Orientadores: Anibal E. Vercesi, Luciane Carla Alberici / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicaas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T19:15:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guardia_PaoloGadioliLa_M.pdf: 2017398 bytes, checksum: 71295ad7aacb6f016fb0abb80fd36bf9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Inibidores da 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril-CoA redutase (estatinas) são fármacos utilizados para diminuir os níveis plasmáticos de colesterol e são, geralmente, seguros e bem tolerados. Ocasionalmente esses fármacos induzem miotoxicidade, como miopatia e rabdomiólise, e hepatotoxicidade. Neste trabalho investigou-se o mecanismo, in vitro e in vivo, pelo qual as estatinas atuam sobre a respiração mitocondrial de biópsias de músculo esquelético e de fígado de ratos. A incubação (1 hora) de biópsias permeabilizadas de músculo sóleo (2-3 mg) com doses crescentes de sinvastatina reduziu a velocidade de respiração mitocondrial estimulada por ADP ou FCCP de forma dose-dependente e significativa (p<0,05). A inibição causada por 1 |iM de sinvastatina nas velocidades de respiração estimuladas por ADP e FCCP foi de respectivamente cerca de 25% e 27%. Em contraste, não houve alteração significativa na velocidade de respiração de repouso. O efeito de 1|iM de sinvastatina foi inibido pela incubação concomitante com 100 |uM de mevalonato (produto da enzima HMG-CoA redutase), ou 10 |JM de coenzima Q10 (um outro produto da via de síntese do colesterol). A redução na velocidade de respiração também foi inibida pela incubação concomitante com 1 mM de L-carnitina. A incubação com sinvastatina aumentou de forma significativa (p<0,05) a produção de lactato pelas biópsias musculares em cerca de 26%, efeito protegido pela incubação concomitante com mevalonato ou coenzima Q10 ou L-carnitina na mesma concentração descrita anteriormente. Por outro lado, esta mesma concentração de sinvastatina não provocou efeito algum sobre as velocidades de respiração de mitocôndrias isoladas de músculo de ratos. A incubação (1 hora) de biópsias hepáticas (2-3 mg) com doses crescentes de sinvastatina reduziu a respiração mitocondrial estimulada por ADP ou FCCP, sem alterar a respiração de repouso. Sinvastatina (5 uM) inibiu significativamente (p<0,05) a respiração estimulada por ADP e FCCP em cerca de 24% e 29% respectivamente. Esta inibição não foi sensível a 100 |iM de mevalonato ou 10 |iM de coenzima Q10 ou 1 mM de L-carnitina. Biópsias de músculo sóleo de ratos tratados durante 15 dias com 100 mg / kg (gavagem) de sinvastatina apresentaram velocidades de consumo de oxigênio reduzidas em todos os estados respiratórios. Este efeito foi inibido pela administração concomitante de L-carnitina 200 mg / kg (gavagem). / Abstract: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are safe and well-tolerated therapeutic drugs, that occasionally induce myotoxicity such as myopathy and rhabdomyolysis, and hepatotocixity. Here, we investigated in vitro and in vivo the mechanisms of statin-induced toxicity on mitochondrial respiration of rat skeletal muscle and liver biopsies. One hour incubation of permeabilized soleus muscle biopsies (2-3 mg) with increasing doses of simvastatin (1 to 40 |iM) reduced ADP- or FCCP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration rate in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of ADP- or FCCP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration rate by simvastatin 1 |iM was 25% and 27%, respectively. No changes in rest respiration rate was observed. Simvastatin (1 |JM) inhibition of muscle respiration was prevented by coincubation with 100 |JM mevalonate, 10 |JM coenzyme Q10 or 1 mM L-carnitine. Simvastatin (1 |JM) also increased lactate production in muscle biopsies by 26%; this effect was prevented by the coincubation with mevalonate, coenzyme Q10 or L-carnitine. At the same concentration, simvastatin did not inhibit the respiration of isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria suggesting that simvastatin effect on mitochondrial respiration is not direct. Incubation (1 hour) of liver biopsies (2-3 mg) with increasing doses of simvastatin reduced ADP- or FCCP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration rate without changes in rest respiration rate. The lowest simvastatin concentration able to reduce liver biopsies respiration rates was 5 |JM, which promoted 24% and 29% inhibition in ADP- or FCCP-stimulated respiration rates, respectively. This was not modified by mevalonate, coenzyme Q10 or L-carnitine. Soleus muscle biopsies from rats treated during 15 days with simvastatin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) presented L-carnite sensitive inhibition of oxygen consumption rate in all respiratory states. / Mestrado / Medicina Experimental / Mestre em Fisiopatologia Médica

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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / This work aimed the preparation of novel nanocapsules and nanoemulsions based on pracaxy oil loaded with ubiquinone. For nanocapsules, poly(-caprolactone) (PCL) or Eudragit® EPO were employed in the preparation. For comparison purposes, nanospheres containing ubiquinone were prepared with both polymers. The methods employed to prepare these formulations were spontaneous emulsification (nanoemulsions), nanoprecipitation (nanospheres) and interfacial deposition of pre-formed polymer (nanocapsules). An analytical method was validated to the assay of ubiquinone-loaded systems and it was considered specific, linear, precise and accurate. After preparation, the nanostructured systems were characterized regarding particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, pH, as well as ubiquinone content and encapsulation efficiency. PCL-nanocapsules presented larger diameters (261 nm), which demonstrates the influence of both oil and polymer in the formulation. Nanocapsules containing the lowest amount of oil (0.15 g) presented polydispersity index more suitable. Zeta potential values of both nanoemulsions (-18 mV) and PCL-nanoparticles (-12 to -21 mV) were negatives, due to the presence of fatty acids in the pracaxy oil and due to the negative density of charge of PCL, respectively. Nanocapsules and nanospheres formulated with Eudragit ® EPO showed positives values of zeta potential (+25 to +45 mV), because of the cationic nature of this polymer. The pH values were slightly acidic for both nanoemulsions and PCL-nanostructures, while the Eudragit® EPO formulations presented pH close to the neutrality, about 7.5. Ubiquinone content of the nanostructured systems was close to the theoretical value, 1.0 mg/mL and the encapsulation efficiency was about 100%. Photodegradation studies showed that nanostructures were able to provide protection to the encapsulated ubiquinone in relation to free-ubiquinone (ethanolic solution), after 4h of exposition to UVC radiation and this protection was more pronounced for nanocapsules and nanoemulsions. The drug degradation followed a first order kinetic for all the systems studied, while the ethanolic solution of ubiquinone fitted better to the second order equation. The stability study of the formulations demonstrated that the systems were instable when stored for 90 days at 40 ± 2ºC e UR 75 ± 5%, especially Eudragit® EPO-nanocapsules, however, when they were stored at room temperature, the formulations appeared to be stable, keeping the initial physico-chemical characteristics. By performing a semi-quantitative hemolysis test, it was demonstrated the hemocompatibility of PCL nanocapsules. The MTT test was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity, and it was verified that free ubiquinone and pracaxi oil were capable to reduce cellular viability in rat glioma (C6) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7) after 48h of incubation, comparing to the control (DMEM). Besides, this cytotoxic potential was more pronounced when the cells were treated with PCL nanocapsules. In this way, the nanocarriers developed are promising systems for vectorization, stabilization and to study therapeutic potentials of ubiquinone. / Este trabalho objetivou a preparação inédita de nanocápsulas e nanoemulsões à base de óleo de pracaxi contendo ubiquinona. Para as nanocápsulas, a poli(-caprolactona) (PCL) ou o Eudragit® EPO foram usados na preparação. Comparativamente, nanoesferas contendo ubiquinona foram preparadas com ambos os polímeros. Como método de preparo utilizou-se a emulsificação espontânea (nanoemulsões), a nanoprecipitação (nanoesferas) e a deposição interfacial de polímero pré-formado (nanocápsulas). A metodologia analítica para quantificação da ubiquinona nos sistemas foi validada, sendo o método considerado seletivo, linear, preciso e exato. Após a preparação, os sistemas nanoestruturados foram caracterizados quanto ao diâmetro médio de gotícula/partícula, índice de polidispersão, potencial zeta e pH, bem como teor e eficiência de encapsulamento da ubiquinona. As nanocápsulas de PCL apresentaram os maiores diâmetros (261 nm), demonstrando a influência da presença do óleo e do polímero na formulação, sendo que índices de polidispersão mais adequados foram obtidos nas dispersões contendo menor concentração de óleo de pracaxi (0,15g). Os valores de potencial zeta tanto das nanoemulsões (-18 mV) quanto das nanopartículas (-12 a -21 mV) de PCL foram negativos, devido à presença de ácidos graxos no óleo de pracaxi e pela densidade de carga negativa da PCL, respectivamente. As nanocápsulas e nanoesferas de Eudragit® EPO apresentaram potencial zeta positivo (+25 a +45 mV), pois este polímero é catiônico. Tanto para as nanoemulsões quanto para as nanoestruturas à base de PCL os valores de pH foram levemente ácidos, enquanto que para as formulações de Eudragit® EPO as médias foram mais próximas da neutralidade, em torno de 7,5. O teor de ubiquinona nos sistemas nanoestruturados foi próximo ao teórico, 1,0 mg/mL (com exceção das nanoesferas de Eudragit® EPO) e a eficiência de encapsulamento do fármaco nos sistemas foi de aproximadamente 100%. Estudos de fotodegradação demonstraram que as nanoestruturas foram capazes de promover proteção à ubiquinona encapsulada em comparação ao fármaco livre (solução etanólica) após 4h de exposição à radiação UVC, sendo esta proteção mais acentuada nas nanocápsulas com ambos os polímeros e na nanoemulsão. A cinética de degradação do fármaco em todos os sistemas nanoestruturados estudados foi de primeira ordem, enquanto que para a solução etanólica de ubiquinona a reação de segunda ordem foi a que proporcionou o melhor ajuste. O estudo de estabilidade das formulações por 90 dias demonstrou que os sistemas foram instáveis quando armazenados a 40 ± 2ºC e UR 75 ± 5%, em especial a nanocápsula de Eudragit ®EPO. Entretanto, quando armazenados à temperatura ambiente, as formulações foram estáveis, conservando as características físico-químicas iniciais. Através de um teste de hemólise semi-quantitativo preliminar, foi demonstrada a compatibilidade das nanocápsulas de PCL com os eritrócitos humanos. Utilizando-se o método do MTT para avaliação da citotoxicidade, verificou-se que a ubiquinona livre e o óleo de pracaxi diminuíram o número de células viáveis das linhagens C6 e MCF-7, em comparação ao controle, sendo este potencial citotóxico ainda mais pronunciado quando se utilizou as nanocápsulas de PCL. Desta forma, os nanocarreadores desenvolvidos são sistemas promissores para a veiculação, estabilização e para se explorar as potencialidades terapêuticas da ubiquinona.

Karotenoidy jsou přírodní pigmenty vyskytující se v mikroorganismech jako jsou řasy, kvasinky a sinice. Představují nejrozšířenější skupinu antioxidantů s významným biologickým účinkem. V současnosti vzrůstá zájem o karotenoidy vzhledem k jejich příznivým vlivům na lidské zdraví. Chlorofyly jsou zelená fotosyntetická barviva, která nacházejí uplatnění v potravinářství jako intenzivní zelená barviva. Koenzym Q je znám svým pozitivním vlivem pro správnou funkci řady orgánů v lidském těle. Ergosterol je nedílnou součástí membrán kvasinek a hub. Je to provitamin D2, který je důležitou součástí imunitního systému. Mikrobiální lipidy, nebo také ‚‚Single cell oils‘‘ jsou charakteristické vysokým obsahem zdraví prospěšných nenasycených mastných kyselin, které lze využít ve farmacii či kosmetice. Mikrobiální lipidy jsou dále studovány jako alternativa pro výrobu biopaliv. Dizertační práce byla zaměřena na studium a možnosti optimalizace produkce lipidů a lipidických látek vybranými kmeny karotenogenních kvasinek, mikrořas a sinic. V rámci práce byly testované kvasinky rodu Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Cystofilobasidium a Sporidiobolus podrobené kultivacím na sérií médií s různými C/N poměry v rozsahu 13 až 100, obsahujících upravené odpadní substráty z potravinářského průmyslu. Vybrané kmeny byly poté kultivovány v bioreaktorech v médiu obsahujícím kombinaci odpadních substrátů. Kultivace mikrořas rodu Desmodesmus, Scenedesmus, Chlorella, Coccomyxa, Chlamydomonas, Botryococcus se zabývaly optimalizací jednotlivých komponent média a aplikací různých stresů s cílem navýšení produkce studovaných metabolitů. V rámci experimentů s extrémofilní mikrořasou Coccomyxa byly provedeny pilotní velkoobjemové kultivace v otevřených nádržích. V závěrečné části byl provedeny pilotní screeningové a velkoobjemové bioreaktorové experimenty zaměřené na možnosti kokultivace karotenogenních kvasinek a mikrořas. Testované kmeny kvasinek byly s rozdílnou úspěšností schopny utilizovat média obsahující hydrolyzované odpadní substráty. Nejlepším kmenem byl Sporidiobolus pararoseus, který na médiích dosahoval nejvyšších produkcí biomasy i sledovaných metabolitů. Z testovaných odpadních substrátů byla nejlepší kombinace odpadního fritovacího oleje a hydrolyzátu kávové sedliny. Úspěšná optimalizace složení hlavních komponent minerálního média vedla k zvýšené produkci studovaných metabolitů. Největší vliv měl optimální poměr P/N a aplikace oxidačního stresu. Nejlepších výsledků dosáhly mikrořasy rodu Desmodesmus a Scenedesmus. Velkoobjemové kultivace Coccomyxy onubensis potvrdily rezistenci kultury proti kontaminaci vnějšími vlivy a schopnost růstu za vysoké teploty a intenzity světelného záření. Kokultivační experimenty potvrdily schopnost symbiotického růstu kvasinek a mikrořas. Nejlepších výsledků dosahovaly všechny testované kvasinky s mikrořasami rodu Demsodesmus a Scenedesmus a v menší míře i rodu Coccomyxa.

A perda da função das células beta acelera a deterioração do controle metabólico em pessoas com diabetes tipo 2. Além da lipo- e da glicotoxicidade, os AGEs parecem contribuir para esse processo, promovendo a apoptose das ilhotas pancreáticas. Em outros tecidos, os AGEs interagem com seu receptor específico (RAGE), produzindo espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e ativando o NF-kB. Para investigar o efeito temporal dos AGEs sobre a apoptose de ilhotas, bem como o potencial de compostos antioxidantes para diminuir danos causados pelos AGEs, ilhotas pancreáticas de ratos foram tratadas durante 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 h com AGEs gerados a partir de co-incubação de albumina de soro bovino (BSA) com Dgliceraldeído (GAD, 5 mg/mL) ou tampão fostato (controle). A apoptose foi avaliada pela quantificação do DNA fragmentado (ELISA), atividade de caspase 3 e detecção da permeabilidade da membrana mitocondrial (MitoProbe JC-1). O estresse oxidativo foi avaliado pela detecção de espécies de oxigênio (Image-iT LIVE Green) e a atividade da NADPH oxidase foi mensurada pelo método de quimioluminescência da lucigenina. A expressão dos genes Bax, Bcl2 e Nfkb1 foi avaliada por reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa após transcrição reversa (RT-qPCR). Em um dos tempos em que foi detectado o aumento da apoptose, o efeito de dois compostos antioxidantes foi avaliado: benfotiamina (350 M), uma vitamina B1 lipossolúvel, e Mito Q (1 M), um derivado da ubiquinona com alvo seletivo para a mitocôndria. Em 24 e 48 h, os AGES promoveram um aumento do índice de apoptose em relação ao controle, concomitantemente com o aumento na expresssão do gene Bcl2 (gene anti-apoptótico) e uma redução na expressão do gene Nfkb1. Em contraste, após 72, 96 h e 120 h, os AGEs promoveram um aumento do índice de apoptose em comparação com a condição de controle, concomitantemente com uma diminuição na expressão do gene Bcl2 e um aumento na expressão do gene Nfkb1. Em 24 h, os AGEs promoveram uma diminuição do conteúdo de ROS nas ilhotas, enquanto que nos tempos de 48 e 72 h, os AGEs promoveram um efeito oposto. A benfotiamina e o Mito Q foram capazes de diminuir o índice de apoptose e o estresse oxidativo de ilhotas expostas aos AGEs por 72 h. Em conclusão, os AGEs exerceram um duplo efeito em cultura de ilhotas pancreáticas, sendo de proteção contra a apoptose após exposição curta, mas pró-apoptótica após exposição prolongada. O Mito Q e e a benfotiamina merecem ser adicionalmente estudados como drogas com o potencial de oferecer proteção às ilhotas pancreáticas em condições de hiperglicemia crônica / Loss of beta cell function hastens the deterioration of metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes. Besides lipo- and glucotoxicity, AGEs seem to contribute to this process by promoting islet apoptosis. In other tissues, AGEs interact with their specific receptors (RAGE) and elicit reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and NF-kB activation. In order to investigate the temporal effect of AGEs on islet apoptosis as well as the potential of antioxidant compounds to decrease islet damage caused by AGEs, rat pancreatic islets were treated for 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h with either AGEs generated from co-incubation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with D-glyceraldehyde (GAD, 5 mg/mL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, control). Apoptosis was evaluated by quantification of DNA fragmentation (ELISA), caspase-3 enzyme activity and detection of mitochondrial permeability transition (MitoProbe JC-1). Oxidative stress was evaluated by oxygen species detection (Image-iT LIVE Green) and the activity of NADPH oxidase was measured by the lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence method. The expression of the genes Bax, Bcl2 and Nfkb1 was evaluated by reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In one of the time points at which increased apoptosis was detected, the effect of two antioxidant compounds was evaluated: benfotiamine (350 M), a liposoluble vitamin B1, and Mito Q (1 M), a derivative of ubiquinone targeted to mitochondria. In 24 and 48 h, AGEs elicited a significant decrease in the apoptosis rate in comparison to the control condition concomitantly with a significant increase in the RNA expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl2 and a significant decrease in the Nfkb1 RNA expression. In contrast, after 72 and 96 h, AGEs promoted a significant increase in the apoptosis rate in comparison to the control condition concomitantly with a significant decrease in Bcl2 RNA expression and a significant increase in Nfkb1 RNA expression. In 24 h, AGEs elicited a significant decrease in the islet content of ROS while after 48 and 72 h, AGEs promoted an opposite effect. Benfotiamine and Mito Q were able to decrease the apoptosis rate and the ROS content in islets exposed to AGEs for 72 h. In conclusion, AGEs exerted a dual effect in cultured pancreatic islets, being protective against apoptosis after short exposition but proapoptotic after prolonged exposition. Mito Q and benfotiamine deserve further evaluation as drugs that could offer islet protection in conditions of chronic hyperglycemia

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and its onset is highly incident in the lungs, with very low long-term survival rates. Chemotherapy plays a significant role for lung cancer treatment, and pulmonary delivery may be a potential route for anticancer drug delivery to treat lung tumors. Coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) is a poorly-water soluble compound that is being investigated for the treatment of carcinomas. In this work, we hypothesize that formulations of CoQ10 may be developed for pulmonary delivery with a satisfactory pharmacokinetic profile that will have the potential to improve a pharmacodynamic response when treating lung malignancies. The formulation design was to use a vibrating-mesh nebulizer to aerosolize aqueous dispersions of CoQ₁₀ stabilized by phospholipids physiologically found in the lungs. In the first study, a method was developed to measure the surface tension of liquids, a physicochemical property that has been shown to influence the aerosol output characteristics from vibrating-mesh nebulizers. Subsequently, this method was used, together with analysis of particle size distribution, zeta potential, and rheology, to further evaluate the factors influencing the capability of this nebulizer system to continuously and steadily aerosolize formulations of CoQ₁₀ prepared with high pressure homogenization. The aerosolization profile (nebulization performance and in vitro drug deposition of nebulized droplets) of formulations prepared with soybean lecithin, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) were evaluated. The rheological behavior of these dispersions was found to be the factor that may be indicative of the aerosolization output profile. Finally, the pulmonary deposition and systemic distribution of CoQ₁₀ prepared as DMPC, DPPC, and DSPC dispersions were investigated in vivo in mice. It was found that high drug amounts were deposited and retained in the mouse lungs for at least 48 hours post nebulization. Systemic distribution was not observed and deposition in the nasal cavity occurred at a lower scale than in the lungs. This body of work provides evidence that CoQ₁₀ may be successfully formulated as dispersions to be aerosolized using vibrating-mesh nebulizers and achieve high drug deposition in the lungs during inhalation. / text

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and its onset is highly incident in the lungs, with very low long-term survival rates. Chemotherapy plays a significant role for lung cancer treatment, and pulmonary delivery may be a potential route for anticancer drug delivery to treat lung tumors. Coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) is a poorly-water soluble compound that is being investigated for the treatment of carcinomas. In this work, we hypothesize that formulations of CoQ10 may be developed for pulmonary delivery with a satisfactory pharmacokinetic profile that will have the potential to improve a pharmacodynamic response when treating lung malignancies. The formulation design was to use a vibrating-mesh nebulizer to aerosolize aqueous dispersions of CoQ₁₀ stabilized by phospholipids physiologically found in the lungs. In the first study, a method was developed to measure the surface tension of liquids, a physicochemical property that has been shown to influence the aerosol output characteristics from vibrating-mesh nebulizers. Subsequently, this method was used, together with analysis of particle size distribution, zeta potential, and rheology, to further evaluate the factors influencing the capability of this nebulizer system to continuously and steadily aerosolize formulations of CoQ₁₀ prepared with high pressure homogenization. The aerosolization profile (nebulization performance and in vitro drug deposition of nebulized droplets) of formulations prepared with soybean lecithin, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) were evaluated. The rheological behavior of these dispersions was found to be the factor that may be indicative of the aerosolization output profile. Finally, the pulmonary deposition and systemic distribution of CoQ₁₀ prepared as DMPC, DPPC, and DSPC dispersions were investigated in vivo in mice. It was found that high drug amounts were deposited and retained in the mouse lungs for at least 48 hours post nebulization. Systemic distribution was not observed and deposition in the nasal cavity occurred at a lower scale than in the lungs. This body of work provides evidence that CoQ₁₀ may be successfully formulated as dispersions to be aerosolized using vibrating-mesh nebulizers and achieve high drug deposition in the lungs during inhalation.

This work evaluated the influence of the composition on the physico-chemical characteristics, stability and photostability of nanostructures containing ubiquinone. Nanocapsules (NC) and nanoemulsions (NE) were prepared by interfacial deposition of preformed polymers and spontaneous emulsification, respectively. The formulations were characterized and compared in relation to the influence of the oil (argan or linseed oil) and its amount in the formulation (3% or 1.5%), the type of polymer (poli(ε-caprolactone), PCL or Eudragit® RL100, EUD), drug presence, besides the comparison between both nanostructures. To assay ubiquinone, the analytical method was validated and was considered linear, specific, precise and accurate. The formulations had adequate physico-chemical characteristics, with drug contents close to the theoretical value (1mg/mL), encapsulation efficiencies close to 100% and polydispersity index lower than 0.2 for formulations with 1.5% of oil. The reduction of oil concentration caused a decrease in the average diameter and polidispersity index of PCL NC of argan oil and EUD NC and NE of linseed oil. Furthermore, the addition of ubiquinone was able to modify the zeta potential of these formulations. Regarding the type of structure (NE or NC), the pH was influenced. EUD NC presented values lower than NE and PCL NC, regardless of the oil used. In addition, EUD NC with linseed oil had a higher zeta potential in module in relation to the NE and PCL NC. Concerning the type of oil used, particle diameter and polydispersity index were lower for EUD NC of linseed oil in relation to EUD NC of argan oil. Moreover, all formulations were able to photoprotect ubiquinone in comparison with free drug, occurring influence of the oil and the polymer. Regarding the stability, the formulations showed a reduced level of drug over 60 days, while the type of oil influenced this parameter. Nanostructures of argan oil showed higher levels. NC presented higher drug contents in relation to NE. The increase in particle size was only significant for NC of argan oil and PCL at 15 days, which showed a greater diameter than those of PCL NC of linseed oil and EUD NC of argan oil. An increase in zeta potential for NE was detected at 60 days, while EUD NC of argan oil showed a decrease in this parameter. The zeta potential was higher in module for NC of EUD in relation to the respective NE. / Este trabalho avaliou a influência da composição sobre as características físico-químicas, estabilidade e fotoestabilidade de nanoestruturas contendo ubiquinona. As nanocápsulas (NC) e nanoemulsões (NE) foram preparadas por deposição interfacial de polímero pré-formado e emulsificação espontânea, respectivamente. As formulações foram caracterizadas e comparadas quanto à influência do tipo de óleo (óleo de argan ou de linhaça) e de sua quantidade (3% ou 1,5%), quanto ao polímero poli(-caprolactona), PCL ou Eudragit® RL 100, EUD, quanto à presença do fármaco, além da comparação entre ambas as nanoestruturas. Para a quantificação da ubiquinona, o método foi validado, apresentando-se linear, específico, preciso e exato. As formulações apresentaram características físico-químicas adequadas, com teores próximos ao valor teórico de 1mg/mL, além de eficiências de encapsulamento próximas de 100% e de índices de polidispersão inferiores a 0,2 para as formulações com 1,5% de óleo. A redução na concentração de óleo causou diminuição do diâmetro médio e no índice de polidispersão das NC de óleo de argan e PCL e das NE e NC de EUD e óleo de linhaça. Além disso, a adição de ubiquinona foi capaz de alterar o potencial zeta destas formulações. Quanto ao tipo de estrutura, o pH sofreu influência, onde a NC de EUD apresentou valores inferiores à NE e NC de PCL, independente do óleo utilizado. Além disso, a NC de EUD e óleo de linhaça apresentou potencial zeta superior em módulo em relação à NE e NC de PCL. Quanto ao tipo de óleo empregado, o diâmetro de partícula e o índice de polidispersão foram menores para as NC de EUD e óleo de linhaça em relação às NC de EUD e óleo de argan. Além disso, todas as formulações foram capazes de fotoproteger a ubiquinona em comparação ao fármaco livre, havendo influência do óleo e do polímero. Quanto à estabilidade, as formulações apresentaram redução no teor de fármaco ao longo de 60 dias, sendo que as nanoestruturas de óleo de argan apresentaram teores maiores. As NC apresentaram teores maiores em relação às NE. O aumento no tamanho de partícula só foi significativo para a NC de óleo de argan e PCL aos 15 dias, onde apresentou diâmetro maior em relação às NC de PCL e óleo de linhaça e de EUD e óleo de argan. Um aumento no potencial zeta foi detectado para as NE aos 60 dias, enquanto que a NC de EUD e óleo de argan apresentou decréscimo neste parâmetro. O potencial zeta ainda apresentou-se maior em módulo para as NC de EUD em relação às respectivas NE.

A perda da função das células beta acelera a deterioração do controle metabólico em pessoas com diabetes tipo 2. Além da lipo- e da glicotoxicidade, os AGEs parecem contribuir para esse processo, promovendo a apoptose das ilhotas pancreáticas. Em outros tecidos, os AGEs interagem com seu receptor específico (RAGE), produzindo espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e ativando o NF-kB. Para investigar o efeito temporal dos AGEs sobre a apoptose de ilhotas, bem como o potencial de compostos antioxidantes para diminuir danos causados pelos AGEs, ilhotas pancreáticas de ratos foram tratadas durante 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 h com AGEs gerados a partir de co-incubação de albumina de soro bovino (BSA) com Dgliceraldeído (GAD, 5 mg/mL) ou tampão fostato (controle). A apoptose foi avaliada pela quantificação do DNA fragmentado (ELISA), atividade de caspase 3 e detecção da permeabilidade da membrana mitocondrial (MitoProbe JC-1). O estresse oxidativo foi avaliado pela detecção de espécies de oxigênio (Image-iT LIVE Green) e a atividade da NADPH oxidase foi mensurada pelo método de quimioluminescência da lucigenina. A expressão dos genes Bax, Bcl2 e Nfkb1 foi avaliada por reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa após transcrição reversa (RT-qPCR). Em um dos tempos em que foi detectado o aumento da apoptose, o efeito de dois compostos antioxidantes foi avaliado: benfotiamina (350 M), uma vitamina B1 lipossolúvel, e Mito Q (1 M), um derivado da ubiquinona com alvo seletivo para a mitocôndria. Em 24 e 48 h, os AGES promoveram um aumento do índice de apoptose em relação ao controle, concomitantemente com o aumento na expresssão do gene Bcl2 (gene anti-apoptótico) e uma redução na expressão do gene Nfkb1. Em contraste, após 72, 96 h e 120 h, os AGEs promoveram um aumento do índice de apoptose em comparação com a condição de controle, concomitantemente com uma diminuição na expressão do gene Bcl2 e um aumento na expressão do gene Nfkb1. Em 24 h, os AGEs promoveram uma diminuição do conteúdo de ROS nas ilhotas, enquanto que nos tempos de 48 e 72 h, os AGEs promoveram um efeito oposto. A benfotiamina e o Mito Q foram capazes de diminuir o índice de apoptose e o estresse oxidativo de ilhotas expostas aos AGEs por 72 h. Em conclusão, os AGEs exerceram um duplo efeito em cultura de ilhotas pancreáticas, sendo de proteção contra a apoptose após exposição curta, mas pró-apoptótica após exposição prolongada. O Mito Q e e a benfotiamina merecem ser adicionalmente estudados como drogas com o potencial de oferecer proteção às ilhotas pancreáticas em condições de hiperglicemia crônica / Loss of beta cell function hastens the deterioration of metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes. Besides lipo- and glucotoxicity, AGEs seem to contribute to this process by promoting islet apoptosis. In other tissues, AGEs interact with their specific receptors (RAGE) and elicit reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and NF-kB activation. In order to investigate the temporal effect of AGEs on islet apoptosis as well as the potential of antioxidant compounds to decrease islet damage caused by AGEs, rat pancreatic islets were treated for 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h with either AGEs generated from co-incubation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with D-glyceraldehyde (GAD, 5 mg/mL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, control). Apoptosis was evaluated by quantification of DNA fragmentation (ELISA), caspase-3 enzyme activity and detection of mitochondrial permeability transition (MitoProbe JC-1). Oxidative stress was evaluated by oxygen species detection (Image-iT LIVE Green) and the activity of NADPH oxidase was measured by the lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence method. The expression of the genes Bax, Bcl2 and Nfkb1 was evaluated by reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In one of the time points at which increased apoptosis was detected, the effect of two antioxidant compounds was evaluated: benfotiamine (350 M), a liposoluble vitamin B1, and Mito Q (1 M), a derivative of ubiquinone targeted to mitochondria. In 24 and 48 h, AGEs elicited a significant decrease in the apoptosis rate in comparison to the control condition concomitantly with a significant increase in the RNA expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl2 and a significant decrease in the Nfkb1 RNA expression. In contrast, after 72 and 96 h, AGEs promoted a significant increase in the apoptosis rate in comparison to the control condition concomitantly with a significant decrease in Bcl2 RNA expression and a significant increase in Nfkb1 RNA expression. In 24 h, AGEs elicited a significant decrease in the islet content of ROS while after 48 and 72 h, AGEs promoted an opposite effect. Benfotiamine and Mito Q were able to decrease the apoptosis rate and the ROS content in islets exposed to AGEs for 72 h. In conclusion, AGEs exerted a dual effect in cultured pancreatic islets, being protective against apoptosis after short exposition but proapoptotic after prolonged exposition. Mito Q and benfotiamine deserve further evaluation as drugs that could offer islet protection in conditions of chronic hyperglycemia

The aim of the present study was the development of analytical methods which can be used for gaining a deeper insight into the mechanisms of hair treatment with cosmetic formulations like shampoos. The efficacy of such a formulation is affected by the amount of different active agents remaining on the hair after treatment. Due to the complex composition of most of the formulations various dependencies and interactions of the ingredients are possible. Beneath that a variety of parameters of the treatment process influence the substantivity. Finally the degree of hair damage present at the treatment process is significant. So the process of hair treatment with cosmetic formulations is very complex. The understanding of this process enables a systematic development of products with better or novel effectivity. The developed analytical methods provide the possibility of a parallel determination of different active agents and their interaction of the adsorption behaviour. Furthermore the determination of influencing variables like treatment conditions or hair damage can be performed. So it is possible to generate the knowledge necessary for excellent scientific product development. The general methodology for the method development consists of an extraction from hair followed by a selective and sensitive quantitation of the active agents located in the extract using LC/MS and LC/MS/MS. Analytical methods for the determination of the complex composed surface active agents Sodium Laureth Sulfate, Cocamidopropyl Betaine and Alkyl Polyglucoside were developed. During the evaluation process it could be figured out that significant swelling of the hair fibre does not occur during a hair wash lasting 2 min or less. Hence the active agents are mainly adsorbed at the hair surface. During method development it was found that the composition of these agents is changing during hair treatment resulting in a difference of the singles substance distribution on hair and in the shampoo. Additionally an analytical method for selective and sensitive quantitation of the cationic polysaccharides Polyquaternium-10 and Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride using LC/MS was developed. The parallel quantitation of Polyquaternium-10 and Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride enables to study their interaction of the adsorption behaviour. Beneath that the quantitation of substances with low active contentes, like Ubiquinone 50, Piroctone Olamine and Benzophenone?4, was carried out. The extraction behaviour of these substances showed that an extraction time of 7 min assisted by an ultrasonic treatment is optimal. Longer extraction leads to a significant increase of the active hair surface due to swelling. The result is a higher adsorption capacity of the hair fibre and thus a decreased analyte concentration in the extract. The reproducibility of the using treatment protocol was approved by parallel quantitation of several active agents. Due to variation of several treatment parameters their influence on substantivity was studied: the flow rate, temperature and hardness of the water for rinsing and the time for massaging in the formulation. Furthermore, it was shown that the degree of hair damage and further shampoo ingredients influence the substantivity of active agents. Finally it was demonstrated that the adsorption behaviour can be significantly influenced by the application strategy. / Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, mit der Entwicklung von analytischen Methoden eine Möglichkeit zu schaffen, um die Mechanismen bei der Haarbehandlung mit kosmetischen Formulierungen, wie Shampoos besser verstehen zu können. Die Pflegeleistung einer solchen Formulierung wird unter anderem davon bestimmt, wie viel der unterschiedlichen eingesetzten Wirkstoffe nach der Behandlung auf dem Haar verbleiben. Durch die Komplexität der kosmetischen Formulierungen kommt es zu vielfältigen Abhängigkeiten und Beeinflussungen der Substantivität der einzelnen Substanzen voneinander. Darüber hinaus gibt es eine Vielzahl von Parametern bei der Haarbehandlung, die die Substantivität beeinflussen. Schließlich spielt auch der Zustand des Haares eine entscheidende Rolle. Alles in allem handelt es sich bei der Behandlung des Haares mit kosmetischen Formulierungen um sehr komplexe Prozesse. Das Verständnis dieser Prozesse ermöglicht eine gezielte Entwicklung von Produkten mit besserem und zum Teil neuartigem Leistungsspektrum. Die entwickelten Analysenmethoden erlauben die parallele Bestimmung der auf dem Haar adsorbierten Menge verschiedener Wirkstoffe. Dadurch kann die gegenseitige Beeinflussung der Wirkstoffadsorption untersucht werden. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht das Methodenspektrum eine Bestimmung der Einflussgröße äußerer Parameter, wie der Waschbedingungen und innerer Parameter, wie der Haarschädigung. Damit ist es möglich, das notwendige Wissen für eine fortschrittliche, wissenschaftliche Produktentwicklung zu gewinnen. Der allgemeine Ansatz für die Entwicklung der Methoden beinhaltet eine Extraktion der Wirkstoffe vom Haar, gefolgt von einer selektiven und empfindlichen Quantifizierung im Extrakt mittels LC-MS und LC-MS/MS. Es wurden Analysenmethoden für die komplex zusammengesetzten oberflächenaktiven Wirkstoffe Sodium Laureth Sulfate, Cocamidopropyl Betaine und Alkyl Polyglucoside entwickelt. Dabei wurde durch Untersuchungen der Extraktion vom Haar bewiesen, dass die zweiminütige Haarwäsche nicht zu einem signifikanten Aufquellen des Haares führt, so dass die Wirkstoffe hauptsächlich an der Haaroberfläche adsorbiert werden. Außerdem wurde gezeigt, dass sich die Zusammensetzung dieser Wirkstoffe während der Haarwäsche ändert, so dass sich die Einzelsubstanzverteilung auf dem Haar von der im Shampoo unterscheidet. Des Weiteren wurde die selektive und empfindliche Quantifizierung der kationischen Polymere Polyquaternium-10 und Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride durchgeführt. Die parallele Quantifizierung beider Konditionierungsstoffe ermöglicht die Untersuchung, in welchem Umfang sich beide Polymere in ihrem Adsorptionsverhalten beeinflussen. Bei der Methodenentwicklung für die Quantifizierung der Wirkstoffe Ubiquinone, Piroctone Olamine und Benzophenone-4 zeigte sich, dass eine Extraktion über 7 min im Ultraschallbad die besten Ergebnisse brachte. Bei längerer Extraktionszeit vergrößert sich die Oberfläche des Haares durch Quellung, so dass sich der Anteil an adsorbierten Analyten wieder erhöht. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Haarwäsche mit dem verwendeten Waschprotokoll wurde bestätigt, indem verschiedene Wirkstoffe parallel auf dem Haar quantifiziert wurden. Durch Veränderung der Waschparameter Einmassierzeit sowie Durchflussmenge, Temperatur und Härte des Spülwassers wurde der Einfluss dieser Parameter auf die Substantivität der Wirkstoffe untersucht. Darüber wurde gezeigt, dass sowohl der Schädigungsgrad des Haares als auch andere auf dem Haar befindliche Shampoo-Bestandteile einen Einfluss auf die Substantivität von Wirkstoffen haben. Schließlich wurde an einem Beispiel gezeigt, dass man die Substantivität von Wirkstoffen nicht nur durch die Zusammensetzung der kosmetischen Formulierung, sondern auch durch die Art der Anwendung entscheidend beeinflussen kann.