Objetivo: Caracterizar o conhecimento e uso de métodos anticoncepcionais entre adolescentes de escolas públicas. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado com amostra probabilística e representativa de 363 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, que não viviam conjugalmente, com idades entre 13 e 17 anos, matriculados no período diurno, de escolas públicas, da zona urbana do município de Cruzeiro do Sul, Estado do Acre, em 2008. A pesquisa contemplou as exigências éticas. A caracterização de conhecimento e uso de métodos anticoncepcionais foi feita, a partir da aplicação de um questionário estruturado, contendo perguntas fechadas e abertas sobre sexualidade e métodos contraceptivos. Dados coletados foram digitados, revisados e processados. O banco de dados foi constituído e analisado, estatisticamente, com a utilização do software Epi Info (version 3.5.8; 2008). Os dados foram descritos, utilizando a estatística descritiva: distribuição de freqüência, medidas de tendência central e medida de dispersão. Para identificação de diferenças entre grupos de adolescentes foi utilizado o teste Quiquadrado de Pearson ou Exato de Fisher. Resultados: Dos 363 adolescentes, 55,4por cento eram do sexo feminino e 44,6por cento, do masculino, com média de idade de 14,7 (dp=1,3) anos; 32,0por cento afirmaram que haviam iniciado a vida sexual, as moças, com média de idade de 15,0 (dp=1,3) anos e os rapazes, com 13,3 (dp=1,3) anos; 98,9por cento referiram conhecer algum tipo de MAC, especialmente, o preservativo (95,3por cento) e a pílula (80,1por cento). Mais do que metade das moças e rapazes, respectivamente, 58,3por cento e 59,6por cento, referiram conhecer entre 1 e 4 tipos de MAC. Dentre os que iniciaram, ou não, a vida sexual, 78,4por cento e 65,6por cento, respectivamente, já tinham ouvido falar sobre dupla proteção. Dentre aqueles com vida sexual ativa, 79,3por cento das moças e 81,0por cento dos rapazes referiram terem feito uso de preservativo na primeira e na última relação sexual. Igualmente, 87,5por cento das garotas e 72,1por cento dos garotos, referiram fazer uso de camisinha em todas as relações sexuais. Conclusão: O alto nível de conhecimento de MAC e o elevado uso de preservativo sexual masculino entre esses adolescentes podem expressar resultados positivos das políticas públicas de saúde sexual e reprodutiva atuais, contribuindo para diminuição de gravidez não planejada e de infecções por doenças transmitidas por via sexual / To characterize the knowledge and use of contraceptive methods among public school students. Methods: Transversal study, accomplished with probabilistic and representative sample of 363 adolescents, man and woman, who didnt live conjugally, between 13 and 17 years old, matriculated in diurnal period, in public schools, in the urban area of Cruzeiro do Sul District, Acre State, in 2008. The research observed the ethic requirements. The characterization of the knowledge and use of contraceptive methods was done with the application of a structured questionary, containing open and closed questions about sexuality and contraceptive methods. The gathered data were digitated, revised and processed. The data bank was constituded and analyzed, statistically, using the software Epi Info (version 3.5:8; 2008). The data were described, using the descriptive statistic: frequency distribution, central trend measures and dispersion measure. For the identification of the differences among the adolescent groups it was used the Qui-square test of Pearson or Exact of Fisher. Results: From the 363 adolescents, 55,4per cent were female and 44,6per cent male, with average age of 14,7 (dp=1,3) years old; 32,0per cent told that they had begun sexual life, the girls with average age of 15,0 (dp=1,3) years old and the boys, with 13,3 (dp=1,3) years old; 98,9per cent affirmed to know some kind of MAC, especially the preservative (95,3per cent) and the contraceptive pills (80,1per cent). More than half of the girls and boys, respectively, 58,3per cent and 59,6per cent affirmed to know between 1 and 4 kinds of MAC. Among the ones who had begun, or not, sexual life, 78,4per cent and 65,6per cent, respectively, had already heard about double protection. Among the ones with active sexual life, 79,3per cent of the girls and 81,0per cent of the boys affirmed that they had already made use of preservative during the first and the last intercourse. Identically, 87,5per cent of the girls and 72,1per cent of the boys affirmed that they use condom in every intercourse. Conclusions: The high level of knowledge of MAC and the high use of male sexual preservative among those adolescents can express positive results of the current public sexual and reproductive health policies, contributing with the decrease of the non-planned pregnancy and infections by sexually transmitted diseases

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is the next generation of telecommunication systems. The system is based on an IP network and uses technologies from the Internet. The IMS system is designed to evolve from a telephone system into a general information and communication system. It is meant to include television, Video on Demand (VoD), interactive services etc, etc. It is designed to simplify the implementation of newservices in telecom networks. This report investigates security aspects of VoD services when merging an IP Television (IPTV) system with IMS. The investigation covers security functions in IMS, transitionsolutions for authentication of the Set-Top-Box (STB) in IMS, and identifies problems inthe integration of IPTV and IMS. The report concludes that IMS has good solid Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) functions that will provide security and billing functionality. One problemis found in the media control between the STB and the streaming server. This interface lacked specification at the time of investigation, and some problems have been identified. These problems have to be solved before a system can be brought into service and beregarded as secure.

The thwart of the execution of decision of administrative expulsion The aim of this paper is to elucidate some problems of foreign law, specifically the duplication of the regulation of the thwart of the administrative decision, i.e. whether to proceed in accordance with the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals in the Czech Republic or the Criminal Code and thus determine which of these adjustments takes precedence. In this paper, therefore, the two institutions are thoroughly analyzed, including the genesis of their origins and possible changes in the amendments, as well as their impact on foreigners. In addition, related institutions were analyzed, such as decisions on the obligation to leave the territory, or the retention and detention of an foreigner, which may influence decision making on the use of such legislation. In this paper the valid and effective legislation of the Czech Republic, as well as the case law, not only of the Czech courts, but also of the international courts, such as the Court of Justice of the European Union or the European Court of Human Rights, have been analyzed. Using a detailed search, using statistics from authorized state authorities as well as a collection of cases, we have found that the variability in the use of both institutes, or institutes of others or...

The aim of this thesis is acquaintance with the EPS system of LTE and IMS subsystem. The thesis is aimed on analysis of the control procedures related to operations between the terminal and the packet core network of the fourth generation such as logging into the system, user authentication, change the viewing area, handover and disconnection from the network.

Throughout the evolution of communication networks, users have consistently been demanding additional data and coverage. Future 6G networks seek to enable a seamless cyber-physical world through interconnected and integrated connectivity. Hereafter, to address these challenges and ensure the adaptability of future wireless networks, new technologies emerge. Relaying presents an attractive alternative, as it can be a cost-efficient deployment of highly dense networks, and it can enhance the performance of mobile networks in terms of both coverage and capacity. In addition, to meet the demanding Key Performance Indicators (KPI) of user experience, the relaying can be achieved via a User Equipment (UE) through UE-to-Network relaying as an alternative to conventional small-cell deployment of relay stations. The purpose of this project is to assess the impact of UE-based relaying policies. A comparative analysis is conducted, examining these schemes and a macro-only deployment. The study begins by conducting an analysis of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) urban macro scenario and then extends to include the real-world deployment scenario in London. Results have validated that UE relaying techniques help improve cell edge capacity and coverage compared to macro-only deployments. User throughput is enhanced up to three times in Downlink (DL) and twelve times in Uplink (UL) in the 3GPP urban macro deployment. While user throughput is improved up to ten times in DL and thirteen times in UL on the London map deployment. / Under utvecklingen av kommunikationsnätverk har användarna konsekvent efterfrågat ytterligare data och täckning. Framtida 6G-nätverk strävar efter att möjliggöra en sömlös cyber-fysisk värld genom sammanlänkad och integrerad anslutning. För att möta dessa utmaningar och säkerställa anpassningsbarheten hos framtida trådlösa nätverk framträder nya teknologier. Reläering utgör ett attraktivt alternativ eftersom det kan vara en kostnadseffektiv implementering av högt täta nätverk och signifikant förbättra prestandan hos mobila nätverk både vad gäller täckning och kapacitet. Dessutom kan reläeringen användas för att möta de utmanande behoven av användarupplevelse genom att användarutrustning (UE) används för reläeringen, vilket utgör ett alternativ till konventionell implementering av småceller för relästationer. Det primära fokuset för detta projekt är att bedöma påverkan av reläeringspolicyn baserad på UE. En jämförande analys genomförs där dessa metoder och enbart makroimplementering undersöks. Inledningsvis utförs studien i en urbant makroscen från Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), vilket utgör en grund för att utöka metodologin till en verklig implementeringsscen i London. Resultaten har visat att UE-reläeringstekniker bidrar till att förbättra kapaciteten och täckningen i cellens utkanter jämfört med enbart makroimplementering. Användarnas genomströmning ökar upp till tre gånger i nerlänken (DL) och tolv gånger i upplänken (UL) i 3GPP: s urbana makroimplementering. Samtidigt förbättras användarnas genomströmning upp till tio gånger (DL) och tretton gånger (UL) i Londonkartaimplementationen.

Le gouvernement international des frontières d’Asie centrale (Kirghizstan, Tadjikistan, Ouzbékistan, Kazakhstan, Turkménistan) comprend les projets de gestion des frontières conduits par l’OSCE, la Commission européenne, l’ONUDC et l’OIM entre 1992 et 2012. Ils organisent l’import/export d’une expertise alignant les limites étatiques dans cette région sur un double impératif de mobilité et de sécurité. Comment ces savoirs sur la frontière circulent-ils à travers ces dernières ? Les projets passent par trois univers distincts. Ils prennent attache sur les sociétés centrasiatiques aux intersections entre flux et contrôle. Les équipements qu’ils fournissent n’encadrent toutefois les pratiques de vérification que dans une mesure très variable. Ces investissements sont décidés dans des comités de pilotage situés dans un microcosme qu’on appelle le champ d’opérations. Cet espace se configure selon un capital dont le volume décrit l’autonomie des opérateurs, et dont la structure signale leur niveau de spécialisation dans les mondes du développement et de la sécurité. Sa structure sanctionne positivement les acteurs qui accumulent la plus grande quantité de capital social. Les enceintes d’autorisation sont quant à elles encastrées dans un espace transnational gravitant autour de Bruxelles et de Vienne. Tandis que l’Asie centrale est construite comme un enjeu d’intérêt secondaire au sein du champ de l’Eurocratie, les acteurs de la place viennoise lui accordent une importance plus grande. Les élites transnationales les plus subalternes sont incitées à s’établir dans cette zone de relégation, car elles peuvent plus facilement y rétablir leurs positions respectives. / The international government of Central Asian Borders (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan) refers to projects in the field of border management that have been implemented by the OSCE, the European Commission, the UNODC and IOM between 1992 and 2012. These activities import and export a type of expertise aimed at bringing state boundaries in line with an imperative of mobility and security. But how does this border knowledge circulate across borders in the first place? During their life cycle, projects go through three different social universes. Firstly, they connect with Central Asian societies where control and flows intersect. They provide some equipment which only frames checks and controls to some extent. The steering committees deciding over these investments are embedded in a particular social universe that we call the field of operation. This second space is configured according to a capital whose volume corresponds to the level of autonomy that each implementing agency holds, and whose structure refers to their specialization in development and/or security. The practical logic of this field positively sanctions the accumulation of social capital by individual brokers. The authorization-giving arenas, finally, are situated in a transnational space polarized around Brussels and Vienna. Whilst Central Asia is constructed as a place of secondary interest within the field of Eurocracy, actors working from Vienna perceive this region as a more important issue. Subaltern transnational elites tend establish themselves in such unattractive areas because they gain leeway where they can re-establish themselves as important players from there.

Depuis la fin de la guerre froide, les Etats-Unis militent en faveur de l’intégration de la Turquie à l’UE et deviennent, sous la présidence Clinton, les plus ardents défenseurs de la cause turque, avant même Ankara. Comment expliquer ce positionnement de la superpuissance mondiale, elle qui n’appartient pourtant pas au continent européen et ne dispose pas d’un pouvoir décisionnel dans l’UE ? Cet activisme s’explique par la mutation des enjeux et des défis au XXIe siècle : résurgence éventuelle de la Russie, influence iranienne dans le monde musulman, montée de la menace djihadiste ou « choc des civilisations » prédit par Huntington. Pour y faire face, Washington regarde l’alliance de l’UE chrétienne à la Turquie musulmane comme une stratégie préventive : l’adhésion d’Ankara, outre son aspect symbolique qui permettrait de contrer la rhétorique des djihadistes tout en signalant aux musulmans vivant en Europe qu’ils ne sont pas étrangers au continent, ferait de la Turquie un modèle pour l’ensemble de son voisinage et une force de projection occidentale dans le monde musulman. L’UE, grâce à son pouvoir normatif, est indispensable à cette fin : sans elle, la démocratie ainsi que le libéralisme politique et économique pourraient-ils s’implanter en terre d’Islam ? Sans elle, la Turquie restera-t-elle un Etat laïc ancré à l’Occident ? Les attentats du 11 septembre 2001 propulsent cette stratégie au sommet des priorités des administrations Bush : elle s’intègre désormais dans leur Freedom agenda. Si la survenue des printemps arabes en 2011 aurait dû rendre indispensable l’ancrage de la Turquie à l’UE afin de s’assurer qu’elle puisse influencer les événements en propageant les valeurs occidentales auprès de ces populations en quête de démocratie, l’Amérique cesse pourtant progressivement son militantisme envers une adhésion qui devient chimérique. Au lieu de souder l’alliance entre les Etats-Unis, la Turquie et l’UE, les printemps arabes auront fissuré les fondations déjà écornées de ce partenariat, si bien qu’à la fin du mandat d’Obama, la relation triangulaire est déliquescente. / In the aftermath of the Cold War, the US has asserted a strong lobbying in favor of Turkey’s accession to the EU, and became the first supporter of this integration, before Ankara itself. How could we explain the US involvement since it doesn’t belong to the European continent? The new world order brought new challenges for the 21st century. Therefore, such an integration was perceived as a preventive strategy by Washington to deter upcoming threats facing the West, such as Russian resurgence, Iranian influence in the Muslim world, jihadism, or the « clash of civilizations ». Indeed, it would help bridging the growing gap between the West and the Muslim world by uniting under the same roof Christian countries within the EU, and the former Caliphate. It would also enable Turkey to be a Western projection force in its neighborhood — stretching from the Balkans to the Middle East — by becoming a model. To do so, Turkey has to become more liberal politically and economically. However, would it be possible without European prospects? From a US perspective, the normative power of the EU is necessary to see Turkey succeeding in proving that Islam, secularism and democracy are compatible and to spread Western values in its neighborhood while anchoring Ankara firmly in the West. 9/11 reinforced the significance of this strategy, which got integrated into the Freedom agenda and the global war on terror. Therefore, supporting Ankara’s accession became a top priority of Bush administrations. Barack Obama maintained this policy, even though the US lobbying slowed down, since it appeared this integration might never occur. The Arab awakening could have been the perfect occasion to bring closer together Turkey and the EU so that Ankara could become the model Arabs were calling for. However, instead of strengthening the US-Turkey-EU relations, those events damaged their alliance, which was already strained. At the end of Obama’s presidency, this triangular relation seemed on the verge to collapse.

Nous mettons en exergue dans cette thèse le concept de système européen en politique étrangère (SEPE) comme outil pertinent afin d’analyser la politique étrangère européenne telle qu’elle fonctionne, et non pas telle qu’elle devrait fonctionner. Le SEPE – composé des politiques étrangères des États membres et de l’action extérieure de l’UE – met en valeur le dynamisme de la gouvernance européenne, issu des interactions entre ses différents agents et leur utilisation des normes européennes. A travers le SEPE, nous démontrons que la politique étrangère commune face à la solution de deux États s’explique par les usages que fait l’UE3 – la France, l’Allemagne et le Royaume-Uni – de l’UE en politique étrangère. Ces usages sont au nombre de trois : fonctionnel, réaliste et normatif. Nous montrons que l’adoption puis la promotion de la solution de deux Etats résultent de la manière dont ils se saisissent de l’UE afin de répondre à un contexte international difficile, de la Déclaration de Copenhague de 1973 au vote à l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies de 2012 concernant le statut de la Palestine. Le déploiement et test de divers outils de politique étrangère, tels que la position d’envoyé spécial en 1996, illustrent l’usage fonctionnel de l’UE. Les usages normatif et réaliste de l’UE envers les Palestiniens rendent compte de l’adoption de normes financières et politiques très contraignantes, reflétant les intérêts communs de l’UE3. Ces mêmes usages leur permettent de promouvoir la reconnaissance de l’Etat d’Israël, et d’autre part, de privilégier leurs intérêts stratégiques avec Israël au niveau bilatéral grâce à l’expression d’un linkage politique au niveau communautaire. / In this thesis we bring up the concept of European System in Foreign Policy (ESFP) as a pertinent tool to analyze the European Foreign Policy as it actually functions rather than as it should function. The ESFP – composed of the Member States’ foreign policies and the External action of the EU – highlights the dynamism of the European governance in foreign policy, which arises from the interactions between the agents of this system and their use of the European norms. Through the ESFP, we demonstrate that the EU’s common policy towards the two-State solution can be explained by the usages of the EU in foreign policy by France, Germany and the United-Kingdom – the EU3. These strategic usages are threefold: a functional or reflexive, a realist and a normative usage. We show that the adoption and the promotion of the two-State solution result from the way they seize upon the EU in order to cope with a difficult international context, since the Declaration of Copenhagen in 1973 to the vote at the General Assembly of the United Nations in 2012 concerning the new status of Palestine. The introduction and test of several foreign policy tools, as the position of special envoy in 1996, illustrate the functional usage of the EU. The normative and realist usages of the EU towards the Palestinians explain the adoption of constraining financial and political norms reflecting the common interests of the EU3. These same usages allow them to promote the recognition of the State of Israel on the one hand, and on the other hand, to privilege their strategic interests with Israel at the bilateral level through the expression of a political linkage at the community level.

This thesis investigates improved estimators of the parameters of the linear regression models with normal errors, under sample and non-sample prior information about the value of the parameters. The estimators considered are the unrestricted estimator (UE), restricted estimator (RE), shrinkage restricted estimator (SRE), preliminary test estimator (PTE), shrinkage preliminary test estimator (SPTE), and shrinkage estimator (SE). The performances of the estimators are investigated with respect to bias, squared error and linex loss. For the analyses of the risk functions of the estimators, analytical, graphical and numerical procedures are adopted. In Part I the SRE, SPTE and SE of the slope and intercept parameters of the simple linear regression model are considered. The performances of the estimators are investigated with respect to their biases and mean square errors. The efficiencies of the SRE, SPTE and SE relative to the UE are obtained. It is revealed that under certain conditions, SE outperforms the other estimators considered in this thesis. In Part II in addition to the likelihood ratio (LR) test, the Wald (W) and Lagrange multiplier (LM) tests are used to define the SPTE and SE of the parameter vector of the multiple linear regression model with normal errors. Moreover, the modified and size-corrected W, LR and LM tests are used in the definition of SPTE. It is revealed that a great deal of conflict exists among the quadratic biases (QB) and quadratic risks (QR) of the SPTEs under the three original tests. The use of the modified tests reduces the conflict among the QRs, but not among the QBs. However, the use of the size-corrected tests in the definition of the SPTE almost eliminates the conflict among both QBs and QRs. It is also revealed that there is a great deal of conflict among the performances of the SEs when the three original tests are used as the preliminary test statistics. With respect to quadratic bias, the W test statistic based SE outperforms that based on the LR and LM test statistics. However, with respect to the QR criterion, the LM test statistic based SE outperforms the W and LM test statistics based SEs, under certain conditions. In Part III the performance of the PTE of the slope parameter of the simple linear regression model is investigated under the linex loss function. This is motivated by increasing criticism of the squared error loss function for its inappropriateness in many real life situations where underestimation of a parameter is more serious than its overestimation or vice-versa. It is revealed that under the linex loss function the PTE outperforms the UE if the nonsample prior information about the value of the parameter is not too far from its true value. Like the linex loss function, the risk function of the PTE is also asymmetric. However, if the magnitude of the scale parameter of the linex loss is very small, the risk of the PTE is nearly symmetric.

La thèse concerne l'étude des déformations cellulaires à travers 2 approches complémentaires, expérimentale et théorique. motivées par la mise en évidence lors de travaux antérieurs, de l'existence d'une certaine auto-organisation des schémas des déformations membranaires pour des cellules arrondies. Nous avons choisi de nous intéresser ici au cas de fibroblastes L929 qui présentent une organisation plus complexe du cytosquelette. La caractérisation expérimentale a été réalisée à partir de séquences d'images vidéomicroscopiques. Les données morphodynamiques des cellules ont été extraites des séquences par 2 méthodes : (i) une segmentation des contours et (ii) une méthode de flot optique. Les résultats montrent que les cellules présentent le plus souvent des morphologies symétriques caractérisées dynamiquement par un mouvement pulsant synchronisé et périodique. Sur le plan théorique, nous nous sommes intéressés à un modèle cytomécanique des déformations décrivant la dynamique de poly/dépolymérisation de l'actine en relation avec les interactions mécaniques entre la membrane et le cytosquelette. Les simulations montrent la capacité du modèle à générer qualitativement des états pulsants tels qu'observés. Deux extensions du modèle ont alors été proposées pour prendre en compte : (i) l'interaction cellule-cellule caractérisée par l'inhibition de l'activité protrusive et (ii) la migration cellulaire par chimiotaxie, en agissant dans les 2 cas sur les propriétés mécaniques de la membrane et du cortex. Des comportements cellulaires réalistes ont ainsi pu être simulés. Finalement, une nouvelle formulation du modèle initial a été proposée pour modéliser les longs prolongements membranaires des fibroblastes. Le travail réalisé permet en particulier de proposer la possibilité d'utiliser les paramètres morphodynamiques comme critères d'identification des phénotypes cellulaires.