Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rennan Paloschi.pdf: 6045931 bytes, checksum: aaf808f0385b6382605fe18caaca76c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-04 / Although there are studies that have been seeking modeling the influence of meteorological variables in relation to crop yield, the application of such models on a global scale and the consequent achievement concerning spatial results is a real challenge due to the complexity of the involved variables. Thus, this study aimed to analyze and implement software that allows the application of models to estimate agricultural yield based on remote sensing images, in a spatial and automated way. Yield estimation model using FAO water balance, as well as the needed indices to calculate it were implemented and subsequently tested for soybean cropping in Parana state for the 2011/2012 harvesting season. Design standards and analyses by language Unified Modeling Language (UML) were used to create a software structures and standardize computational tools. Such structures were implemented to data processing, water balance estimation and yield estimation, whose result was a version 1.0.1 software Crop-yield Modeling Platform - CyMP. Its structure makes implementation and use of estimation models more practical, automated, reusable and scalable for cropping yield. According to the proposed software, it was possible to reduce noise in vegetation indices from the orbital sensor images of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer - MODIS, interpolate images from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ECMWF, climate model to MODIS resolution, determine FAO water balance, estimate dates of development cycle of soybean crop, estimate hydric stress factor, estimate real evapotranspiration, and finally estimate both gross potential yield and attainable yield of soybean crop in Paraná State for the 2011/2012 harvesting season. / Embora haja estudos que busquem modelar as influências de variáveis agrometeorológicas em relação à produtividade das culturas agrícolas, a aplicação destes modelos em escala global e a consequente obtenção de resultados de forma espacial é um verdadeiro desafio dada a complexidade de variáveis envolvidas. Assim, este trabalho buscou analisar e implementar um software que permita a aplicação de modelos de estimativa de produtividade agrícola, baseados em imagens de sensoriamento remoto, de forma espacial e automatizada. O modelo de estimativa de produtividade, utilizando o balanço hídrico FAO, assim como os índices necessários para obtê-lo, foi implementado e posteriormente testado para o cultivar soja no Estado do Paraná para a safra 2011/2012. Padrões de projeto e análises utilizando a Unified Modeling Language (UML) foram utilizados na construção de estruturas de software e padronização de ferramentas computacionais. Tais estruturas foram implementadas para tratamento de dados, estimativa de balanço hídrico e estimativa de produtividade para dar origem ao software Crop-yield Modeling Platform CyMP, versão 1.0.1. Sua estrutura torna, de formas prática, automatizada, reutilizável e escalável, a implementação e a utilização de modelos de estimativa de produtividade agrícola. De acordo com o software proposto, foi possível suavizar ruídos em índices de vegetação provenientes de imagens do sensor Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer - MODIS, interpolar imagens provindas do modelo climático europeu - European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ECMWF - para resolução MODIS, determinar o balanço hídrico FAO, estimar as datas do ciclo de desenvolvimento da cultura da soja, estimar o fator de estresse hídrico da cultura, estimar a evapotranspiração real e, por fim, estimar tanto a produtividade potencial bruta como a produtividade atingível da cultura da soja no Estado do Paraná para safra 2011/2012.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rennan Paloschi.pdf: 6045931 bytes, checksum: aaf808f0385b6382605fe18caaca76c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-04 / Although there are studies that have been seeking modeling the influence of meteorological variables in relation to crop yield, the application of such models on a global scale and the consequent achievement concerning spatial results is a real challenge due to the complexity of the involved variables. Thus, this study aimed to analyze and implement software that allows the application of models to estimate agricultural yield based on remote sensing images, in a spatial and automated way. Yield estimation model using FAO water balance, as well as the needed indices to calculate it were implemented and subsequently tested for soybean cropping in Parana state for the 2011/2012 harvesting season. Design standards and analyses by language Unified Modeling Language (UML) were used to create a software structures and standardize computational tools. Such structures were implemented to data processing, water balance estimation and yield estimation, whose result was a version 1.0.1 software Crop-yield Modeling Platform - CyMP. Its structure makes implementation and use of estimation models more practical, automated, reusable and scalable for cropping yield. According to the proposed software, it was possible to reduce noise in vegetation indices from the orbital sensor images of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer - MODIS, interpolate images from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ECMWF, climate model to MODIS resolution, determine FAO water balance, estimate dates of development cycle of soybean crop, estimate hydric stress factor, estimate real evapotranspiration, and finally estimate both gross potential yield and attainable yield of soybean crop in Paraná State for the 2011/2012 harvesting season. / Embora haja estudos que busquem modelar as influências de variáveis agrometeorológicas em relação à produtividade das culturas agrícolas, a aplicação destes modelos em escala global e a consequente obtenção de resultados de forma espacial é um verdadeiro desafio dada a complexidade de variáveis envolvidas. Assim, este trabalho buscou analisar e implementar um software que permita a aplicação de modelos de estimativa de produtividade agrícola, baseados em imagens de sensoriamento remoto, de forma espacial e automatizada. O modelo de estimativa de produtividade, utilizando o balanço hídrico FAO, assim como os índices necessários para obtê-lo, foi implementado e posteriormente testado para o cultivar soja no Estado do Paraná para a safra 2011/2012. Padrões de projeto e análises utilizando a Unified Modeling Language (UML) foram utilizados na construção de estruturas de software e padronização de ferramentas computacionais. Tais estruturas foram implementadas para tratamento de dados, estimativa de balanço hídrico e estimativa de produtividade para dar origem ao software Crop-yield Modeling Platform CyMP, versão 1.0.1. Sua estrutura torna, de formas prática, automatizada, reutilizável e escalável, a implementação e a utilização de modelos de estimativa de produtividade agrícola. De acordo com o software proposto, foi possível suavizar ruídos em índices de vegetação provenientes de imagens do sensor Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer - MODIS, interpolar imagens provindas do modelo climático europeu - European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ECMWF - para resolução MODIS, determinar o balanço hídrico FAO, estimar as datas do ciclo de desenvolvimento da cultura da soja, estimar o fator de estresse hídrico da cultura, estimar a evapotranspiração real e, por fim, estimar tanto a produtividade potencial bruta como a produtividade atingível da cultura da soja no Estado do Paraná para safra 2011/2012.

<p>Cilj je specifikacija, modeliranje i implementacija sistema pretrage naučno-istraživačkih podataka. Sistem pretrage treba da omogući bogatu i efikasnu pretragu naučno-istraživačkih podataka. Osnovna ideja je da se pretraga zasniva na bibliotečkim standardima SRU/W i CQL kako bi se mogli prihvatati zahtevi za pretragu sa udaljenih računara, a da korisnici sistema mogu da pretraţuju putem veb forme implementirane upotrebom Web 2.0 tehnologije pri čemu se od korisnika ne očekuje poznavanje pomenutih standarda</p><p>Metodologija &ndash; Na osnovu pregledane literature do&scaron;lo se do smernica za analizu sistema koji sadrţe naučno-istraţivače podatke. Na osnovu izvr&scaron;ene analize predloţene su neophodne funkcionalnosti i relevantni set indeksa koji pretraga CRIS sistema treba da podrţi. Predloţen je novi profil za pretragu podataka naučno-istraţivačke delatnosti. Implementiran je standardizovani sistem pretrage za CRIS sisteme baziran na Web 2.0 tehnologijama, SRU/W profilu pretrage i CQL upitnom jeziku. Sistem omogućava i udaljeno pretraţivanje eksternim entitetima zadavanjem adekvatnih zahteva u skladu sa SRU/W standardom. Kori&scaron;ćeni su CASE alati bazirani na objektno-orijentisanoj metodologiji za modeliranje sistema (UML 2.0). Softverska arhitektura je zasnovana na Internet tehnologijama. Za implementaciju je kori&scaron;ćena Java platforma. Dok je za izradu naprednih elemenata interfejsa kori&scaron;ćena se JSF biblioteka i AJAX tehnologije.</p><p>Rezultati &ndash; Razvijen je unifikovani profil pretrage za CRIS sisteme i implementiran je standardizovani sistem pretrage naučno-istraživačkih podataka koji se koristi na Univerzitetu u Novom Sadu. Specificiran i implementiran je sistem za pretragu naučno-istraţivačkih rezultata baziran na Web 2.0 tehnologijama i upotrebi CQL upitnog jezika. Korisnički sistem je dovoljno intuitivan da ga mogu koristiti i korisnici koji i ne poznaju standarde na kojima se zasniva sam pretraga. Specificiran i implementiran je servis koji omogućuje pretragu sa udaljenih računara upotrebom SRU/W protokola.</p><p>Praktična primena &ndash; Sistem za pretragu naučno-istraživačkih rezultata je implementiran kao deo CRIS UNS sistema koji se koristi na Univerzitetu u Novom Sadu. Čime je obezbeđen javni uvid i jednostavna pretraga podataka o institucijama/organizacijama, istraţivačima i publikovanim naučnim rezultatima unutar novosadskog univerziteta. Podrţani SRU/W standard ga čini potencijalno dostupnim i za eksterne sisteme.</p><p>Vrednost &ndash; Dat je profil pretrage koji predstavlja predlog kako da se izvr&scaron;i standardizacija pretrage podataka iz naučno-istraţivačke oblasti. Posebna prednost pomenutog CRIS profila je nezavisnost istog od implementacije samog sistema pretrage. Sama primena predloţenog profila je vrlo jednostavna jer se njegovi elementi trebaju samo asocirati sa podacima u postojećim sistemima. Jednostavnost primene profila praktično je pokazana u CRIS sistemu Univerziteta u Novom Sadu. Sama aplikacija pretrage implementira SRU/W profil i pruţa potencijalnu inteoperabilnost sa sistemima koji podrţavaju SRU/W standard. Tako su nakon implementacije sistema, podaci iz CRIS UNS postali dostupniji i trasparentniji.</p> / <p>Aim &ndash; The aim is specification, modeling and implementation of search of scientific research data. Search system should provide a rich and effective search of scientific research data. The basic idea is to enable search based on bibliographic standards SRU/W and CQL, because system need to be able to process search requests from remote computer, and also to provide searching through the web form implemented using Web 2.0 technology where users do not need to know these standards.</p><p>Methodology - From the related literature are came the guidelines for the analysis of systems that include scientific researchers data. Based on the analysis necessary functionality and relevant set of indexes that searches CRIS system should support are proposed. A new profile for the search data for scientific research was implemented. It was implemented a standardized system search for CRIS systems based on Web 2.0 technologies, SRU/W profile search and CQL Query Language. The system allows a remote search by entering appropriate requests in accordance with SRU/W standard. UML 2.0 CASE tools based on object-oriented methodology were used for modeling the system. The software architecture is relied on a set of Internet technologies. Implementation technologies are based on Java platform. For the development of advanced interface elements JSF library and AJAX technologies were used.<br />Results - A unified search profile for CRIS systems and a standardized system of search of scientific research data were developed, which are booth used at the University of Novi Sad. It was specified and implemented a system for search of scientific research data based on Web 2.0 technologies and the CQL query language. GUI is intuitive enough that it can be used by people who do not know the standards on which the search operation is based. Also it was specified and implemented a service that allows remote computer to search by using the<br />SRU/W protocol.</p><p>Practical application - Search system of scientific research data is implemented as part of CRIS UNS system which used at the University of Novi Sad for a long time. CRIS UNS is now able to provide public access and easy search for data of institutions/ organizations, researchers and published scientific results within the University of Novi Sad. Supported SRU/W standard makes the CRIS UNS potentially interoperable with external systems.</p><p>Value &ndash; Proposed search profile is some kind of a suggestion how to standardize the search and retrieval of scientific research data. A major advantage of the CRIS profile is that he has no any affect on the implementation of the search system. The application of the proposed profile is very simple because its elements should only be associated (mapped) with the data in existing systems. Ease of application for the profile is practically demonstrated in the CRIS system of the University of Novi Sad (CRIS UNS). Search application implements SRU/W profile and offers potential interoperability with the systems that support the SRU/W standard. After the implementation of the search system, it is obviously that data from CRIS UNS become more accessible and transparent.</p> / null

Este trabalho trata do estudo de concepções de arquitetura do controle aplicadas aos robôs móveis autônomos e da proposição de um delas à instrumentação e controle em tempo real de um modelo de embarcação naval de alto desempenho. Tal veículo remotamente operado foi desenvolvido como parte das atividades do projeto temático "Comportamento em Ondas de Embarcações de Alto Desempenho" (proc.Fapesp 1997/13090-3). Realizou-se uma investigação dos diversos paradigmas de inteligência artificial que orientaram a evolução dos robôs móveis autônomos até o presente momento e, em particular, as concepções baseadas em modelos sócio-antropológicos e computacionais (teoria de agentes e orientação a objetos) através de sua aplicação à implementação de um sistema de aquisição e controle orientado a objetos, modelado através da UML (Unified Modeling Language), para o veículo mencionado. Testes de validação da arquitetura do controle foram realizados, sendo obtidos resultados experimentais que permitiram análises a respeito da dinâmica, manobrabilidade e navegação do veículo, as quais sugerem vários aperfeiçoamentos para o sistema de hardware e software em trabalhos futuros. / This work deals with the study of control architecture approaches applied to autonomous mobile robots, and proposes one of them for the control system of a self-propelled high speed ship model. Such unmanned vehicle was developed for the research project “Comportamento em Ondas de Embarcações de Alto Desempenho" (proc. FAPESP 1997/13090-3). A number of artificial intelligence paradigms, related to the autonomous robot evolution up to now, were investigated. Models based on the socio-anthropological paradigm and the corresponding computer science approaches, i.e. agent theory and object-oriented modeling, were emphasized. Object-oriented control software based on the UML (Unified Modeling Language) was designed for the real-time embedded system of the ship model. Validation tests of the control architecture were carried out. Experimental results, related to vehicle dynamics, maneuverability and navigation were acquired by the embedded system and analyzed in this work. These results suggest a number of improvements for future works on the software and hardware systems.

O design de sistemas automatizados inteligentes é fortemente dependente da etapa inicial de análise de requisitos, que além de suprimir possíveis incongruências - próprias desta fase inicial - provê um modelo inicial e funcional do sistema a ser implementado, capaz de orientar a definição dos parâmetros (design parameters) e em seguida a própria implementação. Um grande esforço tem sido empregado na área de Inteligência Artificial para definir planejadores automáticos confiáveis que possam ser usados na solução de problemas reais, que geralmente possuem um número elevado de parâmetros. Isto leva a uma situação onde métodos formais, geralmente aplicados em abordagens independentes de domínio, precisam ser aliados a métodos mais pragmáticos para produzir bons resultados. Seguindo esse princípio,o presente trabalho propõe um método de projeto no qual o usuário podem fazer a aquisição de conhecimento, modelar o domínio (tanto o domínio de aplicação quanto o domínio do problema de planejamento), fazer uma análise dinâmica do modelo e eventualmente verificá-lo usando linguagens conhecidas como UML, as Redes de Petri, e HTN, mantendo as características hierárquicas do problema. Esta abordagem demanda novos planejadores automáticos que consideram a abstração do sistema hierárquico, que é derivado de um modelo hierárquico de requisitos e de uma análise unificada feita também em redes de Petri hierárquicas. / The design of intelligent systems is strongly dependent of the requirements analysis initial stage, wich can remove possible inconsistencies - own this early stage - providing a primary functional model of the system being implemented. Besides that, it can be able to guide the definition of the parameters (design parameters) and then the implementation itself. A lot of effort has been employed in Artificial Intelligence field to define reliable automated planning systems that can be used to solve real problems, which generally have a large number of parameters. This leads to a situation where formal methods, generally applied to solve domain-independent problems, need to be combined with more pragmatic methods to produce good results. Following this principle, this work proposes a design method in which the user can make the acquisition of knowledge, model the domain (both the work domain and the planning problem domain), make a dynamic analysis of the model and eventually simulate it using well-kown language as UML, Petri Nets, and HTN, maintaining the hierarchical characteristics of the problem. This approach demands new automated planners who consider the abstraction of hierarchical system, which is derived from a hierarchical model requirements and an unified analysis made in hierarchical Petri nets.

Die Arbeit widmet sich der Frage, ob sich die etablierte Technik des modellbasierten Testens (MBT) auf eine spezielle Art von Software-Komponentensystemen, den dynamischen Komponentensystemen (DCS), anwenden lässt. DCS bieten die besondere Eigenschaft, dass sich die Komposition der Komponenteninstanzen zur Laufzeit ändern kann, da in solchen Systemen jede Komponenteninstanz einen Lebenszyklus aufweist. Damit ist es möglich, im laufenden Betrieb einzelne Komponenten im Softwaresystem zu aktualisieren oder dem System neue hinzuzufügen. Derartige Eingriffe führen dazu, dass die von den Komponenteninstanzen bereitgestellte Funktionalität jederzeit eingeschränkt oder unverfügbar werden kann. Diese Eigenschaft der DCS macht die Entwicklung von Komponenten schwierig, da diese in ihrem potentiellen Verhalten darauf vorbereitet werden müssen, dass die von ihnen jeweils benötigte und genutzte Funktionalität nicht ständig verfügbar ist. Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es nun, einen systematischen Testansatz zu entwickeln, der es erlaubt, bereits während der Entwicklung von DCS-Komponenten Toleranzaussagen bzgl. ihrer dynamischen Verfügbarkeit treffen zu können. Untersucht wird, inwieweit bestehende MBT-Ansätze bei entsprechender Anpassung für den neuen Testansatz übernommen werden können. Durch die in der Dissertation entwickelten Ansätze sowie deren Implementierung und Anwendung in einer Fallstudie wird gezeigt, dass eine systematische Testfallgenerierung für dynamische Komponentensysteme mit Hilfe der Anwendung und Anpassung von modellbasierten Testtechnologien erreicht werden kann. / This dissertation devotes to the question whether the established technique of model based testing (MBT) can be applied to a special type of software component systems called dynamic component systems (DCSs). DCSs have the special characteristic that they support the change of component instance compositions during runtime of the system. In these systems, each component instance exhibits an own lifecycle. This makes it possible to update existing, or add new components to the system, while it is running. Such changes cause that functionality provided by the component instances may become restricted or unavailable at any time. This characteristic of DCSs makes the development of components difficult because required and used functionality is not available all the time. The goal of this dissertation is to develop a systematic testing approach which allows to test a component’s tolerance to dynamic availability during development time. We analyze, to what extend existing MBT approaches can be reused or adapted. The approaches of this dissertation has been implemented in a software prototype. This prototype has been used in a case study and it has been showed, that systematic test generation for DCSs can be done with the help of MBT.

Programinės įrangos kūrimo procese reikalavimų rinkimo ir jų analizės etapai yra patys svarbiausi, nuo jų priklauso tolesnių programinės įrangos kūrimo etapų įgyvendinimas. Informacinių sistemų specifikavimui dažniausiai naudojamos projektavimo kalbos (UML, Z, DFD, OCL ir t.t.), kurių supratimui reikalingos specifinės žinios. Užsakovo projektavimo kalbos žinios dažnai yra minimalios, tad jis pasitiki projektuotojo žiniomis ir pateiktų reikalavimų interpretavimu. Projektavimo etape tinkamai užsakovo nesuprastų, formalia kalba specifikuotų, sistemos projektinių modelių netikslumai, dažnai išryškėja tik realizavimo etape. Klaidingai IT specialisto interpretuotų žinių padarinių taisymas yra brangus ir pailgina programinio produkto kūrimo trukmę. Šiam nesusišnekimui išvengti buvo pasiūlyta dalykinę sritį aprašinėti veiklos taisyklėmis natūralios kalbos šablonais. Veiklos taisyklės yra struktūrizuotos ir vienareikšmiškai interpretuojamos tiek IT specialistų, tiek verslo atstovų. Šis dalykinės srities aprašymo metodas yra labai neseniai pasirodęs ir dar nėra nusistovėjusių standartų jo taikyme. Šiame darbe bus kuriamas algoritmas, kuris veiklos taisyklių pagrindu patikslins nuo skaičiavimų nepriklausomo (arba nuo platformos nepriklausomo) lygmens duomenų modelius. Tuo savo ruoštu paspartindamas projektinių modelių kūrimą ir patikslinimą automatizuojant veiklos taisyklių ir klasių modelio analizę. / Software development process of the collection and analysis phases are the key, since they belong to the software development phases of implementation. Information systems are the most used in the design specification language (UML, Z, DFD, OCL, etc.), understanding the need for specific knowledge. Customer's design language is often minimal, so he is confident in the knowledge the designer and the requirements of the interpretation. The design phase of the customer due misunderstood formally specified language, system design models, inaccuracies, often become apparent only in the realization phase. Erroneous interpretation of the IT professional knowledge effects editing is expensive and prolonged the duration of software product development. This misunderstood was proposed to avoid the subject area specificate operational rules of natural-language ralios pattern. Activities are structured and unambiguous interpretation of the IT professionals and business representatives. The Subject field of the description method is a very recent and has not established standards for its application. This work will be developed in the algorithm, the business rules-based adjustments to the calculations of independent (or platform-independent) level of data models. Meanwhile, prepare their own models for accelerating the development of design automation and to verify rules and model of class analysis.

No description available.

This thesis presents an automated software design synthesis framework known as Project Calliope. This framework aligns with Harel's automated software development process as it addresses the aspect of automating design and implementation. Project Calliope is based on a Statecharts synthesis approach in the literature. The main goal of Project Calliope is to automatically generate testable Unified Modeling Language (UML) Statecharts that are deterministic, visually manageable and UML compliant. In order to minimise design errors in the generated UML Statecharts, Project Calliope supports model checking through Statecharts execution. In addition, executable code is automatically generated based on the synthesised UML Statecharts. This framework seeks to provide a pragmatic design framework that can be readily incorporated into software development methodologies that leverage UML. In this thesis, Project Calliope is applied to three simple applications from Whittle and Schumann's examples and a case study based on a commercial application. They are automatic teller machine, coffee dispenser, an agent application, and a groupware application respectively.

Dans les années 90, la commission européenne a sollicité la mise au point d’un système de contrôle commande et de signalisation ferroviaire commun à tous les réseaux des états membres : le système ERTMS « European Railway Traffic Management System ». Il s’agit d’un système réparti complexe dont le déploiement complet est long et coûteux. L’objectif global consiste à diminuer les coûts de validation et de certification liés à la mise en œuvre de ce nouveau système en Europe. La problématique scientifique réside dans la modélisation formelle de la spécification afin de permettre la génération automatique des scénarios de test. Les verrous scientifiques, traités dans cette thèse, sont liés d’une part à la transformation de modèle semi-formel en modèle formel en préservant les propriétés structurelles et fonctionnelles des constituants réactifs du système réparti, et d’autre part à la couverture des tests générés automatiquement. Les constituants sont sous la forme de boîte noire. L’objectif consiste à tester ces derniers à travers la spécification ERTMS. Nous avons développé une approche de modélisation basée sur le couplage de modèles semi-formels (UML) et de modèles formels (Réseaux de Petri). Ce couplage se fait à travers une technique de transformation de modèles. Nous avons développé ensuite une méthode de génération automatique de scénarios de test de conformité à partir des modèles en réseaux de Petri. Les scénarios de test ont été considérés comme une séquence de franchissement filtrée puis réduite du réseau de Petri interprété représentant la spécification. Ces scénarios ont été exécutés sur notre plateforme de simulation ERTMS / European Union set up a European rail traffic management system “ERTMS” to ensure, with high level of safety, train operation on different European networks. As the full deployment of this system is long and expensive, evolutions are necessary and raise other technological challenges. The goal is to determine how to use ERTMS specifications to produce test scenarios. This work presents methods, models and tools dedicated to the generation of test scenarios for the validation of ERTMS components based on functional requirements. The development of ERTMS system requires adequate methods for Modelling and evaluating its behavior. Evaluation and certification of the system can be done by generating test scenarios applying formal methods. The Unified Modelling Language (UML) is a widely accepted Modelling standard in industry. However, it is a semi-formal language and it does not allow verification of system behavior. In this case, formal models like Petri Net can be used. These methods are used in order to formalize ERTMS specification. Tests scenarios are generated on the basis of Petri net models. One scenario is considered like a firing sequence in the reachability graph of the Petri net. Then, test scenarios are applied on ERTMS platform simulator in order to check the components and to give test verdicts. Finally, the approach, developed in this document, has been applied to ERTMS components in order to demonstrate the validation and certification costs reduction and also to minimize the upgrade and retrofit constraints and validation cost