Current global agricultural practices are recognized as unsustainable. The increase in overall human population as well as the global trend of rural to urban migration, partially as a result of historically and continual unsustainable agricultural practices, exacerbates the vicious cycle of poverty and hunger in developing countries. Furthermore, cities and regions in developed countries practice unsustainable food production, distribution and consumption patterns, and as a result, exceed their global ecological footprint (Rees 2009). Consequently, the world is facing a global food (FAO 2009) and water crisis (UN Sick Water 2010). Cities and Regions must learn to feed themselves to address local food insecurity as well as protect from the climate effects of increased urbanization, including the Urban Heat Island effect (UHIe) by optimizing and fully integrating the local ecosystem services of food, water and forest within a tightly woven compact urban form through the implementation of strategic urban and regional food system planning. Cities can mitigate climate change and reduce the UHIe, by implementing sustainable intensive urban agriculture approaches through policy and zoning interventions that include concepts such as intensively productive urban agriculture that includes green roofs, vertical farming and greenways as continuously productive and edible urban landscapes, referred to in this paper as continuously productive urban agriculture and forestation (CPUAF) in the private and public realm. A highly participative, adaptive systems approach is explored as the key to sustainability within an economic world order that included corporate social responsibility and social enterprise as the foundation for the integration of multiple synergies. An increasing body of evidence often links urban forestation with urban greenery initiatives, as a carbon sink to reduce UHI effects, to reduce GHG emissions and as a tool for urban beautification and place making (ISDR: 2009,109). Urban agriculture, through the production of local food is increasingly recognized as a means to reduce fossil fuel emissions by reducing transportation and production outputs, to provide a secure local food source, enhance biodiversity and educate the public regarding food source while fostering a sense of community, environmental awareness and stewardship. This thesis explores the links between intensive urban agriculture and forestation, and the relationship between climate change, and the UHI’s as an adaptation and mitigation process in global cities, implemented as a interconnected, integrated, holistic urban management approach that has a further benefit of providing food security and a sustainable and local urban food source. / Dissertation (MTRP)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Town and Regional Planning / unrestricted

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In situ Informal Settlement Upgrading (ISU) was explored in this thesis, focussing on its relevance to waste service upgrading options immediately available and practically implementable for residents of Enkanini, a poorly serviced township (slum) in Stellenbosch, South Africa. Household food waste (kitchen scraps) was chosen as a key point of entry for exploring the context and viability of in situ improvement of solid waste management services in the area. This was done by investigating ways biological and social aspects of soil quality and food waste management can be incrementally improved in the settlement. Transdisciplinary methodology, Participatory Action Learning and Social Learning perspectives, combined with ecological thinking were used to explore different methods of managing food waste in Enkanini. A food waste collection pilot project was initiated in Enkanini by the Stellenbosch Municipality in 2012. The project was modified and continued in 2013, which served as the case study for this thesis. In 2013, food waste was collected by 56 households over five months. It was treated with Bokashi Effective Micro-organisms (Bokashi EM) containing yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, actinomycetes and photosynthetic bacteria. The Bokashi EM partially fermented the waste before it was used for composting or feeding to Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Laboratory testing of food waste, compost, soils and larvae waste residue determined the safety, potential and sustainability of food waste for recycling and contribution to local urban agriculture by closing the organic waste loop, and for generating an income stream. A total of 5851kg food waste was collected, saving 6m3 landfill space. Households generated 5,2kg - 9,6kg food waste per week. Extrapolating this lower figure for all of Enkanini (about 2400 households), about 50,2 tonnes of food waste could be generated per month. If this were collected and recycled or composted, this would save 51,2m3 landfill space per month. The most commonly cited benefit of food waste collections by participants was reduction of vermin in or around their homes. Laboratory testing indicated that some samples had high levels of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. No traces of Salmonella were found in food waste, compost and soil samples, and most were within acceptable limits for heavy metals. It was cautioned that vegetables grown on soils or compost with high E. coli be washed or cooked before consumption. Following socially and ecologically sustainable management of Enkanini’s food waste requires a combination of waste management methods. Options include localised composting - burying EM treated food waste in soil; in situ container composting of waste and adding this to soil; processing of EM treated food waste by Black Soldier Fly larvae (and their subsequent use as feed for chickens or fish); and finally by anaerobic digestion for generation of biogas and effluent fertiliser in local biodigestors. The thesis showed that biological elements (such as bacteria and soil nutrients) have impacts on residents in communities and these need to be considered significant. The thesis suggests ecological elements be considered as indicators or building blocks for ISU locally, nationally and internationally. Keywords: in situ incremental upgrading, food waste management, Effective Micro-organisms, social learning, urban agriculture, closed-loop systems, organic waste management, informal settlements. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In situ Opgraderingsprojek vir Informele Nedersetting (OIN) is in hierdie tesis ondersoek, met die fokus om die relevansie van afval diens opgradering opsies prakties te implementeer vir die inwoners van Enkanini, Stellenbosch, Suid Afrika, 'n gemeenskap met swak dienslewering. Huishoudelike kombuis voedselafval is gekies om die konteks en lewensvatbaarheid van in situ verbetering van vaste afval bestuur dienste te ondersoek. Dit is bereik deur maniere te ondersoek om die biologiese en sosiale aspekte van die kwaliteit van grond en voedselafval bestuur in die nedersetting te verbeter. Transdissiplinêre metode, Deelnemende Aksie Leer en Sosiale Leerprosesse, gekombineer met ekologiese denke, is gebruik is om verskillende metodes van die bestuur van voedselafval in Enkanini te verken. 'N Enkanini voedselafval versamelingsprojek is in 2012 deur die Stellenbosch Munisipaliteit begin. Dit is in 2013 aangepas en vir hierdie studie gebruik. Gedurende vyf maande in 2013 is voedselafval deur 56 huishoudings ingesamel. Dit is behandel met Bokashi effektiewe mikro-organismes (EM Bokashi) met gis, melksuur bakterieë, aktinomisete en fotosintetiese bakterieë. Die Bokashi EM het die afval gedeeltelik gegis voordat die afval gebruik was vir kompos of voeding aan Swart Soldaat Vlieg (Hermetia illucens) larwes. Voedselafval, kompos, grond en larwe oorskot laboratourim toetse het die veiligheid bepaal, asook die potensiaal en volhoubaarheid van die afval vir herwinning en die bydrae tot die plaaslike stedelike landbou deur middel van die organiese afval siklus, en vir inkomste generering. 5851kg voedselafval is ingesamel en 6m³ se opvullingsruimte bespaar. Die huishoudings het 5,2kg – 9,6kg voedselafval per week gegenereer. Die laer syfer in aggeneem, kan sowat 50,2 ton voedsalafval per maand in Enkanini (ongeveer 2400 huishoudings) gegenereer word. As dit ingesamel, herwin of gekomposteer was, sou 51,2 m³ opvullingsruimte per maand bespaar word. Die belangrikste voordeel van die voedselafval versamelings was die vermindering van knaag en aasdiere rondom wonings. Laboratoriumtoetse het hoë vlakke van Escherichia coli (E. coli) bakterieë in sommige monsters gevind. Geen spore van Salmonella is in die voedselafval, kompos en grondmonsters gevind nie en meeste was binne die aanvaarbare perke vir swaar metale. Die gemeenskap is gewaarsku om groente wat in die grond of kompos gekweek is voor verbruik in chloorwater te was of kook. Die sosiale en ekologies volhoubare bestuur van Enkanini se voedselafval vereis 'n kombinasie van afval bestuursmetodes. Opsies sluit gelokaliseerde kompos - begrawe EM behandelde voedsel afval in die grond; in situ houer kompos afval en die toevoeging van hierdie tot die grond; verwerking van EM behandelde voedselafval deur Swart Soldaat Vlieg larwes (en hul daaropvolgende gebruik as voer vir hoenders of vis); en uiteindelik deur mestvergisting vir die generasie van biogas en kunsmis in biovergisters. Die tesis toon dat biologiese elemente (soos bakterieë en voedingstowwe in grond)'n impak het op die gemeenskap se inwoners en as n belangrik faktor beskou moet word. Die tesis dui ekologiese elemente as n toekomstige aanwysers aan indien OIN plaaslik, nasionaal of internasionaal oorweeg word. Sleutelwoorde: in situ toenemende opgradering, kos afval bestuur, effektiewe mikro-organismes, sosiale leerproses, stedelike landbou, geslotestelsel-sisteme, organiese afval, informele nedersettings.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geography. 24 March 2017 / There is substantial evidence to show that the climate has been changing on various scales across the world. The change in climate conditions has had negative impacts for developing countries, particularly poorer communities who use climate-sensitive resources such as urban agriculture which is prone to extreme weather. It is evident that urban agriculture has become a major source of income for a lot of people and its contribution to household food security is significant and in many instances it is increasing. The MSc study investigated the implications of climate variability and change on food production focusing on urban agriculture. It was also of key interest to explore the different adaptive approaches that FHH employ in reducing the impacts thereof. The approach informing the study combined two approaches; firstly, the `bottom-up' participatory research undertaken in three communities namely Inanda, Ntuzuma and Kwamashu; secondly, a rapid appraisal of policies, programs and institutions. The results were then triangulated using a micro-action planning workshop and a consultation process. A total of 84 small scale farmers who are actively involved in subsistence farming participated in the research study. From the empirical findings it is evident that climate change has manifested itself in floods and droughts and has been ranked extremely prevalent and frequent by 75% and 86% of the overall responses from the three study sites. The combination of these two extreme events has had negative impacts on food production and food accessibility. However, it has been found that FHH use asset based adaptation to modify and adjust their livelihoods as a way of coping with established threats. The eThekwini municipality has developed the Municipal Climate Change Protection Programme (eTMCCPP) with the purpose to mainstream climate change adaptation in the general city planning and development framework as well as to harmonize local urban responses to climate variability. However, only 48% of the participants have received any form of assistance and support from the Municipality. More needs to be done to help build capacity at household level and improve livelihoods of the local community particularly of Female headed households. / MT 2017

Im EU finanzierten Projekt "Die Verwendung von kompostiertem Haushaltsmüll in der vorstädtischen Landwirtschaft von Westafrika als Pflanzenschutzmittel", das in Rufisque im Senegal, Conakry und Timbi Madîna in der Republik Guinea sowie Lomé und Tsévié im Togo von 1999 bis 2002 stattfand, wurden die Daten für diese Arbeit erhoben. Diese Orte sind hauptsächlich von Wolofs, Fulfulbe, Sussus und Ewes bewohnt. Ihre Größe variert zwischen 4 000 und 1,4 Mill. Einwohner. Es wurden städtische Gemüsebau- und vorstädtische Ackerbausysteme untersucht. Ziel der Arbeit ist die Einführung von Kompost als Pflanzenschutzmittel zu erleichtern. Dazu wurden Bereitschaften untersucht: die der städtischen Haushalte Biomüll zu sammeln und die der vorstädtischen Bauern Kompost aus Haushaltsmüll als Pflanzenschutzmittel einzusetzen. Dafür wurden standardisierte Befragungen von 1802 Bauern und 1775 Haushalten durchgeführt. Etwa 10 % dieser Antworten wurden in 18 logistischen Regressionsmodellen mit Interaktionen des 1. Grades analysiert. Den Modellen wurden die qualitativen Ergebnissen aus den standardisierten, halbstandardisierten und unstrukturierten Interviews sowie Beobachtungen und Einzelfallstudien gegenübergestellt. Daraus läßt sich schließen, dass es keine traditionellen Hemmnisse gegen Biomüllsammlung und -verarbeitung, sowie die Verwendung von Kompost aus Müll gibt. Wilde Deponien stören die Einwohner. Sie sind bereit sich finanziell an einer Müllsammlung zu beteiligen. Für die Mülltrennung brauchen sie zusätzliche, an Klima und Menge angepasste Mülltonnen. Die Haushalte wollen geringere Müllgebühren bezahlen, wenn sie Müll trennen. Müllsammen ist rentable. Eine transparente Buchführung der Müllgebühren ist unerlässlich für die Nachhaltigkeit. Für eine Kompoststation eignet sich am besten eine Kleinstadt mit vielen Müllproblemen und noch ohne Müllsammelorganisation sowie mit vielen Gemüsebauern mit einem hohen Krankheitsbewußtsein. Die Kompostherstellung ist sehr arbeitsintensiv und nur rentable, wenn der Kompost zu Pflanzenschutzmittelpreisen verkauft werden kann. Kompost ist in Westafrika bekannt. Die Verwendung von Kompost als Pflanzenschutzmittel gegen bodenbürtige Krankheiten ist eine Neuerung. Daher benötigt eine Kompoststation ein sehr wirksames Marketing. / By the EU financed project called "Utilisation of composted waste from urban households in the peri-urban agriculture for plant protection purpose in West Africa" with took place in Rufisque in Senegal, Conakry and Timbi Madîna in the Republic of Guinea the same as Lomé and Tsévié in Togo from 1999 to 2002, the data which are the base of this study have been collected. These towns are mainly settled by Wolofs, Fulanis, Sussus and Ewes. The size of the towns varies from 4 000 to 1.4 mill inhabitants. Production systems of urban vegetable farmers as well as peri-urban rain fed farmers have been investigated. The objective was to analyse the willingness of household, to collect organic waste, and of farmers, to use composted household waste for plant protection, to facilitate the introduction of compost for phytosanitary purpose. Hence standardised interviews of 1802 farmers and 1775 households have been done. About 10 % of the answers have been standardised in a way which allowed analysing them in 18 models of logistic regression with the first level of interactions. The results of the models have been compared to the qualitative results of the standardised, the half standardised and the unstructured interviews as well as the observations and the case studies. We find out that: There are no traditional obstacles inhibiting the collection of organic waste, the processing and the use of compost. Wild waste heaps disturb the people. They are ready to participate financially on waste collection. For the separation of waste the households need bins adapted to the climate and to the amount of waste. Anyway households separating waste would like to pay reduced waste fees. The waste collection is actually a rentable economic activity. A conflict avoiding accountability for waste fees is essential for the long lasting of a waste collection organisation. An optimal place for a compost station is a small rural town with many waste problems, without an institutionalised waste collection and with many vegetable farmers aware of diseases. The production of compost is very labour-intensive and rentable only if the compost is sold on organic pesticide prices. Compost is well known in West Africa. The innovation would be the application of compost for pest treatment of soil related diseases. Therefore a compost station needs a very efficient marketing.

Cette thèse propose d’analyser dans la métropole de Lima les réponses des producteurs agropastoraux de la ville face aux renouvellements des fonctions de l’agriculture urbaine. Dans un contexte de forte pression métropolitaine, la capitale péruvienne –incarnée par les autorités, les consommateurs, les citadins- fait preuve d’une attitude ambivalente en ce qui concerne l’activité agricole en ville : entre désintérêt et formulation de nouvelles attentes. Dans une démarche au carrefour de la géographie sociale, de l’étude des relations villes-campagnes et de la place de la nature en ville, la recherche s’attache à identifier les capacités des producteurs –en termes de moyens disponibles et de pratiques– à répondre à des demandes toujours plus complexes, allant de l’engouement pour une consommation locale, en passant par les loisirs, aux exigences de la durabilité urbaine, et émanant d’acteurs extérieurs à l’activité, aussi bien des habitants que des instances internationales.Les attentes autour d’une agriculture de proximité dépassent la seule fonction alimentaire pour intégrer des problématiques d’aménagement du territoire urbain et de création d’espaces de sociabilité par et pour les citadins. Ces attentes impliquent une transformation des espaces agropastoraux des périphéries, et la création de nouveaux territoires agricoles au sein du tissu urbain.Nous analysons d’une part les pratiques des producteurs liméniens et leurs rapports distendus à la ville ; et d’autre part la manière dont ces mêmes acteurs s’approprient les attentes citadines et leurs conséquences sur la construction territoriale métropolitaine. La tension entre les producteurs et la ville, mais également entre les producteurs et les attentes des acteurs urbains permet de mettre en lumière la mise en place de rapports de pouvoir inégaux. / This thesis draws on fieldwork conducted in Greater Lima, Peru, to examine how the city’s farmers have responded to recent changes in the role ascribed to urban agriculture. Amidst a context of severe urban pressure, the metropolis has shown an ambivalent attitude towards agricultural activities, with a norm of indifference stirred to a certain degree of interest as new expectations arise. This investigation is based on an approach that stands at the crossroads of social geography, research into relationships between urban and rural frames of reference, and examination of the natural world’s place within the city environment, in order to characterize the strategies available to farmers – in line with their material resources and traditional or innovative practices – to meet the increasingly complex demands of the city, imposed by other stakeholders: both residents and international bodies now see urban agriculture as a means of responding to the growing significance of urban sustainability. Expectations for local agriculture transcend the function of food production, expanding to include urban planning issues and the creation of spaces for social interaction by and for the city’s inhabitants. These multifaceted objectives demand the transformation of farmland areas located around the outskirts, and the creation of new agricultural spaces within the fabric of the city. This study first addresses the current practices of Lima’s farmers and their weak linkages with the city, before going on to analyze how they have adapted to the expectations placed on them, and resultant effects on both the manner in which urban land is conceptualized and the ways in which unequal power balances can emerge. Municipal policies aspire to integrate the city’s agriculture with urban planning and residents’ quality of life, and must therefore be designed and assessed taking into account local stakeholders’ personal experiences and specific characteristics. / A partir del caso de la ciudad de Lima, esta tesis se interesa en las repuestas de los productores agropecuarios de la ciudad frente a la reestructuración de funciones de la agricultura urbana: en un contexto de fuertes presiones de la ciudad, la capital peruana muestra una actitud ambivalente en lo que se refiere a la actividad agropecuaria, entre la indiferencia y la formulación de nuevas necesidades. Siguiendo una línea reflexiva que combina la geografía social, el estudio de las relaciones ciudad-campo y el rol de la naturaleza en la ciudad; la investigación se centra en identificar las capacidades de los productores – en términos de recursos disponibles y de prácticas – para cumplir demandas urbanas cada vez más complejas, que provienen de actores externos a la actividad (tanto de los habitantes como de organizaciones internacionales que ven en la agricultura urbana una repuesta a la exigencia de la sostenibilidad urbana). Las expectativas alrededor de una agricultura de proximidad van más allá de su función de producir alimentos al integrar las problemáticas relacionadas al ordenamiento del territorio urbano y a la creación de espacios de sociabilidad por y para los habitantes de la ciudad. Estas expectativas implican una transformación de los espacios agropecuarios ubicados en las periferias, y la creación de nuevos territorios agrícolas dentro de la mancha urbana. De un lado, analizamos las prácticas de los productores limeños y sus vínculos débiles con la ciudad; y de otro lado, estudiamos las apropiaciones de las demandas de los productores et las consecuencias en la construcción territorial metropolitana así como en la creación de relaciones de poderes desiguales. Las políticas públicas de la ciudad aspiran a una integración de la agricultura urbana con el ordenamiento territorial urbano y la calidad de vida de los habitantes, por lo que no pueden ser pensadas sin tomar en cuenta las historias y las particularidades de los actores locales.

Mit einer Bevölkerung von 6,8 Millionen Menschen gehört der Großraum Hyderabad zu den am schnellsten wachsenden städtischen Agglomerationen Südindiens. Das zentrale Thema dieser Dissertation ist die Erforschung der Zusammenhänge zwischen der fortschreitenden Urbanisierung und dem strukturellen Wandel in der peri-urbanen Landwirtschaft im Großraum dieser Megacity Darüber hinaus ist die Erforschung der Sichtweisen und Einstellung der Landwirte zum Thema Nachhaltigkeit für die Arbeit von herausragendem Interesse: z.B., welche Bedeutung hat die Auswahl des Anbausystems auf die Wahl der Anpassungsstrategien? In einer umfassenden Literaturübersicht zum Thema Urbanisierung und peri-urbane Landwirtschaft werden verschiedene Theorien dahingehend analysiert, welche Aussagen sich zu den Auswirkungen der Urbanisierung auf die peri-urbane Landwirtschaft treffen lassen. Wichtige Einflussfaktoren des sich vollziehenden strukturellen Wandels werden herausgearbeitet und die gängigsten Anpassungsmaßnahmen der peri-urbanen Farmer (z.B. zusätzlicher Einsatz von Familienarbeitskräften oder Wechsel in die Nebenerwerbslandwirtschaft), sowie der damit verbundenen Umweltauswirkungen vorgestellt und erklärt. Zudem wird Fragen nachgegangen, wie sich mehr oder weniger nachhaltige Entscheidungen erklären lassen, welche Rolle bei der Umstellung auf nachhaltige Praktiken der Landwirtschaft die Nutzung sozialer Netzwerke wie Familie und Nachbarschaft oder die Mitgliedschaft in bäuerlichen Organisationen spielen. Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass infolge der ökologischen Umstellung sich intensivere Kooperationen (collective action) ergaben, die wiederum in Konsequenz sowohl ökologische als auch soziale Nachhaltigkeit förderten. Dies bestätigt die theoretische Annahme, dass wirksame gesellschaftliche Beteiligungen Schlüsselfunktionen für soziale Innovationen darstellen, die zukünftige Politikgestaltung in den Randgebieten von Hyderabad beeinflussen könnten. / This thesis explores the ramifications of rapid urbanization on food production in the urban periphery of Greater Hyderabad Area, Southern city of India. In addition this dissertations unpack the wider questions related understanding of sustainability and sustainable farming by the agricultural actors in the urban periphery. The literature review draws attention to the various theories, concepts and pathways of change across the globe. The results particularly focusing on the Indian context indicate that in peri-urban farming along with the increasing cost of production there is associated environmental impacts.To lower these costs, farmers also expanded family labour and resorted to part time farming. In general current developments in the land use of agriculturists indicate an unsustainable use of natural resources where small farms are disappearing and medium size farms are increasing. Also, there is much emphasis on understanding the farmers’ prioritization about the three dimensions of sustainability. Findings reveal that majority of them prioritized the economic criteria rather than environmental and social, where the social sustainability perhaps faded out in the urban peripheries. These results explains the completely different understanding (connotation as well as association) of the term sustainability in this dynamic setting. In the end this dissertation has found that ecological challenge procured community (collective action) and thus prompted environmental sustainability as well as social sustainability confirming the theoretical claim that collective action and effective community participation are core elements of social innovation which might help to shape future politics in Hyderabad’s urban fringes.

In this study I explore the social organization of community gardening in Toronto. I have done this by: exploring (a) the experiences of community garden coordinators hired by non-profit organizations do to improve poor Torontonians’ access to food, and how this work occurs within and is affected by the larger framework of (b) the City of Toronto’s Community Gardens Program. This inquiry was carried out using institutional ethnography, with data collection occurring through open-ended interviews with garden coordinators and the analysis of non-profit and municipal documents. The results of the study are that garden coordinator’s work to improve access to food for poor Torontonians is at odds with the municipal understanding of community gardens and park space existing to attract economic investment to Toronto via “creative professionals.”

In this study I explore the social organization of community gardening in Toronto. I have done this by: exploring (a) the experiences of community garden coordinators hired by non-profit organizations do to improve poor Torontonians’ access to food, and how this work occurs within and is affected by the larger framework of (b) the City of Toronto’s Community Gardens Program. This inquiry was carried out using institutional ethnography, with data collection occurring through open-ended interviews with garden coordinators and the analysis of non-profit and municipal documents. The results of the study are that garden coordinator’s work to improve access to food for poor Torontonians is at odds with the municipal understanding of community gardens and park space existing to attract economic investment to Toronto via “creative professionals.”

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

Submitted by Lya Cynthia Porto de Oliveira (lyaporto2@gmail.com) on 2017-05-03T19:54:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_versão final Lya Porto.pdf: 3209120 bytes, checksum: fd5167613279caef5406707cbc1a2182 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-05-03T20:15:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_versão final Lya Porto.pdf: 3209120 bytes, checksum: fd5167613279caef5406707cbc1a2182 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-03T20:19:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_versão final Lya Porto.pdf: 3209120 bytes, checksum: fd5167613279caef5406707cbc1a2182 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-14 / This thesis deals with an analysis of different Urban Agriculture (UA) models of public action. The theoretical model adopted is the cognitive analysis of public action, based on Pierre Muller and Yves Surel, and the actor-network theory by Bruno Latour. The purpose of the thesis is to understand the relationship dynamics between ideas, organizations, networks of action and results in the field of UA public action. The results are understood as basic services for Urban Agriculture, that were defined according to the literature analysis in this field, and it can be offered by state and/or civil society organizations. Based on the literature review of 21 different cities, four different types of public action were identified. These types are formed by the intersection of modes of action of civil society and local government, and they have been termed as 'Marginal', 'Emerging', 'Society-driven', and 'State-driven'. To further understand each type of Urban Agriculture public action, it was carried out a multiple case study with three units of analysis, based on different types of public action. The municipality of São Paulo was selected to further understand the 'Emergent' type, to understand more broadly the 'Society-driven' type, it was selected the City of Montreal and, finally, the municipality of Toronto was chosen to better understand the 'State-driven' type. The research methodology is qualitative and more than 80 semi-structured interviews were carried out, besides document analysis, field visits and participant observation in gardens, political and social meetings of Urban Agriculture. The research demonstrates that, although UA started from different ideas and actions in each municipality, they have become increasingly similar and have mobilized actions in different sectors: community, social, economic and state. The forms of institutionalization of these ideas have also become more homogeneous and tend to be directed to the model of Toronto, where there is greater state support for Urban Agriculture. The results of public action, however, depend on both government actions and civil society. Thus, the municipalities of Montreal and Toronto have good structures for basic services directed to UA. Montreal achieved it due to its strong civil society, and Toronto due to its combination of governmental and non-governmental actions. However, while the city of Montreal needs better planning for this field, Toronto's public management needs to step up some actions to increase food productivity. The city of São Paulo has institutions and civil society under construction, and, although it has increased the structures for basic services directed to Urban Agriculture, it still presents different failures in some specific services. / Esta tese de doutorado trata de uma análise de diferentes modelos de ação pública de Agricultura Urbana (AU) em contextos distintos. O modelo teórico utilizado é a análise cognitiva da ação pública, de Pierre Muller e Yves Surel, e a teoria do ator-rede de Bruno Latour. O objetivo é compreender as dinâmicas da relação entre ideias, organizações, redes de ação e resultados no campo da ação pública de AU. Os resultados são compreendidos como serviços básicos para a Agricultura Urbana, definidos de acordo com uma análise da literatura do campo, podendo ser oferecidos por organizações estatais e/ou da sociedade civil. Com base na revisão da literatura de 21 cidades diferentes, foram identificados quatro tipos de ação pública distintos. Esses tipos são formados por meio da combinação dos modos de ação da sociedade civil e do governo local, e foram denominados como 'Marginal', 'Emergente', 'Societal' e 'Estatal'. Com o objetivo de aprofundar a compreensão de cada tipo de ação pública de Agricultura Urbana, foi realizado um estudo de caso múltiplo com três unidades de análise, que seguem tipos de ação pública diferentes. O município de São Paulo foi selecionado para aprofundar o tipo 'Emergente', o município de Montreal para aprofundar o tipo 'Societal' e o município de Toronto para compreender em melhor profundidade o tipo 'Estatal'. A metodologia da pesquisa é qualitativa e ao todo foram realizadas mais de 80 entrevistas semiestruturadas, além de análise de documentos, visitas de campo e observação participante em hortas, encontros políticos e sociais de Agricultura Urbana. A pesquisa demonstra que, embora a AU tenha partido de ideias e ações distintas em cada município, elas têm se tornado cada vez mais homogêneas e têm mobilizado ações em rede em diferentes setores: comunitário, social, econômico e estatal. As formas de institucionalização dessas ideias também têm se tornado mais semelhantes e tendem a ser direcionadas ao modelo do município de Toronto, onde há maior apoio estatal para a Agricultura Urbana. Os resultados da ação pública, porém, dependem tanto de ações governamentais como da sociedade civil. Assim, os municípios de Montreal e Toronto têm boas estruturas de serviços básicos para AU. Montreal pelo fato de ter fortes ações da sociedade civil e Toronto pela combinação entre ações governamentais e não-governamentais. Porém, enquanto o município de Montreal necessita de melhores planejamentos para esse campo, a gestão pública de Toronto necessita intensificar suas ações para aumentar a produtividade de alimentos na cidade. Já o município de São Paulo, pelo fato de ter instituições e sociedade civil em construção, ascendeu muito nas estruturas de serviços básicos para a Agricultura Urbana, porém ainda apresenta muitas falhas em alguns serviços específicos.