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Many nations in Sub-Saharan Africa, supported by donors, have increased efforts in their rural water supply programmes within the last few decades. However, these programmes suffer from a range of challenges and problems and, according to recent figures, over half of rural inhabitants in Sub-Saharan Africa lack access to safe water supplies. In order to improve the delivery of rural water services, effective monitoring and evaluation can provide support. Uganda has recently been recognised for improving its national programme for rural water supply. Furthermore, the country has also introduced programme monitoring and evaluation. However, these undertakings have not been unproblematic. Based on interviews and a document review, this study identifies challenges and difficulties that Uganda has encountered in developing both rural water supply and the corresponding monitoring and evaluation framework. From an analysis of the results, it is apparent that both the rural water supply programme and the monitoring and evaluation frame-work are constrained by political and institutional factors at district level. As a way forward, it is suggested that the roles and responsibilities currently accorded to district politicians are re-thought. Capacity-building efforts should be expanded, and should encompass other district actors such as politicians and extension workers. Monitoring and evaluation of the rural water supply programme could be improved by strengthening its relevance at district level. While further capacity-building efforts may promote its relevance, monitoring and evaluation could also be developed together with district actors in order to better support district decision-making processes. Such actions could help in overcoming current difficulties, and could lead to better information management in support of the rural water supply programme. / <p>QC 20101124</p>

The overall purpose with this study is to analyse the challenges, it’s causes and effects, in the Ugandan education sector and the national education policies. In order to do so there is a need to describe the socio-political background of the current situation in Uganda, and in particular the Northern region. The development of Uganda as a country is important to contrast with the Northern region and it’s special circumstances, which is done through out the theses. It has been necessary to emphasise both social (cultural) and formal (academic) education in order to get a complete picture of the distortion and challenges in the education policies and it’s implementation as well as challenges in the overall development of the country.Nationally, it appears that Uganda is struggling to find policy, practice and methods, and it seems clear that Ugandan educationists will have a lot to do. The Education policy makers and implementing technocrats are yet to develop a real plan of action for both quality world-class social and academic education. The broader challenge for Uganda, however, is the central one: Uganda will need an education plan that will address itself to the fundamental activity of “Making the Nation”. It will mean investing correctly and efficiently in human resource development to produce national intellectuals and efficient work force dedicated to values and aspirations of the country, instead of production of tribal intellectuals, politicians and semi-skilled labour force.The key words for this research is Uganda, education, challenges and war affected children.

Many questions about the relationships between debate, policy, and substantive representation are still unanswered. Two such examples are, the role of gender, but also - how crises affect representation. This study addresses this gap by examining who (related to gender) speaks about sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and in what way, during an especially critical time (the COVID-19 pandemic). Women’s SRH issues have often gone unrecognized during crises because it is not a direct effect of a virus, but an indirect consequence of structural inequalities. It is therefore interesting to analyze men and women MPs’ legislative behavior and policy priorities during COVID-19. For this study, a dataset is created where individual-level MP speech data serve as the indicator for substantive representation. The methodological contribution made in this paper, using a mixed-method approach, highlights some of the problems associated with studying substantive representation using only quantitative methods. While the quantitative content analysis finds support for the fact that women MPs speak more about SRH than men, the frame analysis highlights that mentioning keywords does not necessarily entail substantive representation. Women MPs generelly frame SRH issues as a structural problem of inequality, while male MPs frame it as an urgent problem caused by the pandemic, or in some cases, as not a problem at all. Studying the case of Uganda is especially interesting because it can provide additional knowledge about representation in an African parliament, and in a semi-authoritarian country.

Research indicates that students perform better academically in schools with higher levels of trust than in schools with lower levels of trust. School leaders are primarily responsible for building cultures of trust but are often at a loss as to how to do so effectively. With the assumption that as perceptions of school leader trustworthiness improve, teachers will be more likely to place their trust in that school leader, this research seeks to clarify how Ugandan headteachers improve teachers' perceptions of headteacher trustworthiness. In particular, we examined how specific types of headteacher visibility related to teachers' perceptions of headteacher relational and competence trustworthiness. This qualitative research used grounded theory methodology to interpret and analyze the interview responses of 28 Ugandan secondary school teachers in eight schools in Mukono District, Uganda. Findings from this research suggest that teachers' perceptions of headteacher relational trustworthiness were strongly related to both the level of risk and formality of headteacher visibility. Additional findings suggest that perceptions of both headteacher relational and competence trustworthiness were influenced by differences in teacher and headteacher personal characteristics. The final finding indicates that certain types of headteacher visibility moderated the influence that teacher characteristics have on perceptions of trustworthiness. These findings can inform school leaders about how to more effectively improve teachers' perceptions of school leader trustworthiness. The grounded theory model presented will provide opportunities for further theory building and testing with respect to the relationship between school leader visibility and teachers' perceptions of school leader trustworthiness.

The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning of leisure among women in the developing East African nation of Uganda. In this study, I evaluated the leisure experiences of 38 Ugandan women of various backgrounds and socioeconomic statuses through semi-structured interviews. I analyzed the data using the constant comparative method. Themes for the meaning of leisure include fortifying leisure, enjoyment, and rest and relaxation. Results point to free choice as the core variable. Finally, I discuss the implications and suggestions for future research.

More than half of the world's population are negatively affected by inadequate addresses. In Uganda and Rwanda, efforts have been done to implement a national address system but the effectiveness of those efforts have been prevented, due to lack of understanding and fears regarding its impact. With the help of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), because of its knowledge-generating foundation and substantial growth in East Africa, traditional address initiatives could be streamlined. However, negative consequences with ICT, such as surveillance, could cause the already existing reluctance to accept a system that not only registers a location but also an identity, to increase. Privacy, security and trust are therefore key factors to consider when developing a system that target areas characterized by distrust in organizations and government. This paper argues that the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides a strong framework when accomplishing this. By evaluating the user rights defined in GDPR from an interaction design perspective, this research aims to propose design guidelines that gives users agency of their personal information. This paper argues that redefining the rights as potential user actions gives the users control to manage their personal information, and further, that interest and understanding are important to enable conscious actions. With a Research through Design approach, user studies were conducted in Uganda and Rwanda, to evaluate how to design actions and information in order to enhance interest and understanding, and resulted in three design guidelines: User actions, Action layers and Information layers. / Mer än hälften av världens befolkning är negativt påverkade av bristfälliga adresser. I Uganda och Rwanda har det gjorts insatser för att implementera ett nationellt adressystem, men effektiviteten av dessa insatser har förhindrats på grund av bristande förståelse och rädsla för dess inverkan. Med hjälp av Informations- och Kommunikationsteknik (IKT), på grund av sin kunskapsgenererande struktur och starka ökning i Östafrika, kan traditionella addressinitiativ effektiviseras. Negativa konsekvenser med IKT, såsom övervakning, skulle dock kunna leda till att den redan befintliga motviljan att acceptera ett system som inte bara registrerar en plats utan också en identitet, ökar. Integritet, säkerhet och förtroende är därför viktiga faktorer att tänka på när man utvecklar ett system som riktar sig till områden som karaktäriseras av misstro mot organisationer och myndigheter. Denna artikel argumenterar för att den nya Dataskyddsförordningen (GDPR) utformar ett starkt ramverk för att uppnå detta. Genom att utvärdera de användarrättigheter som definieras i GDPR från ett interaktionsdesignperspektiv, syftar denna forskning till att föreslå designriktlinjer som ger användaren full kontroll över sin personliga information. Detta arbete argumenterar att omdefiniera rättigheterna till potentiella användarfunktioner ger användarna kontroll att hantera sin personliga information, och vidare, att intresse och förståelse är viktiga faktorer för att möjliggöra medvetna handlingar. Med en Research through Design-metod genomfördes användarstudier i Uganda och Rwanda, för att utvärdera hur man bör utforma funktioner och information för att öka intresse och förståelse för användarrättigheterna. Detta resulterade i tre designriktlinjer: Användarfunktioner, Funktionslager och Informationslager.

Sophantering är av avgörande betydelse för folkhälsan i utvecklingsländer. I Uganda är ett av huvudproblemen för folkets hälsa den bristfälliga sophanteringen. För att fastställa problemet har vi genomfört en fallstudie under 10 veckor genom att studera hur sophanteringen fungerar i staden Mbale (Uganda) samt vilka konsekvenser denna får för befolkningens hälsa. Intervjuer, observationer och dokument har använts för att få en detaljerad beskrivning av fenomenet. Studien ger en bakgrund till vikten av en adekvat sophantering för folkets hälsa samt en introduktion till landet Uganda. I resultatet ges en utförlig beskrivning av hur sophanteringen ser ut i Industrial division, Mbale och vilka problem som påverkar den. I diskussionen redogörs för underliggande problem utifrån A. Sens teori Utveckling som frihet. B. Murphy’s modell The fourth dimension of health promotion används för att utvärdera det hälsoarbete som görs samt ge förslag till förbättring. Problemen kan sammanfattas genom att poängtera vikten av att samhället tar sitt ansvar för befolkningen bl.a. genom prioritering av infrastrukturen. Långsiktiga och hållbara lösningar bottnar i bekämpandet av korruption och fattigdom. Det förebyggande hälsoarbetet behöver förändras till att bli mer empowerment baserat. / Waste management is of crucial concern for public health in developing countries. In Uganda one of the main problems connected to public health is a poor waste management system. To define the problem of waste management and to investigate its consequences for people’s health we made a case study during ten weeks in Mbale, Uganda. Interviews, observations and documents have been studied. Uganda as a country is introduced in the background and the importance of waste management for the public’s health is explained. An extensive description of how waste management works in Industrial division, Mbale and the problems affecting it is given in the results. In the discussion the underlying problems are described with the help of A Sen’s theory Development as freedom. B. Murpy’s model The fourth dimension of health promotion is used to evaluate the health promotion work that exists and to give suggestions of improvements. The problems can be summarised with the importance for the society to take responsibility for the population e.g. by prioritising the infrastructure. Sustainable and long-term solutions are grounded in combating corruption and poverty. A change in the health promotion work needs to be done and based upon empowerment.

Malaria är ett globalt problem, som framförallt existerar i de tropiska delarna av världen. I Uganda uppskattas 25-40% av patienter som uppsöker statlig vård vara patienter som har relaterade malaria symtom. Eftersom Batwa är en minoritetsgrupp som skiljer sig från övriga Ugandier i sin historiska livsstil, undersöker denna studie hur denna grupp söker vård. Studien är kvalitativ och har använt sig av en etnografisk metod, därav tio intervjuer och en fokusgrupp diskussion för att samla data. Det teoretiska ramverket har varit medicinsk antropologiskt, där en hälsouppsökande modell har använts. Resultatet visar på en mängd olika hälsoalternativ för Batwa att söka vård inom. Dock skiljer sig Batwas hälsouppsökande beteenden från andra gruppers beteenden, enligt tidigare studier, och från det teoretiska ramverkets modell, som använts i uppsatsen. Batwa föredrar offentlig vård i högre grad, eftersom det är ett billigare och ett mer lättillgängligt alternativ att bli frisk på, i jämförelse med många andra alternativ. / Malaria is a global problem that exists mostly in the tropical region of the world. In Uganda approximately 25-40% of the patients who are seeking governmental healthcare are patients with malaria related symptoms. Because Batwa is a minority group who differ from other Ugandans in their historical lifestyle, the present study investigates how this group are seeking healthcare. The study is qualitative and has used an ethnographic method, whereby ten interviews and one focus-group discussion to collect data. The theoretical framework has been medical anthropology, where a healthcare seeking model has been used. The result reveals a varied spectrum of healthcare option for Batwa too seek treatment within. However, Batwa healthcare seeking behaviour differs from other groups of healthcare seeking behaviour, according to earlier studies, and from the model used in the theoretical framework in the present study. Batwa prefer governmental healthcare in a greater extent, because it is cheaper and a more accessible alternative to get treated, compared to many of the other alternatives.

Uppsatsen baseras på en åtta veckor lång fältstudie i Jinja, Uganda och behandlar socialt arbete med fokus på HIV-rådgivning. Syftet är att beskriva HIV- rådgivning och hur det utförs. Detta genom frågeställningar om interaktionens natur mellan klient och rådgivare utifrån en ugandisk kontext, vad respektive parter har för upplevelser av rådgivning samt vilka utmaningar som kan identifieras gällande såväl HIV- prevention som HIV- rådgivning. Studien är kvalitativ och den insamlade empirin består av semistrukturerade intervjuer med sammanlagt nio informanter, varav fyra är eller har varit aktiva rådgivare, fyra är HIV- positiva klienter som får rådgivning och en är aktiv både som rådgivare och som klient. Vi har valt att spegla vår empiri mot teorier om stigma, sexuella skript och pastoralmakt. Ur resultatdelen har det mellan klienter och rådgivare framträtt en bild som visar på en samstämmighet såväl som diskrepans gällande relationens natur och innehåll såväl som utmaningar kopplat till HIV- rådgivning och preventionsarbete. Relationen bygger på vänskap såväl som professionalism och det tycks finnas en förväntan på rådgivaren som räddare som understöds av såväl klienterna som rådgivarna själva. Det framkommer att stigma fortfarande framträder kopplat till HIV, men i mindre utsträckning än förut och i högre utsträckning bland män och barn än bland kvinnor. Sedan ARV, bromsmediciner, kommit HIV- smittade till del, talar de klienter vi intervjuat om hur HIV numera inte behöver ses som värre än vilken annan sjukdom som helst, vilket rådgivarna menar på också är en risk, då minskad respekt för sjukdomen också kan leda till ett ökat riskbeteende. I de rådgivande samtalen låg fokus på beteendeförändringar baserade på ett hälsofrämjande tänkande och handlande, så kallat positive living. Vidare framgår att religionens framträdande roll i det ugandiska samhället även tar sin plats genom ord eller handling i mötet mellan rådgivare och klient. / This study is based on a minor field study that took place during eight weeks in Jinja, Uganda. It discusses the aspect of social work in HIV counselling, with the object to describe HIV counselling and how it is conducted. The study attempts to answer questions about the nature of the interaction between the client and the counsellor from a Ugandan context, what experiences that lies between them, as well as what challenges can be identified when it comes to HIV prevention as well as HIV counselling. The study’s research strategy has a qualitative approach and the collected data is derived from semi-structural interviews with four HIV positive women who receive counselling, four counsellors and one woman who is both a client and a counsellor. We have chosen to understand our empirical findings through theories of stigma, sexual scripts and pastoral power. From our findings, we were able to conclude that there is consensus as well as discrepancies between the clients’ and the counsellors’ perceptions of their relationship, the counselling content as well as the challenges that is connected with HIV counselling. The relationship is the result of an intertwining of friendship and professionalism and there seem to be an expectation on the counsellor as a savior, which is supported by both clients and counsellors. It appears that stigma still appears in relation to HIV, but to a lesser extent than before and more so among men and children than among women. Since the introduction of ARV’s, many of our interviewed clients seem to view HIV as any other disease, which is regarded as something of a risk by many of our interviewed counsellors, as it may lead to increased risky behavior when it comes to HIV transmission. In the counselling session, the focus seems to be on behavioral change through the concept of positive living, which revolves around the idea of physical and mental well-being. Furthermore, religion has a great impact on the Ugandan society, which can be seen in the words and actions in the meeting between counsellor and client.