The general motive of this work will be to try to develop an new way of using mathematics in a fashion design process.By using mathematics in order to make a way to calculate what will be a part of the collection and what it will look like. The background for this work is mathematics, deconstruction and the skinhead uniform consisting of a bomber jacket, shirt and denim jeans.The aim is to explore a mathematical formula as a design method for new expression in menswear.A mathematic formula which decides what garment, material and construction-method to use in an outfit. Using the formula to give me the parts/ingredients, a construction-method and fabric that I can use to make the outfit, after that I use my ingredients/parts to create new shapes out of the parts given to me by the formula. A strive for a more controlled and distanced relationship to your work is something that I tried to developed in my work by using a mathematical formula as a tool. There are potentials in using a mathematical formula in designing a collection. But also obstacles to pass in order to have a focused outcome. / Program: Modedesignutbildningen

This thesis investigates the modalities and conditions of Afghan women's reappearance in the public domain following the downfall of the Taliban regime. Based on a twelvemonth ethnographic fieldwork conducted in 2007 among different groups of women (women MPs, women's rights activists, female University Students) mostly based in Kabul, I study women's responses to various social anxieties that have emerged as a consequence of this new visibility. I argue that while the current ‘reconstruction' project has opened new possibilities for women and created new imaginaries pertaining to their role in society, the ideological framework (i.e liberal notions of equality and human rights etc.) on which it is grounded together with the strong military presence of foreign troops, have fuelled tensions at different levels of the Afghan society. Pressurized by their community to remain faithful to their ‘culture', ‘religion' and ‘tradition' on one hand, and encouraged to access the public and become ‘visible' by global forces on the other hand, women have been left with little choice but to adapt and find alternative ways to preserve a sense of autonomy. I describe these tactics as ‘oppositional practices of everyday life' (De Certeau 1984), i.e complex practices of dissimulation which under the necessary appearance of compliance and conformity allow women to reconfigure social norms and create new spaces for themselves. More generally, this work engages with issues such as nationalism, Islam, gender, veiling, modernity, agency, rights and the public sphere.

This dissertation develops a historical and theoretical reconstruction of the category and praxis of extraterritoriality in the fields of International Relations and Public International Law. The analysis first addresses the dominant Neo-Liberal tradition and its focus on the concept of 'judicial globalisation', before engaging with critical and Marxist studies that rely on imperialism and capitalism as explanatory phenomena. In response, the thesis argues that extraterritoriality is a political process, covering a set of jurisdictional struggles determined by contested social property relations. As legal strategies of accumulation, these struggles can neither be explained by a chronologically and discursively progressive deterritorialising world order, through which they emerge as depoliticised events, nor by structural and functional theories of capitalist or Western imperialism that narrowly assume their logic and behaviour. This argument emerges from the analysis of three historical case studies: 16th to 17th century Spain, 17th to 18th century France, and 19th century Britain. Each case, set in its international context, evinces the role of specific intellectual debates, juridical institutions and legal strategies of accumulation in shaping contending extraterritorial regimes and legal world orders. Thereby, the thesis reformulates a Political Marxist approach as a historical sociology that places the actors and politics of international legal processes at the forefront of the history of Public International Law. This approach enables a non-determinist understanding of contemporary extraterritoriality. It dissociates its analysis from a naturalised history of judicial globalisation and from a monolithic history of capitalism, to resituate extraterritorial practices in a more open and contested field in between those of International Relations and Public International Law. In conclusion, examining the politics of extraterritoriality exposes Public International Law as a practical site of struggle between legal strategies of expansion, accumulation and resistance. This historical and theoretical reconstruction asserts the political legitimacy and agency of otherwise excluded legal actors and ideas, affected by and involved in the multiple transitions in the forms of sovereign jurisdiction and territorial control.

Shared residence was previously viewed with suspicion by the judiciary, but following D v D [2001] a line of cases has developed, where this order is said to benefit children, firstly, by helping them feel cherished, and, secondly, by improving parental cooperation and thus protect children from the harmful effects of exposure to their conflicts. This thesis reviews available research to conclude that shared residence is so unlikely to achieve either objective where it is ordered against a parent's wishes, that the order should be restricted to families where both parents agree. Autopoietic theory is combined with feminist critique to explain the selfreferential nature of law, its tendency to prioritise children's abstract need for fathers and its inability to fully understand parents' complex disputes. The thesis compares the preconditions for, and use of, shared residence in England and in Sweden, concluding that despite better preconditions, Swedish court-imposed shared residence arrangements are unlikely to last, and can harm children by increasing their exposure to conflict. There is also, in contested cases, a worrying focus on equal rights for parents, with children who have grown up in these arrangements complaining of feeling objectified. This, combined with a growing emphasis in English case law on sending symbolic messages about status, is a strong argument against a shared residence presumption. It seems naïve to assume that new, collaborative co-parenting patterns can develop after separation merely because law coerces the adults into a particular kind of formal arrangement. The suspicion is therefore raised that law's agenda is in fact something very different: to mask familial and societal change by making post-separation families conform to a binuclear pattern which resembles the nuclear ideal not only in membership but also in its hierarchical structure.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2018-04-10T12:21:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Luanda dos Santos Alves.pdf: 2840236 bytes, checksum: a55d28c56a0da4f4dd0f0eb6788e3824 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T12:21:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Luanda dos Santos Alves.pdf: 2840236 bytes, checksum: a55d28c56a0da4f4dd0f0eb6788e3824 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-15 / The research presented here is a case study concerning the appropriation and uses of the school uniform for the 3rd students of Technical High School of Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (CTUR). The main goals were: understanding the clothes and school uniform as a way of communication among young people, identify the students conceptions about the role of school uniform CTUR, as well as the uniform changes made by students. From a qualitative-quantitative approach, we use many sources for the research: Brazilian legislation, official CTUR documents, semi-structured interviews with employees and students, non-participant observation and photographic records. Through photographs and the interviews, and based on official documents regarding the school uniform of the institution, we present and discuss the terms used by the interviewees. Students proved to be aware of the primary functions of the school uniform, and also pointed out advantages and disadvantages in their use - quite current discussion on social networks and websites specialized in education. They attributed to uniform safety functions, identification, discipline, and no differentiation of social classes. As positive points of the uniform use indicated economy and practicality; and as negatives little emphasis on individuality and the possibility of stereotyping students. They presented themselves proud to be able to wear the uniform of a Federal College, but still showed some youth predicates - that lead to a transgressive behavior, needing bypass rules to build (and state) their own identities - appropriating and transforming uniform, is customizing it, either by changing it to provide comfort, is writing it with accessories. Thus, the use of practices such as changes sleeve cuts and shirt collar on the grounds of comfort were the most significant. Along with them, the identity marks were closely linked to fashion, such as: use of slipper and sandal - despite the express prohibition; shorter shorts and colors and materials not allowed; trousers of colors, patterns and materials also varied, confronted with what is permitted by the College; various accessories such as caps, earrings, necklaces, jackets and other items - leather bracelet, banners and turbans, piercing, nails and painted mouths - characteristic of specific groups - rock, hippie, rasta, movement of black consciousness and homoaffective. We note that, although there are rules to control by the School, that is not performed in a very tough way, leaving room for students to present themselves as young people in shaping their identities, enabling us to conclude that the school uniform - and the elements he engaged - are specific means of communication between young students CTUR. But that in this communication also becomes important for students to be identified as such, with a membership status desired by them. / A pesquisa aqui apresentada trata de um estudo de caso a respeito da apropria??o e usos do uniforme escolar por alunos do 3? ano do ensino m?dio do Col?gio T?cnico da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (CTUR). Os objetivos foram: compreender a roupa e o uniforme escolar como meios de comunica??o entre os jovens, identificar as concep??es estudantis sobre a fun??o do uniforme escolar do CTUR, assim como as pr?ticas de altera??o do uniforme realizadas pelos estudantes. Sob uma abordagem qualiquantitativa, utilizamos diversas fontes de pesquisa: legisla??o brasileira, documentos oficiais do CTUR, entrevistas semiestruturadas com servidores e alunos, observa??o n?o participante e registro fotogr?fico. Atrav?s das fotografias e falas dos entrevistados, e baseada nos documentos oficiais que tratam do uniforme escolar do Col?gio, apresentamos e discutimos os termos utilizados pelos pesquisados. Os alunos mostraram-se conhecedores das fun??es prim?rias do uniforme escolar, al?m de apontarem vantagens e desvantagens no seu uso ? discuss?o bastante atual em redes sociais e sites especializados em educa??o. Atribu?ram ao uniforme as fun??es de seguran?a, identifica??o, disciplina, e n?o diferencia??o das classes sociais. Como pontos positivos do uso do uniforme apontaram a economia e a praticidade; e como pontos negativos o pouco destaque ? individualidade e a possibilidade de estereotipar o aluno. Apresentaram-se orgulhosos por poderem vestir o uniforme de um Col?gio Federal, mas, ainda assim, mostraram determinados predicados juvenis ? que os levam a um comportamento transgressor, necessitando burlar normas para construir (e afirmar) suas pr?prias identidades ? se apropriando e transformando o uniforme, seja customizando-o, seja alterando-o para proporcionar conforto, seja compondo-o com acess?rios. Assim, as pr?ticas de uso como altera??es de cortes de manga e de gola da camisa com a justificativa de proporcionar conforto foram as mais significativas. Juntamente a elas, as marcas identit?rias ficaram muito ligadas ? moda, tais como: uso de chinelo e sand?lia ? mesmo com a proibi??o expressa; bermuda mais curta e de cores e materiais n?o permitidos; cal?as compridas de cores, estampas e materiais tamb?m variados, confrontando com o que ? permitido pelo Col?gio; acess?rios diversos como bon?s, brincos, cord?es, casacos e outros elementos ? pulseira de couro, faixas e turbantes, piercing, unhas e bocas pintadas ? caracter?sticos de grupos espec?ficos ? rock, hippie, rastaf?ri, movimento de consci?ncia negra, homoafetivo. Observamos que, apesar de existirem regras, a fiscaliza??o por parte do Col?gio n?o ? realizada de forma muito acirrada, deixando espa?o para que os alunos se apresentem enquanto jovens em forma??o de suas identidades, nos possibilitando concluir que o uniforme escolar ? e os elementos a ele acoplados ? constituem meio de comunica??o espec?fico entre os jovens estudantes do CTUR. Mas que nesta comunica??o tamb?m se torna importante para os alunos a sua identifica??o como tais, apresentando um status de pertencimento desej?vel pelos mesmos.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In a category C with a proper (E; M)-factorization system for morphisms, we further investigate categorical topogenous structures and demonstrate their prominent role played in providing a uni ed approach to the theory of closure, interior and neighbourhood operators. We then introduce and study an abstract notion of C asz ar's syntopogenous structure which provides a convenient setting to investigate a quasi-uniformity on a category. We demonstrate that a quasi-uniformity is a family of categorical closure operators. In particular, it is shown that every idempotent closure operator is a base for a quasi-uniformity. This leads us to prove that for any idempotent closure operator c (interior i) on C there is at least a transitive quasi-uniformity U on C compatible with c (i). Various notions of completeness of objects and precompactness with respect to the quasi-uniformity de ned in a natural way are studied. The great relationship between quasi-uniformities and closure operators in a category inspires the investigation of categorical quasi-uniform structures induced by functors. We introduce the continuity of a C-morphism with respect to two syntopogenous structures (in particular with respect to two quasi-uniformities) and utilize it to investigate the quasiuniformities induced by pointed and copointed endofunctors. Amongst other things, it is shown that every quasi-uniformity on a re ective subcategory of C can be lifted to a coarsest quasi-uniformity on C for which every re ection morphism is continuous. The notion of continuity of functors between categories endowed with xed quasi-uniform structures is also introduced and used to describe the quasi-uniform structures induced by an M- bration and a functor having a right adjoint.

The present study is an integral part of a broader study focused on the design and implementation of self-cleaning culverts, i.e., configurations that prevent the formation of sediment deposits after culvert construction or cleaning. Sediment deposition at culverts is influenced by many factors, including the size and characteristics of material of which the channel is composed, the hydraulic characteristics generated under different hydrologic events, the culvert geometry design, channel transition design, and the vegetation around the channel. The multitude of combinations produced by this set of variables makes the investigation of practical situations challenging. In addition to the above considerations, the field observations, and the laboratory and numerical experiments have revealed additional complexities of the flow and sediment transport through culverts that further increase the dimensions of the investigation. The flow complexities investigated in this study entail: flow non-uniformity in the areas of transition to and from the culvert, flow unsteadiness due to the flood wave propagation, and the complex correlation between the flow and sediment hydrographs produced during storm events. To date, the literature contains no systematic studies on sediment transport through multi-box culverts. Similarly, there is limited knowledge about the non-uniform, unsteady sediment transport in channels of variable geometry. Furthermore, there are few readily useable numerical models that can reliably simulate flow and sediment transport in such complex situations. Given the current state of knowledge, the main goal of the present study is to investigate the above flow complexities in order to provide the needed insights for optimizing the culvert design. The research was phased so that field observations were conducted first to understand the culvert behavior in Iowa landscape. Modeling through complementary hydraulic model and numerical experiments was subsequently carried out to gain the practical knowledge for the development of the self-cleaning culvert designs.

Let 𝑋 be a compact subset of the complex plane and denote by 𝑅𝑝(𝑋) the closure of rational functions with poles off 𝑋 in the 𝐿𝑝(𝑋) norm. We show that if a point 𝑥0 admits a bounded point derivation on 𝑅𝑝(𝑋) for 𝑝 > 2, then there is an approximate derivative at 𝑥0. We also prove a similar result for higher order bounded point derivations. This extends a result of Wang, which was proven for 𝑅(𝑋), the uniform closure of rational functions with poles off 𝑋. In addition, we show that if a point 𝑥0 admits a bounded point derivation on 𝑅(𝑋) and if 𝑋 contains an interior cone, then the bounded point derivation can be represented by the difference quotient if the limit is taken over a non-tangential ray to 𝑥0. We also extend this result to the case of higher order bounded point derivations. These results were first shown by O'Farrell; however, we prove them constructively by explicitly using the Cauchy integral formula.

Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are a candidate for calibration sources in space-based remote sensing applications. However, the output beam from a QCL has some characteristics that are undesirable in a calibration source. The output beam from a QCL is polarized both temporally and spatially coherent, and has a non-uniform bivariate Gaussian profile. These characteristics need to be mitigated before QCLs can be used as calibration sources. This study presents the design and implementation of an optical system that manipulates the output beam from a QCL so that it is spatially and angularly uniform with reduced coherence and polarization.

The study presents a systematic single and two-phase analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer in a liquid hydrogen storage vessel for both earth and space applications.The study considered a cylindrical tank with elliptical top and bottom. The tank wall ismade of aluminum and a multi-layered blanket of cryogenic insulation (MLI) has been attached on the top of the aluminum. The tank is connected to a cryocooler to dissipate the heat leak through the insulation and tank wall into the fluid within the tank. The cryocooler has not been modeled; only the flow in and out of the tank to the cryocooler system has been included. The primary emphasis of this research has been the fluid circulation within the tank for different fluid distribution scenario and for different level of gravity to simulate all potential earth and space based applications. The equations solved in the liquid region included the conservation of mass, conservation of energy, and conservation of momentum. For the solid region only the heat conduction equation was solved. The steady-state velocity, temperature and pressure distributions were calculated for different inlet positions, inlet opening sizes, inlet velocities and for different gravity values. The above simulations were carried out for constant heat flux and constant wall temperature cases. It was observed from single-phase analysis that a good flow circulation can be obtained when the cold entering fluid was made to flow in radial direction and the inlet opening was placed close to the tank wall. For a two-phase analysis the mass and energy balance at the evaporating interface was taken into account by incorporating the change in specific volume and latent heat of evaporation. A good flow circulation in the liquid region was observed when the cold entering fluid was made to flow at an angle to the axis of the tank or aligned to the bottom surface of the tank. The fluid velocity in the vapor region was found to be higher compared to the liquid region. The focus of the study for the later part of the present investigation was the conjugate heat transfer during a confined liquid jet impingement on a uniform and discrete heating source. Equations governing the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy were solved in the fluid region. In the solid region, the heat conduction equation was solved. The solid-fluid interface temperature shows a strong dependence on several geometric, fluid flow, and heat transfer parameters. For uniform and discrete heat sources the Nusselt number increased with Reynolds number. For a given flow rate, a higher heat transfer coefficient was obtained with smaller slot width and lower impingement height.The average Nusselt number and average heat transfer coefficient are greater for a lower thermal conductivity substrate. A higher heat transfer coefficient at the impingement location was seen at a smaller thickness, whereas a thicker plate or a higher thermal conductivity plate material provided a more uniform distribution of heat transfer coefficient. Compared to Mil-7808 and FC-77, ammonia provided much smaller solidfluid interface temperature and higher heat transfer coefficient whereas FC-77 provided lower Nusselt number. In case of discrete heat sources calculations were done for two different physical conditions, namely, when the total input power is constant and when the magnitude of heat flux at the sources are constant. There was a periodic rise and fall of interface temperature along the heated and unheated regions of the plate when the plate thickness was negligible. The average Nusselt number and average local heat transfer coefficient were highest for uniform heating case and it increased with number of heat sources during discrete heating.