Bakgrund: Barn och ungdomar har immigrerat ensamma i flera decennier. Antalet ensamkommande flyktingbarn har ökat de senaste åren i Europa och främst i länder som Storbritannien, Sverige, Österrike och Norge. År 2008 immigrerade 13 400 barn/ungdomar utan föräldrar till Europa och ca 80 % av dem ansökte asyl. Sverige tog enskilt emot ca 3 578 ensamkommande flyktingbarn år 2012 och det väntas öka de närmsta åren. Det har även rapporterats om att ensamkommande flyktingbarn har en ökad risk för psykisk morbiditet. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga faktorer som inverkar på ensamkommande flyktingbarns psykiska hälsa. Metod: Denna studie är en allmän litteraturstudie baserad på åtta kvantitativa och två kvalitativa studier. Resultat: Fem teman identifierades: Traumatiska upplevelser, Migrationsprocessen, Miljön, Ålder och Genus. Traumatiska upplevelser var den mest övervägande faktorn som bidrog till den ökade risken för utveckling av psykisk ohälsa. Vidare spelade migrationsprocessen och miljön i det nya landet stor roll för dessa barn/ungdomars välbefinnande. Ytterligare identifierade faktorer var kön och ålder. Slutsats: Resultatet i denna litteraturstudie visade på att dessa barn/ ungdomar har råkat ut för olika traumatiska upplevelser och att detta var den största bidragande faktorn till att de hade högre risk att utveckla psykisk ohälsa. Vidare framkom det att migrationsprocessen och miljön i det nya landet bidrog till den ökande risken för att utveckla psykisk ohälsa.  Klinisk betydelse: Denna studie ska ge ökad förståelse om ensamkommande flyktingbarns psykiska hälsa och belysa faktorer som inverkar på deras mående. Genom att ha kunskap om dessa faktorer kan sjuksköterskan lättare identifiera dessa barns omvårdnadsbehov. / Background: Children and young adolescents have been immigrating alone for decades. However the number of unaccompanied refugee children has increased in recent years in Europe, mainly in countries such as Britain, Sweden, Austria and Norway. In 2008, 13.400 children and young adolescents, immigrated without their parents to Europe and about 80% of them applied for asylum. Sweden alone received about 3,578 unaccompanied refugee children in 2012 and it is expected to increase in coming years. It has also been reported that unaccompanied refugee children have an increased risk of psychiatric morbidity. Aims: The aim of this study was to highlight factors affecting unaccompanied refugee children's mental health. Method: This study is a literature review based on eight quantitative and two qualitative studies. Results: Five themes were identified: Traumatic experiences, the Migration Process, Environment, Age and Gender. Traumatic experiences were the most predominant factor that contributed to the increased risk of developing mental illness. Furthermore the migration process and the environment in the new country had a big impact on these children/adolescents well-being. Additional identified factors were gender and age. Conclusion: The result of this study showed that these children / adolescents have suffered from various traumatic experiences highly contributing to an increased risk of developing mental illness. It was also found that the migration process and the environment in the new country contributed to the increased risk of developing mental illness. Clinical significance: This study can provide a better understanding of unaccompanied refugee children's mental health and illuminate the factors affecting their psychological well-being. Having knowledge of these factors, may help the nurses to identify these children's care needs.

Bakgrunden tills studien är dels att förstå innebörden av begreppet ensamkommande barn, dels vilka riktlinjer för delaktighetsgörandet som finns för socialsekreteraren i arbetet med ensamkommande barn. Jag vill få en kunskap om socialsekreterarens delaktighetsfrämjande arbete med ensamkommande barn och socialsekreterarens handlingsutrymme och svårigheter i arbetet. Syftet med studien är att utifrån socialsekreterares upplevelser beskriva och analysera det delaktighetsfrämjande arbetet med ensamkommande barn. En kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer där empirin består utav fem transkriberade intervjuer. Intervjupersonerna har valts utifrån ett strategiskt val med kriteriet att vara socialsekreterare som arbetar med ensamkommande barn. En intervjuguide utformades för att få svar på intervjufrågorna. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats utifrån studiens teoretiska perspektiv symbolisk interaktionism samt de två teoretiska begreppen delaktighet och handlingsutrymme. Resultatet visar att samtliga intervjupersoner upplever sitt handlingsutrymme i arbetet som stort och att de är tämligen fria i arbetet. Socialtjänstlagen ger socialsekreterarna ett stort handlingsutrymme då lagen enbart är en ramlag med allmänna riktlinjer. Fortsättningsvis visar resultatet att intervjupersonerna upplever stora svårigheter vid användandet av telefontolk i samtal med ensamkommande barn. Det framkommer i resultatet att intervjupersonerna upplever svårigheter vid att skapa en förtroendefull relation med det ensamkommande barnet med anledning av barnets tidigare erfarenheter. Vidare visar resultatet på att intervjupersonerna upplever deras arbete med ensamkommande barn som delaktighetsfrämjande genom att låta barnet få ta del av information samt genom att barnet får dela med sig av sina åsikter som beaktas i den beslutsfattande processen. / The background to the study is the first to understand the concept of unaccompanied children, and the guidelines for the participation announcement that exist for the social worker in the work with unaccompanied minors. I want to gain knowledge of the social workers participative work with unaccompanied children and the social workers discretion and the difficulty of the work. The purpose of the study is that based on the social worker's experience to describe and analyze the participative work with unaccompanied children. A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews in which empirical data consists of five transcribed interviews. The interviewees have been selected by a strategic choice of the criterion of social workers who work with unaccompanied minors. An interview guide was designed to find answers to interview questions. The empirical data were analyzed based on the study of theoretical perspectives symbolic interactionism and the two theoretical concepts of participation and discretion. The results show that all the respondents perceive their freedom of action in that big and that they are relatively free of work. The Social Services Act gives socialworkers a wide discretion when the law is merely a framework law of general guidelines. Henceforth, the results show that the respondents are experiencing great difficulties when using telephone interpreter in conversation with unaccompanied minors. It emerges from the results that the respondents experiencing difficulties increating a relationship of trust with the unaccompanied child because of the child'sprevious experiences. Furthermore, the result shows that the interviewees perceive their work with unaccompanied children who participative by letting the child take part of the information and by the child may share their opinions taken into account in the decision-making process.

Objective: For this dissertation, I investigated the characteristics of homeless, unaccompanied youth to determine which subgroups of students pursued and obtained financial stipends as an incentive for satisfactory educational outcomes- grades C and above. Method: The study was based on data obtained from a community-based, non-profit, drop-in center that serves homeless, unaccompanied youth enrolled in school. From each participant (n=965), demographic variables (including the student's age, grade, gender, race, and ethnicity) and life experience variables (including the student's reason for homelessness, current living situation, teen parenting status, and program enrollment status- either a new or returning student to the program) were obtained. These variables were used to determine the relationship between the student's characteristics and the outcome measurements: percent of the potential monthly stipends earned and the length of enrollment in the program. Results: The results demonstrated significant mean differences within the student's age, grade, and program enrollment status for both the percent of stipends earned and the length of program enrollment. A student's teenage parenting status also indicated a significant difference for the percent of stipend earned. Three student characteristics were significant predictors for the percent of stipends earned, and five characteristics were significant predictors for the length of program enrollment. Conclusions: Specific subgroups within the unaccompanied, homeless population pursue and obtain financial stipend incentives for educational outcomes at different rates. These results add to the literature needed to better align educational services and programs to the various subgroups within the homeless youth population.

Årligen kommer ett stort antal barn och ungdomar utan medföljande förälder eller annan legal vårdnadshavare till Sverige för att söka asyl, så kallade ensamkommande flyktingbarn och ungdomar. De ensamkommande barnen har rätt till skydd, skolgång, sjukvård och en meningsfull vardag där de kan knyta sociala kontakter. De här barnen behöver få trygghet och normalitet i sin tillvaro för att kunna utvecklas, känna sig säkra och få en chans till ett bra liv. Ansvaret för ungdomarnas boende och omvårdnad ligger på kommunnivå och kräver att det finns kompetent och kunnig personal som möter dessa ungdomar. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur personalen arbetar på ett boende för ensamkommande flyktingungdomar för att utveckla mening, identitet och trygghet över kulturella gränser. Metoden som användes var fyra intervjuer med narrativ teori som inspiration för att få fram personalens berättelser istället för enbart svar på ställda frågor och få en djupare förståelse för personalens påverkan på verksamheten och de ensamkommande flyktingungdomarna. Resultatet visade att personalen arbetar utifrån samtal för att skapa en ömsesidig trygghet och tillit inom boendet och genom det sker en samhällsintroduktion och integration för de ensamkommande flyktingungdomarna med en samtidig respekt och förståelse för deras egen kultur. Utifrån detta arbete skapas en värdegrund hos ungdomarna i svensk demokrati och en utveckling av deras identitet. Analysen av berättelserna visar att de fem ord som är målsättningsord för organisationen, samhörighet, egenvärde, samhällsintroduktion, ansvar och möjligheter kan sammanfattas till den demokratiska värdegrunden som arbetet sker utifrån. / Every year a great number of children and youth come to Sweden without any parent or legal guardian, seeking asylum, they are called unaccompanied refugee youth. These unaccompanied minors are entitled to protection, school, healthcare and a meaningful everyday life, where they can make social contacts. These minors need stability and normality in their life to be able to develop, feel secure and have a chance to a good life. The municipality has the responsibility for the minors living conditions and care and this demands competent and knowledgeable personnel to work with these minors. The purpose of the study was to examine how personnel in housing for unaccompanied refugee youth work with meaning, identity and security across cultural borders. The method was four interviews with narrative theory as inspiration to get stories more than just answers to questions and a deeper knowledge for the personnel’s influence on the organization and the unaccompanied refugee youth. The result showed that the personnel worked from conversation to create a mutual security and trust within the housing and through that a community introduction and integration takes place with a simultaneous respect and understanding for the youths own culture. From this basic values are created for Swedish democracy and development of the youth’s identity is created. The analysis of the stories shows that the five words that is the aim for the organization, solidarity, self-worth, community introduction, responsibility and possibilities can be concluded as the democratic basic values that the personnel work is conducted from.

The number of unaccompanied asylum-seeking children (UASC) has increased significantly in Sweden since the summer of 2006. Due to Sweden’s high rate of asylum application approvals, it has become a main destination country. Concurrently, unaccompanied asylum-seeking children have decreased in other more traditional European destination countries, such as Germany, the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands and Norway. The majority of the UASC come from Afghanistan and Somalia. There is insufficient knowledge regarding these children’s reasons and patterns for the migration to Sweden. This is a case study based on semi-structured interviews with key informants that have been strategically chosen for this study. The Migration System theory, which is based on key mechanisms of the globalization theory, is used in this study. Restricted asylum regulations in Western countries have created a “migratory industry” with human smugglers, which facilitate and expand the irregular migration. The migratory industry greatly influences the children’s choice of destination. Without the assistance of human smugglers, a migration would be impossible for these children. The conclusion of this study demonstrates the importance of informal social networks that are the reason behind the increase of UASC in Sweden.

Unaccompanied minors who are fleeing and being sent way from their countries of origin are nothing new. In 2011, 12 225 unaccompanied minors where registered in The European Union, none undocumented minors included. Most of the minors are coming from Afghanistan and Somalia. The aim of this essay is to investigate how The European Union’s migration policies are applied in reality and how United Nation’s Convention on the Right of Children are put in practice by the member states of The European Union and Norway. This will be investigated through a qualitative literature essay. The results of this essay illustrate that unaccompanied minors are being subjects of The European migration policies like Dublin II regulation, and are being held in detention around in Europe. The unaccompanied minors’ fundamental rights are taken from them, rights like education, health care and social welfare. The unaccompanied minors are not seen as children by the authorities; instead they are seen and treated as refugees and illegal migrants. / Barn i Barnhus

In recent times the number of children and youth, that have been forced to flee to Sweden due to various circumstances, has increased. The majority of said children and youth seek refuge along with their parents. In recent years, however, the count of this mentioned group, coming separately from their parents, has gradually increased. Children in such situations are called unaccompanied children. A knowledge gap in previous research, regarding the commitment of unaccompanied children, might be filled by neighborhood attentiveness to residential care homes i.e. HVB where many of these children get placed. In regards to this acknowledgement, the aim of this study has been to investigate neighborhood contacts with HVBs for unaccompanied children. Furthermore, the aim has been to investigate these contacts by using a case study with the objective of the municipality Gislaved and its HVB for unaccompanied children Furugården in Smålandsstenar. From the noted points the role that the neighborhoods might play regarding the endeavors towards integration will be highlighted. The study has been based on the theoretical frameworks of NIMBY and the Contact Hypothesis that intend to explain the significant role that the neighborhood’s impact can have on unaccompanied children’s integration. In order to meet the aim of this study, a total of 23 semi-structured and qualitative interviews have been conducted with responsible staff of the HVB along with its neighborhood i.e. its neighbors. / På senare tid har antalet barn och ungdomar som tvingats på flykt till Sverige åtskilda från sina föräldrar succesivt ökat. Dessa går under benämningen ensamkommande barn. En kunskapslucka inom tidigare forskning angående åtagandet av ensamkommande barn är den betydelse grannskapet till HVB-hem, som många av dessa barn placeras i, kan spela. Syftet med föreliggande studie har därmed varit att undersöka grannskapskontakter med boende för ensamkommande barn med hjälp av en fallstudie av ett HVB-hem i Gislaveds kommun, HVB-hemmet Furugården i Smålandsstenar, och att från dessa utgångspunkter belysa den roll grannskap kan spela för integrationssträvande. Studien har utgått från de teoretiska begreppen: NIMBY och Kontakthypotesen vilka inom studien har ämnat förklara grannskapets inverkan på ensamkommande barns integration För att uppnå studiens syfte har totalt 23 semistrukturerade intervjuer av kvalitativ karaktär genomförts med HVB-hemsansvariga och med HVB-hemmets grannskap, det vill säga grannar. / Ensamkommande barn och grannskapsrelationer i Jönköpings län

This study aims to examine how professionals in the field of foster care works with recruitments, assessment and education of family homes for unaccompanied children. The intention is to find out in case there are specific needs that justify specific approach to ensure that the child's best interests are indicative and satisfied. The survey was conducted based on a qualitative method and empirical data gathered through semi-structured interviews with employees in the social services. The result shows that there is a need for more and specific education for families receiving unaccompanied children. It is motivated by the needs and conditions that are often common for this group. Remarkable in this study is the situation that emerge around unaccompanied children placed in the network, which are described here as network families. Despite finding that they do not take part of the education for the second family is obligatory. The front will also need more and clearer guidelines about the investigation process in relation to network families, as the respondents believes that neither the law, assessment procedure or basic demands tailored to this group. / Studien syftar till att undersöka hur professionella inom området familjehemsvård arbetar med rekrytering, utredning och utbildning av familjehem inför mottagandet av ensamkommande barn. Avsikten är att ta reda på i fall det finns särskilda behov som motiverar specifika tillvägagångssätt för att säkerställa att barnets bästa blir vägledande och tillgodoses. Undersökningen har genomförts utifrån en kvalitativ metod och empirin har inhämtats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med familjehemssekreterare och socialsekreterare. En gemensam efterfrågan visade sig vara anpassad utbildning för familjehem som tar emot ensamkommande barn. Det motiveras med de behov och förutsättningar som barnen ofta har gemensamt. Det mest utmärkande resultatet i denna studie är de brister professionella vittnar om då det kommer till barn som placeras i sitt nätverk, vilka här benämns som nätverksfamiljer. Bristerna består i för lite resurser samt otillräckliga regelverk och rutiner runt utredningsprocessen. Det framkom också att nätverksfamiljer inte tar del av den utbildning som för andra familjehem är obligatorisk. Respondenterna menar att varken lagstiftning, utredningsförfarande eller grundkrav är anpassade efter denna grupp. Det ställer höga krav på den enskilde respondenten då det är där de svåra besluten ofta hamnar.

This thesis provides a qualitative research of asylum seeking of unaccompanied children in Sweden. Children who find themselves traveling borders without company of a family member are in a very vulnerable position. In this thesis, the experience of unaccompanied children undergoing an asylum process in the Swedish jurisdiction is presented and the consequences of this process are also presented. With the creation of territorial boundaries embodied with an institution of state sovereignty, unaccompanied children finds themselves in a position of statelessness which produces a situation of rightlessness as they find themselves outside their own territories. This research suggests that, the territorial system provides great examples of unaccompanied children in a situation of statelessness even when they find themselves inside a new community. Even in this new state they do not automatically gain access to the community, instead through migration system, they must undergo investigations and procedures to prove that they have the rights to belong to that current community, a procedure that contributes to stress and other negative factors to the health of these children. From the findings of the interviews with unaccompanied children undergoing the process of seeking asylum and also unaccompanied children in hiding, it is seen that the asylum seeking process in the condition of unaccompanied children is characterized by the paradoxical system of national states, territorialism, totalitarianism, state sovereignty and an effort of maintaining human rights. The suggestion is that, the paradigm of territorialism and state sovereignty deprives unaccompanied children from what one in the Arendtian sense would call the right to have rights. As their journey to a new community starts off as a position of statelessness and with a 50% chance of returning back to that position. Their position slowly emerges from unaccompanied children, to a stateless adultescence and lastly to a forgotten undocumented adult.

Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887-1959) is regarded as the composer of highest distinction in twentieth-century Brazilian music. His musical compositions, representing virtually every musical genre, reflect his concerted effort toward developing a nationalistic Brazilian style. While the importance of this composer's ouvre and his contribution to a national Brazilian style is well established, particularly with regard to his instrumental works, his sacred choral compositions are generally considered to be peripheral in his overall compositional productivity. Although his major sacred choral works such as Bendita Sabedoria, Missa Sad Sebastian, and Magni scat Alleluia are programmed occasionally, the smaller sacred choral pieces found in his Musica Sacra collection remain less well-known.Musica Sacra, initially published by Vincente Vitale in 1951-52, is an out-of-print collection of twenty-three unaccompanied motet-style pieces, composed throughout Villa-Lobos's lifetime. Limited availability to many of these pieces has resulted in a paucity of programming of this music by choral conductors, as well as a lack of understanding of its place in his collected works.This study provides an updated and corrected performance edition of selected choral pieces from Musica Sacra, providing choral conductors with appropriately edited material for concert programming. It includes historical background, editorial notes, and performance notes to provide context and clarity.In this study, I have compared seventeen pieces from the original Vitale edition with manuscripts provided by the Museu Villa-Lobo, in an effort to represent the composer's musical intent in a manner accessible to the contemporary choral conductor. I have alsoidentified and discussed salient musical traits in this music, exemplifying not only the Spanish Renaissance influence as it existed in the Brazilian society during Villa-Lobos's lifetime, but more broadly reflecting, through its diverse assortment of musical features, an expression of the overall religious syncretism in Brazil at the time.Within the sacred choral framework of Musica Sacra, one discovers the composer's stylized representation of Brazilian musical eclecticism. This is exhibited through elements of musical spontaneity, Brazilian multi-cultural ethnicity, nationalism, European impressionism, Renaissance imitation, and twentieth-century harmonic dissonance. These features represent Villa-Lobos's synthesis of style that, according to Latin American music scholar, Gerard Behague, illuminates "Brazil's Musical Soul." / School of Music