精神統整於「齊物」觀點之中，主張萬般個性，各適其適，道通為一，世間之物縱使千差萬別，但終為道體幻化，其價值不應有高低之別。第四章莊子之管理藝術：莊子「道」的呈現與藝藝心靈的呈現相似。透過精神的作用，使心靈的自由與清明常現，游刃有餘的自在，造就管理者一體多面的應變力，使其「以環中之道，應無窮之變」。此即莊子管理哲學妙用之所在，概可將其內涵歸納為四個主題：淡泊權位、環中調和、技與道、無為而治，以進一步探討莊子管理藝術的境界。第五章結論：探討莊子哲學對於超越西方理性型模管理與方法論上的啟示，並闡述其對超化權力慾望的貢獻，期以莊子藝術化的思想為「管理」的範疇添注美學的意涵。

Mancur Olson states that individual, after reasonable evaluation, takes the action of free ride. The main factor of free ride lies in the goal of collective actions --- collective goods. And the non-excludability in collective goods enables consumers to benefit without sharing costs. Based on the framework of Olson¡¦s and Russell Hardin¡¦s theories of reaching the goal of collective actions, along with the theory of political entrepreneurs, this study surveys the collective actions of Tzu-Chi Foundation, in hope of depicting its factors and strategies for overcoming difficulties in collective actions. This study gives an analysis of Tzu-Chi Foundation in terms of collective actions, concluding that its selective incentives are Master Cheng Yen¡¦s unconditional love, cause & effect cycle and pursuit of pop culture. Successful marketing and computerized fund-raise tactics make people more willing to invest time and money in promoting Tzu-Chi Foundation. Few entrepreneurs are willing to bear the costs even without cooperation from other members, as they are satisfied with the collective goods provided by the group, just as Hardin states. Furthermore, one of the solutions to collective actions of free ride is to rely on organization operating by political entrepreneurs. Master Cheng Yen successfully plays the role of entrepreneur leader, adopting strategies like keeping equidistance from each political party, developing constant sense of mission within the organization, exercising mild leadership and management strategies, consolidating the Foundation with religious prospect, recruiting elites and making good use of talents...etc. Multiplied by her female leader impact on Taiwan, these factors combined are the key points of Tzu-Chi Foundation¡¦s success.

Title: Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics: The Cultural Aspect of Chinese Foreign Policy in the Example of Sino-American Relations Ambiguity in answers, lack of communication or justification of actions have resulted in a negative depiction of Sino-American relations. I would like to prove the cultural significance as a major factor in influencing Chinese foreign policy regarding the example of Sino-American relations. By applying elements of constructivism, one is able to understand the cultural perspective of Chinese foreign policy in the example of Sino-American relations. Furthermore, this is proven through philosophical application of game theory stratagem.

Special operations are those operations that conventional units are not considered capable of preforming. Although the importance of special operations has increased, there are limited theories about these operations. Furthermore, the theories that do exist are considered too low empirically tested. In addition, there is a debate about whether more theories about special operations should be developed or whether there are enough theories for research of special operations. The purpose of this study is to contribute to this debate. To do this, Leong Kok Wey's theory is tested against two cases.  Wey uses 2,000-year-old principles to explain how a special operation should be successful. The method used is a theory-testing two-case study where the cases are examined based on qualitative text analysis. The two selected cases are Operation Deadstick, the British airborne assault during D-Day, and Operation Prelim, the British SAS sabotage of eleven aircraft during the Falklands War. Both cases are considered successful special operations. The results show that most of the principles can be identified in both cases and therefor strengthens Wey’s theory. However, one of the principles cannot be identified at all in any of the cases.

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / The principles of Sun Tzu's Art of War have been widely used by business executives and military officers with much success in the realm of competition and conflict. However, when conflict situations arise in a highly stressful environment coupled with the pressure of time, decision makers may not be able to consider all the key concepts when forming their decisions or strategies. Therefore, a structured reasoning approach may be used to apply Sun Tzu's principles correctly and fully. Sun Tzu's principles are believed to be able to be modeled mathematically; hence, a Bayesian Network model (a form of mathematical tool using probability theory) is used to capture Sun Tzu's principles and provide the structured reasoning approach. Scholars have identified incompleteness in Sun Tzu's appreciation of information in war and his application of secret agents. This incompleteness resulted in circular reasoning when both sides of the conflict apply his principles. This circular reasoning can be resolved through the use of advanced probability theory. A Bayesian Network Model however, not only provides a structured reasoning approach, but more importantly, it can also resolve the circular reasoning problem that has been identified. / Captain, Singapore Army

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities / Department of Chinese

本文以賓組的卜旬卜辭作為論題。先就卜辭的字體與句式兩部份做分類與整理，接著討論其驗辭的內容與所載貞人之關係，最後綜合討論以上成果。 　　第一章「緒論」說明研究動機與方法，以及目前學者和卜辭字體類型相關及卜旬卜辭驗辭內容相關的研究成果。第二章整理賓組卜旬卜辭的句式與字體，並嘗試透過整理成果來回應前輩學者的分期之說。第三章至第四章討論賓組卜旬卜辭的驗辭內容，並與字體整理成果對照研究。第五章主要整理於賓組中曾參與卜旬貞問的貞人，並觀察與之配合的字體類型，藉此排列出貞人間的相對時序。第六章則概述前述四章的研究成果，並說明本文透過賓組卜旬卜辭研究所得的結論。 / The purpose of this thesis is to study the content of Oracle Bone Script, constrained in Bu-Xun(卜旬),the record of the ancient psychic augury every half-decade, of Collection Bin(賓組). We carefully assorted all the pieces available by its ways of writing and its exterior forms in this range. Later, we present the connection between Zen-Ren(貞人) the ancient official psychics and Yen-Tzu(驗辭) of certain augury of Bu-Xun of Oracle Bone Scripts which note whether the prediction was found to be true or false. In chapter one we explain the research methods used and the context of the study. In the second chapter, text of Bu-Xun in the Oracle Bone Scripts assorted by its form and font will respond to predecessors’ assortments which have been a controversy between the researchers. In chapter three and four we further study the retained Yen-Tzu, the proven and disproven notes engraved on, of the text on Bu-Xun in Collection Bin, and then figuring out the correlation between the content of it and our assortment. In the fifth chapter, in the study of known psychics, we further discover a new chronological order by pointing out the relations between the specific font and the names of these official psychics The final chapter summarizes the four chapters above, and concluded the result of our research on Bu-xun Oracle Bone scripts in the large Collection Bin and explained how this study develop the field of research.