This thesis report is about designing a prototype and establishing audio communication between a computer and Digital Signal Processor (DSP) using two preamp circuits using both auxiliary and USB connection. The paper gives the reader an overview on how audio is transmitted from a computer, through the system and to the desired output. The reader should also get a better understanding of how an AD-converter samples the incoming signal to the Discrete plane and how an AUX or phone connector works. This information can be used for designing preamp circuits to communicate between a computer and the DSP. The DSP circuit uses an STM32 processor to control the incoming and outgoing signals with the use of ADC and DAC conversion. The DSP also uses microphones to capture surrounding sound. An addition is to make a prototype on how to use these microphones to  send the signal upstream to the computer. The microphone is then benchmarked with the use of Matlab, calculating Total Harmonic Distortion. Management and optimization of code structure and resources is done in the source files of the project. Using imperative C programing, large functions are broken down into smaller functions to ease readability and control flow. The result is a prototype circuit that can communicate audio signals with both audio jack and USB between computers input and output to the DSP. Using CubeMX in conjunction with CubeIDE to add additional ADC channels to be able to incorporate an automatic source control when the audio jack or USB is connected. / Denna avhandling handlar om att designa en prototyp och etablera ljudkommunikation mellan en dator och en digital signalprocessor (DSP) med hjälp av två förstärkarkretsar genom både aux- och USB-anslutning. Rapporten ger läsaren en översikt över hur ljud skickas från en dator, genom systemet och till önskad utgång. Läsaren bör också få en bättre förståelse för hur en AD-omvandlare fungerar för att sampla den inkommande signalen till tidsdiskreta planet och hur en AUX- eller telekabel fungerar. Målet är att använda denna information för att skapa förstärkare som kan kommunicera mellan en dator och DSP:en. DSP-kretsen använder en STM32-processor för att hantera de inkommande och utgående signalerna med användning av ADC- och DAC-omvandling. DSP:en använder också mikrofoner för att fånga omgivande ljud. Ett tillägg är att skapa en prototyp för hur man kan använda en av mikrofonerna för att skicka signalen till datorn. Mikrofonen jämförs sedan med hjälp av Matlab genom att beräkna total harmonisk distorsion. Hantering och optimering av kodstruktur och resurser görs i projektets källkodsfiler. Genom att använda imperativ C-programmering bryts stora funktioner ned i mindre funktioner för att underlätta läsbarheten och styrningen av flödet. Resultatet är en prototypkrets som kan kommunicera ljudsignaler med både ljuduttag och USB mellan datorns in- och utgång och DSP:en. Genom att använda CubeMX tillsammans med CubeIDE läggs ytterligare ADC-kanaler för att möjliggöra automatisk källkontroll när ljuduttaget eller USB-anslutningen är ansluten.

Massive deployment of diverse ultra-low power wireless devices necessitates the rapid development of communication protocols. Software Defined Radio (SDR) provides a flexible platform for deploying and evaluating real-world performance of these protocols. But SDR platform based communication systems suffer from high and unpredictable delays. There is a lack of comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the delays experienced by these systems for new SDR platforms like LimeSDR. This knowledge gap needs to be filled in order to reduce these delays and better design protocols which can take advantage of these platforms. We design a GNU Radio based IEEE 802.15.4 experimental setup, where the data path is time-stamped at various points of interest to get a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the delays. Our analysis shows GNU Radio processing and LimeSDR buffering delay are the major delays in these data paths. We try to decrease the LimeSDR buffering delay by decreasing the USB transfer size but it comes at the cost of increased processing overhead. The USB transfer packet size is modified to investigate which USB transfer size provides the best balance between buffering delay and the processing overhead across two different host computers. Our experiments show that for the best-measured configuration the mean and jitter of latency decreases by 37% and 40% respectively for the host computer with higher processing resources. We also show that the throughput is not affected by these modifications. Higher processing resources help in handling higher processing overhead and can better reduce the buffering delay. / Stora installationer av heterogena extremt energisnåla trådlösa enheter ställer krav på snabb utveckling av kommunikationsprotokoll. Mjukvarubaserad radio (Software Defined Radio, SDR) tillhandahåller en flexibel plattform för att installera och utvärdera faktisk prestanda för dessa protokoll. Men SDR-baserade system har problem med stora och oförutsägbara fördröjningar. Verklig förståelse av hur dessa fördröjningar beter sig i nya plattform som LimeSDR saknas. Dessa kunskapsbrister behöver överbryggas för att kunna minska fördröjningarna och för att mer framgångsrikt kunna designa protokoll som drar nytta av de nya plattformarna. Vi skapar en försöksuppställning för IEEE 802.15.4 baserad på GNU Radio. Data som passerar systemet tidsstämplas för att ge underlag till att förstå fördröjningarnas egenskaper. Vår analys visar att fördröjningarna främst kommer från processande i GNU-radion och buffertider för LimeSDR. Vi försöker minska buffertiderna för LimeSDR genom att minska paketstorleken för USB-överföring, men det kommer till priset av ökade bearbetningskostnader. Paketstorleken för USB-överföring modifieras för att på två olika testdatorer undersöka den bästa balansen mellan buffertider och bearbetningskostnader. Våra experiment visar att för att den mest noggrant undersökta försöksuppställningen så minskar medelvärdet och jittret för fördröjningarna med 37% och 40% för testdatorn med mest beräkningskraft. Vi visar också att genomströmningen inte påverkas av dessa ändringar. Med mer beräkningskraft kan de ökade bearbetningskostnader hanteras, och buffertiderna kan förkortas mer effektivt.

El presente trabajo de título tiene como objetivo principal la exposición del flujo de procesos involucrado en el diseño de un circuito integrado digital. Como consecuencia de ésto, se espera poder demostrar y motivar a explorar esta área en Chile, partiendo por el entorno más cercano: el Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica de la Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas de la Universidad de Chile. Para conseguir este objetivo, se diseña un controlador USB 2.0 desde la asimilación de su protocolo para el modelamiento de una solución, hasta el esquemático de la disposición física del circuito resultante. El flujo de diseño consiste principalmente en: a partir de una idea, generada por una necesidad del mercado o bien por una razón académica, determinar sus especificaciones eléctricas y dividir sus funcionalidades; caracterizar el circuito utilizando un lenguaje de descripción de hardware, para esta memoria, Verilog HDL; traducir la descripción del circuito a una lista de compuertas lógicas reales interconectadas; y finalmente, utilizando la representación física de cada compuerta y conexiones, producir un plano físico del circuito. El desarrollo del controlador es guiado y facilitado por las herramientas de diseño de Synopsys®. El resultado final es un informe que reúne los principales conceptos comprometidos en cada etapa del diseño, junto con su aplicación al modelamiento de un controlador USB 2.0. Aunque el uso de las herramientas de diseño no es detallado, los pasos realizados para cada proceso están basados en los flujos de diseño específicos de cada una de ellas. Respecto a lo anterior, se entrega como resultado un CD que contiene los módulos Verilog del controlador, la lista de compuertas interconectadas y archivos guión que contienen las principales instrucciones ejecutadas en las herramientas de Synopsys®. USB es un protocolo de comunicación de mediana complejidad que requiere de un equipo de diseñadores para desarrollarlo con profundidad en todos sus aspectos. A su vez, el flujo de diseño de circuitos integrados posee una gran cantidad de conceptos que deben ser manejados para realizar un trabajo de nivel profesional, probablemente con especialistas en cada etapa. Se concluye que el diseño de circuitos integrados, sin considerar la fabricación, es posible de realizar completamente en Chile, considerando la existencia de las herramientas adecuadas y profesionales especializados o con interés en hacerlo.

<p>Den här högskoleavhandlingen beskriver designen av ett IF-filter samt hårdvarukonstruktion av en ny 77 GHz FMCW-radar demonstrator. Syftet med demonstratorn är att illustrera hur kisel germanium-, SiGe, teknologi kan användas istället för den mer vedertagna men dyrare gallium arsenik-, GaAs, teknologin. Den gamla radar-prototypen vilken Acreo AB utvecklat är funktionell men behöver konstrueras om för att bättre kunna utvärdera radarprestandan. I avhandlingen presenteras grundläggande radarteori och ekvationer för att underlätta förståelsen av de olika systemblocken. Rapporten beskriver också systemarkitekturen och hur dess funktionalitet kommer att testas. Det omdesignade IF-filtret har simulerats i en PSpice-simulator och ett prototypkort av detta har tillverkats för mätningar. Ett 4-lagers kretskort av hela systemet har tagits fram i Orcad Layout. Slutligen innehåller rapporten förslag på förbättringar till nästa demonstratorversion.</p> / <p>This bachelor thesis describes the design of an IF-filter and the hardware construction of a new version of a 77 GHz FMCW-radar demonstrator. The purpose of the demonstrator is to illustrate how the silicon germanium-, SiGe, technology could be used instead of the more conventional but also much more expensive gallium arsenide-, GaAs, technology. The old radar prototype that Acreo AB has developed is fully functional but needs to be redesigned to be able to evaluate the radar performance in a better way. The thesis presents the basic radar theory and equations to help understanding the construction of the system blocks. The report also describes the system architecture and how its functionality should be tested. The redesigned IF-filter has been simulated in a PSpice simulator and a prototype has been manufactured and measured. A 4-layer PCB-board of the whole system was done in Orcad Layout. Finally the report is concluded with suggestions on improvements for the next demonstrator version.</p>

Den här högskoleavhandlingen beskriver designen av ett IF-filter samt hårdvarukonstruktion av en ny 77 GHz FMCW-radar demonstrator. Syftet med demonstratorn är att illustrera hur kisel germanium-, SiGe, teknologi kan användas istället för den mer vedertagna men dyrare gallium arsenik-, GaAs, teknologin. Den gamla radar-prototypen vilken Acreo AB utvecklat är funktionell men behöver konstrueras om för att bättre kunna utvärdera radarprestandan. I avhandlingen presenteras grundläggande radarteori och ekvationer för att underlätta förståelsen av de olika systemblocken. Rapporten beskriver också systemarkitekturen och hur dess funktionalitet kommer att testas. Det omdesignade IF-filtret har simulerats i en PSpice-simulator och ett prototypkort av detta har tillverkats för mätningar. Ett 4-lagers kretskort av hela systemet har tagits fram i Orcad Layout. Slutligen innehåller rapporten förslag på förbättringar till nästa demonstratorversion. / This bachelor thesis describes the design of an IF-filter and the hardware construction of a new version of a 77 GHz FMCW-radar demonstrator. The purpose of the demonstrator is to illustrate how the silicon germanium-, SiGe, technology could be used instead of the more conventional but also much more expensive gallium arsenide-, GaAs, technology. The old radar prototype that Acreo AB has developed is fully functional but needs to be redesigned to be able to evaluate the radar performance in a better way. The thesis presents the basic radar theory and equations to help understanding the construction of the system blocks. The report also describes the system architecture and how its functionality should be tested. The redesigned IF-filter has been simulated in a PSpice simulator and a prototype has been manufactured and measured. A 4-layer PCB-board of the whole system was done in Orcad Layout. Finally the report is concluded with suggestions on improvements for the next demonstrator version.

In this thesis a modular embedded system for Mechatronics education and research is designed and implemented. Four types of control boards are manufactured and related software is developed at board and PC level. A star like topology is used for boards architecture. One bridge board is responsible for handling communication between the PC and all the other boards that are connected independently to that bridge board. For PC communication Universal Seial Bus (USB), for inter peripheral communication serial peripheral interface (SPI) is used. By the use of USB and SPI, the system becomes scalable and hot pluggable. All these four boards can be used in stand alone and/or together in different applications. The system covers / general analog digital input output, several types of motor control and simple graphical display applications. The firmware and software is developed in a modular, flexible and transparent way allowing users all level accessibility. This way, the application fields and the content of the courses that will be using this system become very versatile. A simulation of hard disk reading experiment is designed and implemented to show the integral capabilities of the system. In this experiment all the boards are utilized and used together. As a result, a system is designed for Mechatronics experiments and research. A modular approach is adopted which is compsed of units that can also work in a stand-alone manner. A software library developed for the PC platform facilitates high-level usage of these cards whereas it is possible to implement custom codes on these boards. To sum up, an affordable, versitale, scalable and transparent system is developed which is specifically tailored for Mechatronics applications.

This thesis explores a method on how communication with a backplane through SGMII via a Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3 is achieved. The thesis focuses on the steps required to design a carrier board that can mount the module and incorporate a bridge between SGMII and USB. The different steps required to achieve this were to find the components, design a power solution, draw the schematics and eventually designing the PCB.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 catelani_ta_dr_araiq_par.pdf: 755424 bytes, checksum: 59bc8c4da5b9a089434438453fb79596 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar as metodologias desenvolvidas para a determinação de taninos hidrolisáveis, teor de compostos antioxidantes e conteúdo de aminoácidos totais em mel, café e suplementos de academia, respectivamente, empregando reflectância difusa, infravermelho próximo e análise por imagens como técnicas analíticas. Os métodos reflectométricos foram baseados em reações clássicas descritas na literatura, realizadas utilizando papel de filtro com barreiras hidrofóbicas como suporte sólido. Os modelos para determinação de compostos antioxidantes em amostras de café foram construídos a partir de medidas realizadas em espectrofotômetro NIR, aplicando modelos quimiométricos para quantificação. Para a determinação de aminoácidos totais em suplementos de academia, a determinação foi realizada utilizando duas técnicas: reflectância difusa e análise por imagens, a primeira seguiu o mesmo procedimento que os demais métodos reflectométricos, com o adicional do uso de um dispositivo USB, utilizado como fonte de aquecimento para a promoção da reação entre o analito e o reagente cromogênico, e a segunda baseou-se na análise de fotografias tiradas a partir de um aparelho celular com flash automático, e no uso do software ImageJ para a obtenção dos valores de absorbância. Em todos os métodos desenvolvidos foram realizados planejamentos experimentais para a otimização das variáveis. A determinação de taninos hidrolisáveis em amostras de mel foi realizada através da reação entre o analito (tanino hidrolisável) e o reagente cromogênico KIO3 (iodato de potássio), em meio de tampão acetato (pH 4,75), papel de filtro com barreiras hidrofóbicas, formando um produto colorido mensurável por reflectância difusa em 525 nm. O planejamento experimental empregado forneceu como volume ótimo para cada reagente 10 µL e as concentrações otimizadas de 3,1 x 104 mg L-1 de KIO3 e pH 4,75. Os limites de detecção (LOD) e quantificação (LOQ) obtidos foram respectivamente 12,2 e 40,8 mg L-1. A determinação de compostos antioxidantes em café foi realizada em funçao da quantificação de compostos fenólicos e flavonóides totais, além da determinação direta da capacidade antioxidante total, utilizando espectros de infravermelho próximo (NIR) para a construção de modelos quimiométricos capazes de predizer o comportamento de cada variável dentro do sistema. Os modelos construídos foram confrontados com valores de concentrações reais obtidos através da aplicação de um método espectrofotométrico comparativo para cada propriedade. A principal vantagem da utilização da técnica NIR aplicando a quimiometria é a não necessidade de etapas de tratamento das amostras e também por se tratar de uma técnica não invasiva, preservando a integridade final da amostra. Foram obtidos bons resultados na separação das amostras através de modelos quimiométricos utilizando PCA (Principal Component Analysis) e quantificação dos analitos através de modelos PLS (Partial Least Squares). O método na determinação do conteúdo de aminoácidos em amostras de suplementos de academia mostrou-se rápido para a determinação, através do uso da reação entre os analitos (aminoácidos) e o reagente cromogênico ninidrina. Foram desenvolvidas duas metodologias para a determinação: reflectância difusa associada com spot test com barreiras hidrofóbicas e análise por imagem, formando, em ambos os casos, um produto colorido (púrpura de Ruhmann) mensurado em 570 nm. O método de análise por imagem digital apresentou maior sensibilidade, porém esse não é um parâmetro importante para a comparação de metodologias, nesse caso, pois o teor de aminoácido nas amostras analisadas era elevado. O uso das barreiras hidrofóbicas permitiu a obtenção de um produto final mais homogêneo e com baixos valores de desvios nas triplicatas, aumentando a sensibilidade quando comparada com determinações por reflectância difusa na ausência das barreiras. A utilização do dispositivo USB na técnica de reflectância difusa proporcionou uma maior portabilidade ao método desenvolvido e uma maior rapidez na obtenção dos resultados. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios para os dois métodos desenvolvidos e com relação aos resíduos finais, todos os quatro métodos desenvolvidos no decorrer do trabalho apresentaram valores negligenciáveis de formação de resíduos, característica de métodos ambientalmente amigáveis. / This study aims to present methodologies developed for the determination of hydrolysable tannin content of antioxidant compounds and content of total amino acids in honey, coffee and health supplements, in that order, using diffuse reflectance near infrared and analysis images as analytical techniques. The reflectométricos methods are based on classical reactions described in the literature conducted using filter paper as barriers hydrophobic solid support. The method for the determination of antioxidant compounds in coffee samples was constructed from measurements NIR spectrophotometer, applying chemometric models for quantification. For the determination of total amino acids in health supplements, the determination was carried out using two techniques: diffuse reflectance and analysis of images, the first followed the same procedure as the other reflectometric methods and the second was based on analysis of photographs taken from a mobile device with automatic flash, by using the ImageJ software for obtaining absorbance data. For all the methods developed experimental design for the optimization of the variables were performed. Determination of hydrolyzable tannins in honey samples was performed by reaction between the analyte (hydrolyzable tannin) and KIO3 chromogenic reagent (potassium iodate), among acetate buffer (pH 4.75) in barrier filter paper hydrophobic, forming a colorful measurable product by diffuse reflectance at 525 nm. The experimental design provided as great volume for each reagent 10 L and concentrations optimized 3.1 x 104 mg L-1 KIO3 and pH 4.75. The Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were obtained respectively 12,2 and 40,8 mg L-1. The determination of antioxidant compounds in coffee was performed by quantification of phenolic and flavonoids, as well as direct determination of total antioxidant capacity using infrared spectra close (NIR) to build chemometric models capable of predicting the behavior of each variable within of the system. The models developed were compared with actual concentration values obtained by applying a comparative spectrophotometric method for each composition. The main advantage of the use of techniques such as NIR applying chemometrics is the need for treatment steps of the samples and also because it is a non-invasive technique, preserving the final integrity of the sample. Good results were obtained for the separation of samples through chemometric models using PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and quantification of analytes through PLS (Partial Least Squares) models. The method for the determination of amino acid content in samples of gymnasium supplements was shown to be rapid for the determination through the use of the reaction between the analytes (amino acids) and the chromogenic reagent ninhydrin. Two methodologies were used for the determination: diffuse reflectance associated with spot test with hydrophobic barriers and image analysis, in both cases, a color product (Ruhmann purple) measured at 570 nm. The digital image analysis method presented higher sensitivity, but this is not an important parameter for the comparison of methodologies, in this case, since the amino acid content in the samples analyzed was high. The use of the hydrophobic barriers allowed the obtaining of a more homogeneous final product with low values of deviations in the triplicates, increasing the sensitivity when compared with determinations by diffuse reflectance in the absence of the barriers. The results obtained were satisfactory for the two methods developed and in relation to the final residues, all four methods developed in the course of the work presented negligible residue formation values. / CNPq: 140980/2013-0

Examensarbetet belyser så väl fördelar som nackdelar under utveckling av USB-enheter med PIC processorn PIC16C745 som grund. Processorn används i detta projekt för att möjliggöra en effektiv distansövervakning via USB gränssnittet. I detta projekt har en USB-enhet konstruerats med uppgiften att leverera data från olika givare till en PC. Vidare publiceras dessa data på Internet via en webbserver. Givarna är av typen analoga och binära. Till de analoga givarna hör två stycken temperatur- och en ljusgivare. De binära givarna är till för att mäta om dörrar och/eller fönster är öppna eller stängda. Informationsflödet från givarna går via en centralenhet baserad på PIC16C745 enheten, genom en PC med Windows XP och en webbserver. Slutligen når informationen vidare till den aktuella besökaren via Internet och en webbläsare. Gränssnittet mot besökaren är en ren webbsida med grafer, som uppdateras med ett visst tidsintervall. Resultatet av examensarbete har vart lyckosamt då all implementation och konstruktion ebbat ut i ett fungerande system för övervakning av hemmet.

Automatic Passenger Counting (APC) systems are some of the many Internet-Of-Things (IoT) applications and have been increasingly adopted by public transportation companies in recent years. APCs provide valuable data that can be used to give an real time passenger count, which can be a convenient service and allow customers to plan their travels accordingly. The provided data is also valuable for resource streamlining and planning, which potentially increases revenues for the public transportation companies. This thesis briefly studies and evaluates different APC technologies, highlights the advantages and disadvantages of these, and presents an Edge-prototype based on Computer Vision and Object Detection. The presented APC was tested in a lab environment and with recordings of people walking in and out of a designated area in the lab. Test results from the lab environment show that the presented low-cost APC efficiently detects passengers with an accuracy of 98.6% on pre-recorded videos. The APC was also tested in real time and the results show that the low-cost APC only achieved an accuracy of 66.7%. This work has laid the ground for further development and testing in a public transport environment.