The aim is to describe how to build a foundation of resources in RBSUs by addressing the issues of access to and control on resources in order to understand this context and to further develop the language of RBSUs. The research lies in the interpretative field of inquiry. Abduction is used to combine empirical data with theoretical studies in order to try to investigate patterns that could give an understanding of the phenomena that is studied. Descriptive research approach using multiple-case study design is used. The first part of the theoretical frame of references explores existing theories on resources. This leads to RBSUs basic resources. The second part explores different means for accessing and controlling resources. The chosen approach is qualitative. Interviews have been conducted for data collection. Documents are gathered and analyzed to support the interviews. Following each stage of RBSUs development, it is described what resources are the most important ones to each RBSU and how they got access to and control over those resources. The major contribution is that RBSUs access and control their basic resources in different ways depending on the stage of the RBSU development. In addition, the findings describe and allow understanding how RBSUs‟ founders make their choices when it comes to build a foundation of resources in each of those stages.

Previous entrepreneurship research has shown that networks are of great importance when discovering and exploiting business opportunities, i.e. in the start up process of new venture (e.g. Davidsson and Honig 2003; Evald, Klyver, and Svendsen 2006; Klyver, Hindle, and Meyer forthcoming). The value of a network is referred to as social capital, which refers to the amount of resources, both tangible and intangible, that an entrepreneur or entrepreneuse might have access to through the members of their network (Nahapiet and Ghoshal 1998). Social capital is the product of social interactions (Anderson et al. 2007), implying that a person’s social abilities, i.e. social competence, can influence the creation of social capital (Baron and Markman 2000, 2003). Social capital the factor that helps the entrepreneur “get through the door”, while the entrepreneur’s social abilities determine the outcome of that interaction (Baron and Markman 2000:107). The focus of this study is, thus, to explore whether entrepreneurs and entrepreneuses utilize different types of the social capital in the process of starting a new venture and whether they perceive social competence to have an influential role in this process. The theoretical framework consist of three main theoretical areas; social capital, social competence, and psychological gender. The first part is based on Nahapiet and Ghoshal’s (1998) model of social capital and describes theories explaining factors influence social capital embedded within a person’s network relationships. The second part covers social competence and the abilities that constitute this concept. Further, five dimensions are identified as comprising social competence, i.e. social astuteness, interpersonal influence, networking ability, apparent sincerity, and social manipulation (Baron and Markman 2000, 2003; Hoehn-Weiss et al. 2004; Ferris et al. 2005, 2007; Riggio 1986). The last part discusses whether there might exist differences between entrepreneurs and entrepreneuses regarding their behaviours and their psychological gender (Bem 1974, 1975, 1977; Spence et al. 1975). The research design show similarities with both an inductive and a deductive approach, with a focus on the induction since little research within the entrepreneurship field has combined the different topics comprising the scope of this study. Further, this implies qualitative research methods and the empirical data was collect through conducting 14 semi structured interviews with entrepreneurs and entrepreneuses as well as through a questionnaire aiming at determine the respondents’ psychological gender. The results of the present study indicate that entrepreneurs and entrepreneuses utilize different the types of social capital in the stages of the start up phase. Further, the study show that social competence plays and important role in the start up process and that there is a circular relation between social capital and social competence. Moreover, the results of the study indicate that male and female entrepreneurs behave differently in the start up phase and that their perceptions about and usage of their social competence might differ.

In order to relieve small and medium enterprises (SMEs) from the predicament of inadequate capital and immature technology in the beginning of new ventures as well as to realize sustainable business development, Taiwan gevernment has been heavily investing in many universities to set up incubation centers in the hope to provide start-ups abundant resources with the help of academic institution¡¦s counseling expertise; therefore, the cost and risk for start-ups in the beginning of new venture and R&D phase can be reduced and more sound and competitive SMEs could be incubated under the tutelage of incubation centers. The study mainly discusses the relationship between key success factors (KSFs) of high-tech start-ups and the counseling resources from incubation centers. Firstly, the study establishes the structure of empirical study based on the collection and discussion of domestic and foreign literatures. Since the counselling clients of incubation centers majorly consist of start-ups, the study adopts in-depth interviews to investigate these start-ups via case study. By organizing and analyzing the in-depth interviews with start-ups, the study tries to investigate the relationship between two fundimental dimentions of resources from incubation centers and enterprise characteristics, as well as the performance and competitiveness in start-ups. The objectives of this sudy are to: 1.Understand how incubation centers utilize the relevant resources from government to nurture start-ups. 2.Investigate how the resource platform of incubation center guides the KSFs of high-tech start-ups. 3.Evaluate what the three dimensional roles of resources, innovation, and values play in the competitive strategy of high-tech start-ups, and find out the KSFs therein and their future prospects. 4.Understand how start-ups and entrepreneurship influence the success of the business.

Die Arbeit befaßt sich mit der Charakterisierung der elektronischen Struktur von neuen Halbleitermaterialien. Zu den untersuchten Materialsystemen, welche alle eine relativ kleine Gitterkonstante aufweisen, gehören der Diamant, Siliciumcarbid, amorphes Kohlenstoffnitrid (a-CNx) sowie verschiedene Proben der Serie AlxGa1-xN. Zur Charakterisierung der elektronischen Struktur werden Photoemissionsmessungen für die Bestimmung der besetzten Zustände und Methoden der Röntgenabsorption im Fall der unbesetzten Zustände herangezogen. Mit diesen Methoden wird die Struktur der Oberflächen von CVD-Diamantfilmen für unterschiedliche Oberflächenempfindlichkeiten bestimmt. Außerdem wird die Modifikation der elektronischen Bänder in Naturdiamant durch variierende Cäsiumbedeckungen der Oberfläche ermittelt. Für zwei Rekonstruktionen der 3C-SiC(001)-Oberfläche wird die Oberflächenbandstruktur bestimmt und es werden die Ergebnisse mit existierenden Strukturmodellen und Rechnungen verglichen. Zum Vergleich werden auf dieser Oberfläche weiterhin auch Messungen zur optischen Oberflächenanisotropie durchgeführt und Hinweise auf Beiträge von Oberflächenzuständen zu den Spektren gefunden. In den amorphen Kohlenstoffnitridfilmen können verschiedene Stickstoff- und Kohlenstoffkoordinationen nachgewiesen und deren Temperaturstabilität bestimmt werden. Aus den polarisationsabhängigen Röntgenabsorptionsmessungen an nitridiertem Galliumarsenid bzw. an den Proben der Serie AlxGa1-xN werden Rückschlüsse auf die Phasenzusammensetzung und die geometrische Struktur gezogen.

I Sverige klassificeras cirka 99,4 % av alla företag som mindre företag och under 2014 registrerades cirka 70 000 nya företag. Gemensamt är att nystartade och mindre företag som växer och utvecklas bidrar till nationell tillväxt i länderna de är verksamma inom. För att företagen ska kunna växa krävs finansiering och banker har traditionellt tillgodosett detta behov. Regelverket Basel III är därför väldiskuterat eftersom flera studier visar att det kan påverka bankers kreditgivning. Forskning visar bland annat att Basel III leder till minskad utlåning och ökade utlåningsräntor. Det visar också att nystartade företag kan missgynnas mer än andra bolag på grund av de interna riskklassificeringssystem som tillåts inom regelverket. Interna riskklassificeringssystem kan nämligen, på grund av olika variabler och parametrar, göra att nystartade företag betraktas som mer riskfyllda. Andra studier som gjorts i ämnet visar att Basel III inte påverkar varken banker, kreditgivning eller utlåningsräntor. Eftersom tidigare forskning och litteratur visar olika resultat syftar denna studie till att undersöka, beskriva och öka förståelsen för hur Basel III påverkat kreditgivningen till nystartade företag i Sverige. För att få empiriskt underlag till studien har tio intervjuer gjorts med elva respondenter från sju olika banker. Intervjuer har gjorts med anställda på större och mindre banker på central och lokal nivå. Resultatet i studien visar att alla banker höjt utlåningsräntorna till nystartade företag. Bankerna uppger att det framför allt beror på förändrad risksyn och riskbedömning till följd av Basel III. Basel III har lett till att företagskunder prissätts mer efter bedömd kreditrisk och detta har gjort att nystartade företag generellt fått en högre ränta. Resultatet visar också att interna system och modeller blivit viktigare inom bankerna och att alternativa finansieringslösningar börjat växa fram på marknaden. Samtidigt är kreditbedömningsprocessen och låneutbudet oförändrat sedan Basel III:s introduktion. Studiens resultat bidrar med praktiska implikationer till nystartade företag, banker, entreprenörer och samhället. Den bidrar också teoretiskt till forskningen i form av underlag till diskussionen om utlåningsräntor och låneutbud. / In Sweden approximately 99.4% of all companies are classified as small companies and in 2014 around 70,000 new companies were registered. The common denominator is that start-ups and small businesses that grow and evolve contribute to national growth in the countries they operate in. In order to enable businesses to grow they require finance and traditionally banks have met this need. Basel III is therefore a well-argued subject since several studies show that it can affect banks' lending. Research shows that Basel III will lead to reduced lending and increased lending rates. It also shows that start-ups may be more disadvantaged than other companies because of the internal ratings-based (IRB) approach allowed within the regulation. The IRB approach can namely, because of different variables and parameters, consider start-ups more risky than other companies. Other studies however, show that Basel III has no, or very little, impact on lending and interest rates. Since previous research and literature shows different results this study aims to examine, describe and increase the understanding of how Basel III impact lending to start-ups in Sweden. Ten interviews with eleven respondents from seven different banks have been conducted. The interviews were conducted with employees of large and small banks working on central and local level. The results of the study show that all banks have raised lending rates to start-ups. The banks say that it is mainly due to changed risk profile and risk assessment as a result of Basel III. Basel III has led to corporates, retails and start-ups being priced on estimated credit risk and this has led to start-ups being considered as riskier. Thus, banks have raised lending rates to start-ups. The result also shows that internal systems and models have become more important in banks and that alternative financing has begun to emerge on the market. Meanwhile, the credit assessment process and the loan supply are unaffected since Basel III's introduction. The study's results contribute with practical implications for start-ups, banks, entrepreneurs and the community. It also contributes to theoretical research regarding the lending rates and loan supply discussion.

Using photoemission spectroscopy (PES) the interface between the amino acid L-cysteine and a Au substrate was characterized to determine its electronic and chemical structure. L-cysteine was deposited on a Au substrate in several experiments via dipping into solution or via evaporation. The depositions were performed in several steps. Between deposition steps x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) measurements were taken. XPS was used to characterize the chemical interaction at the interface while UPS was used to determine the orbital line-up at the interface and the highest molecular orbital (HOMO) structure of L-cysteine. The results indicate the formation of an interface state at approximately 1.5 eV above the L-cysteine HOMO.

P3HT (Poly(3-hexylthiophene)) is an organic polymer that shows promise as an active material in semiconducting electronics. It is important to study the electronic properties of this material in order to determine its efficacy in such devices. However, many current studies of thiophene only examine the oligomer, since it is a simpler material to investigate. In this study, several P3HT interfaces were analyzed to determine their electronic properties. The P3HT was deposited on Au, highly-ordered pyrolitic graphite (HOPG), and indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates via electrospray deposition. The depositions were performed in several steps, with x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) measurements taken between each step without breaking the vacuum. The resulting series of spectra allowed orbital line-up diagrams to be generated for each interface, giving detailed analysis of the interfacial properties, including the charge injection barriers and interface dipoles. The results, when compared to similar oligomer-based investigations, show a difference in the orbital line-up between oligomeric and polymeric P3HT junctions.

Įvadas. Žmonės didelę laiko dalį leidžia dirbdami, daugelis jų yra veikiami profesinių rizikos veiksnių, lemiančių profesinės ligos atsiradimą. Pastaruoju metu profesinės ligos bei jų keliama našta tapo ypač aktualia problema įvairiose šalyse. Siekiant nustatyti veiksnius, kurie sukelia ginčus, būtina analizuoti ginčytinus profesinių ligų atvejus. Profilaktiniai sveikatos tikrinimai padeda nustatyti profesines ligas ankstyvose stadijose, darbo medicinos gydytojams suteikia svarbią, papildomą informaciją apie pacientą, profesinės ligos nustatymo metu. Todėl nagrinėjant ginčytinus profesinių ligų atvejus svarbu įvertinti profilaktinių sveikatos tikrinimų įtaką. Darbo tikslas. Išanalizuoti Lietuvos ginčytinų profesinių ligų atvejų (GPLA) 2005–2009 m. charakteristikas bei jų sąsajas su profilaktiniais sveikatos tikrinimais. Uždaviniai. Įvertinti ginčytinų profesinių ligų atvejų pasiskirstymą pagal charakteristikas (diagnozę (pirminę, galutinę), priežastis, profesiją, ekonominę veiklos rūšį, kenksmingus darbo aplinkos veiksnius, amžių, darbo stažą, lytį, gyvenamąją vietą). Įvertinti ginčytinų profesinių ligų atvejų pasiskirstymą pagal pirminės ir galutinės diagnozės sutapimą. Įvertinti ginčytinų profesinių ligų atvejų pasiskirstymą pagal profilaktinių sveikatos tikrinimų rezultatus. Įvertinti profilaktinių sveikatos tikrinimų ir ginčytinų profesinių ligų atvejų charakteristikų sąsajas. Tyrimo metodika. Darbe naudoti aprašomosios statistikos ir kiekybiniai tyrimo metodai. Duomenys... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Intoduction. A lot of people spend their days at work; high proportion is influenced different risk factors causing occupational diseases. Nowadays the burden occupational diseases is discussed very often all around the world. To identify problems causing disputes about occupational disease diagnosis it is necessary to analyze the controversial cases of occupational diseases. Annual health check ups provide important additional information for occupational doctors, who are determining the diagnosis of occupational disease, also helps to identify diseases in early stages. Since the efectivness of annual health check ups is discussed it is necessary to evaluate how annaul health check ups influence changes in the controversial cases of occupational diseases (CCOD). Aim. To analyze the controversial cases of occupational diseases in Lithuania during years 2005-2009, characteristics of cases and their relation to health annual (mandatory) health check ups. Tasks. To evaluate the distribution of CCOD by characteristics (age, gender, place of residence, seniority, cause of dispute, occupation, economic activity, employment, harmful environmental factors, diagnosis (primary and final). To evaluate distribution of CCOD by congruence of primary and final diagnosis. To evaluate distribution of CCOD by the results of annual health check ups. To evaluate associations with characteristics of contraversial cases of occupational diseases. Methodology. The CCOD registered and analysed by... [to full text]

The goal of this academic project was to study the effects of different variables on the damage progression around a central hole in carbon fiber composite coupon specimens. The tracked variables included the type of layup, stress ratio, stress levels, and damage mechanisms observed in each specimen. In-situ x-ray of the individual laminates recorded the extent of damage, mostly longitudinal splitting, as a function of the cycle count. The following lay-ups were included in the experiment: [45/90/-45/02/45/02/-45/0]s, [±5/65/(±5)2/-65/±5]s, and [±5/65/(±5)2/-65/5/65]s. More specifically, the objective of this study was to determine the stress levels at which detectable damage started to develop. The researchers chose to apply 50,000 cycles at each stress level and once damage was detected, the stress level was typically raised by 34.5 MPa (5 KSI), and then cycled another 50,000 cycles until damage exceeding 1.27 cm (0.50") in length was observed. Once the damage exceeded 1.27 cm (0.50"), cycling was continued to 1,000,000 cycles. Upon completion of the fatigue cycling, each specimen's residual strength was determined. The damage length versus stress level was plotted as a way to compare damage onset stresses and growth as a function of lay-up and stress ratio.

An experimental and theoretical approach is taken to determine the effect of a heterojunction on the effective work function in a metal/high-? gate stack, the characteristics of aqueous hydrochloric acid cleaned (aq-HCl) GaN surface and the interface between GaN and Al2O3, HfO2 and GaON. The investigation of the effect of a heterojunction on the effective work function in a metal/high-? gate stack found that when a Ge/Si heterostructure on silicon is lightly doped and sufficiently thin, the work function can be extracted in a manner similar to that for a simple silicon substrate. Modifications to the terraced oxide structure are proposed to remove oxidation effects of the alternate channel materials. The extracted work function of TiN with various thicknesses on HfSiO is found to be in agreement with that of TiN on a silicon substrate. X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy are used to observe the interface electronic states at the GaN (0001) and Al2O3, HfO2 and GaON dielectric interfaces. The GaN is cleaned using aqueous HCl prior to thermal oxidation to form GaON and atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 and HfO2. This was followed by a post deposition anneal. The GaN/HfO2 and GaN/Al2O3 interfaces exhibited dipoles of 1.6 eV and 0.4 eV +/- 0.2 eV, respectively. It is determined that the formation of an interfacial layer at the GaN/HfO2 interface is the primary cause of the larger dipole. Due to the knowledge of the formation of an interfacial GaOx or GaON layer during atomic layer deposition of HfO2, a better understanding of the GaN/GaON interface is needed. To accomplish this task, the interface electronic states at the GaN(0001) and GaON interface are observed using X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS). XPS and UPS analysis of the GaN/GaON interface resulted in the calculation of a -2.7 eV +/- 0.2 eV dipole assuming that the core level shifts are only representative of the GaN band bending at the interface. If it is assumed that the core level shifts are only due to the oxidation of GaN, then the exhibited dipole at the GaN/GaON interface is -1.8 eV +/- 0.2 eV. Results indicate that the observed dipole is primarily caused by the polarization of the GaN. A theoretical approach is taken to provide a more complete understanding of the underlying formation mechanisms of a GaON interfacial layer during atomic layer deposition of HfO2. First, density functional theory is used to calculate the interactions of oxygen and water with the Ga-face of GaN clusters. The GaN clusters could be used as testbeds for the actual Ga-face on GaN crystals of importance in electronics. The results reveal that the local spin plays an important role in these interactions. It is found that the most stable interactions of O2 and the GaN clusters results in the complete dissociation of the O2 molecule to form two Ga-O-Ga bonds, while the most stable interactions between a H2O molecule and the GaN clusters are the complete dissociation of one of the O-H bonds to form a Ga-O-H bond and a Ga-H bond. Second, density functional theory is used to calculate the interaction of the reactants used to deposit HfO2 and Al2O3 during atomic layer deposition with hydrolyzed Ga-face GaN clusters. The results suggest that while further research is needed in this area to grasp a better understanding of the interactions of Trimethylaluminum (TMA) or Tertrakis(EthylMethylAmino)Hafnium (TEMAH) with hydrolyzed GaN clusters, it is found that a Ga-N(CH3)(CH2CH3) bond can form during the deposition of HfO2 using ALD and TEMAH as the reactant without breaking the Hf-N bond. The formation of a Ga-N(CH3)(CH2CH3) bond is significant because with the introduction of water into the system, the methyl and ethylmethyl groups may react to form a Ga-N-O bond which is believed to be the interfacial oxide found during deposition of HfO2 using ALD on GaN. No Ga-C bond structure formed in any fully optimized stable structure when analyzing the interaction of TMA with hydrolyzed GaN.