Stadsodling har allt oftare börjat påtalas i städers styrdokument, till exempel Stockholms stad, som en strategi för att främja social och ekologisk stadsutveckling. Familjebostäder, ett av Stockholms allmännyttiga bostadsföretag har vidare fått som verksamhetsdirektiv att arbeta med stadsodling i sin verksamhet. Genom en kvalitativ studie av tre av Familjebostäders bostadsgårdar, där en stadsodling har startats på en av gårdarna, undersöks boendes möjligheter att odla. Detta konkretiseras i hur stadsodling på innergårdar kan skapa sociala mervärden för brukarna och bidra till ekologiska värden på/i gården, som en del av stadens övergripande grönstruktur. Studien undersöker även åtgärdsbehov och utvecklingsmöjligheter för Familjebostäders arbete med planering och förvaltning av sina innegårdar framöver. Underlaget till studien utgörs av en litteraturstudie, fallstudie och intervjuer som en del av fallstudien. Totalt har 33 semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med två särskilt sakkunniga inom stadsodling, fyra tjänstepersoner från Familjebostäder och 27 boende, varav fem stycken är brukare av stadsodlingen. Studien visar att hyresgäster kan involveras i odling på sin gård genom att initiativet till odling kommer antingen centralt, organiserat av förvaltaren, eller att initiativet kommer från de boende själva, vilket förutsätter att förvaltaren kan bemöta sådana initiativ. De ekosystemtjänster som odling kan skapa på gårdar, är främst kulturella - men även till viss del stödjande och reglerande ekosystemtjänster. Organisatoriskt sett kan Familjebostäder i sin verksamhet systematisk arbeta med att inkludera boende i frågor som handlar om deras utemiljö i allmänhet och stadsodling i synnerhet, både i ett kortsiktigt och långsiktigt perspektiv. Slutligen bidrar studien till en slutsats och diskussion om hur brukarmedverkan i boendes närmiljö och odling kan bidra till social aktivitet och som en målpunkt på gården. Gårdar som är interaktiva upplevs som trivsamma av sina hyresgäster, leder till möten mellan grannar och främjar ekosystemtjänster och biologisk mångfald i allmänhet. Av de tre studerade gårdarna har gårdens struktur visat på vissa skillnader i de boendes intresse för att odla. / Urban agriculture has begun to be mentioned much more frequently in city policies as a strategy for striving towards socially and ecologically sustainable cities, with the city of Stockholm being one example. Familjebostäder, one of Stockholm’s municipal housing agencies, have furthered this by starting a directive which will implement urban agriculture into their organisation. This study has been conducted through a qualitative assessment of three of Familjebostäder’s innergardens, one of which has already had urban agriculture recently started. The focus of the study is to assess how urban agriculture on such innergardens can spur social values for users and contribute to ecological values for the yard/ shared space as part of the city’s green infrastructure. The study will also explore how Familjebostäder can be more proactive with their implementation of urban agriculture in the organisation, and integrate it with the execution and maintenance of their yards. The execution of the study consists of a literary review and case studies comprising of interviews. In total, there were 33 semi-structured interviews conducted, two of which were carried out with interviewees who have expansive knowledge surrounding urban agriculture, four representatives from Familjebostäder and 27 tenants, five of whom are currently using the garden. What the study shows is that tenants can be involved in urban gardening in their yard, whether the initiative comes from the housing organisation or whether the tenants themselves take their own initiative. The latter requires that the housing organisation can meet and enable initiatives of that kind. Ecosystem services that can be generated, in this context, are mainly cultural ecosystem services but also to some extent supporting and regulating ecosystem services. Seen from an organisational perspective, Familjebostäder can systematically improve how tenants can get involved and engaged with their courtyard and urban agriculture both in the short and long term. To conclude, the outcome of the study forms a discussion about how co-creation of the local outdoor space management and gardening can become a point of interest and a central social activity between neighbours. An interactive outdoor environment creates a space perceived as pleasant by their tenants and of which support ecosystem services and biodiversity in general. The typology of the housing and the three respective courtyards has shown that there is some variance in tenant interest of starting agricultural activities.

Global food production has been recognized as the single largest driver of environmental degradation and transgression of planetary boundaries. Providing healthy food sustainably to a growing, mostly urban population will require radical changes to the food system. Indoor urban agriculture has been proposed as a promising alternative that reduces the distance between farm and fork, provides fresh quality food shortly after harvest, efficiently uses space by vertical expansion, and enables year-round cultivation protected by weather variations and climate deregulation. The development of indoor urban agriculture has traditionally manifested as verti- cal hydroponic systems cultivating leafy greens, but the interest in urban mushroom farming has lately been rising, both in Sweden and internationally. However, a knowledge gap on the environmental impacts of these systems hampers the possi- bility to develop them sustainably. This study aims to fill this gap by conducting an attributional cradle-to-market life cycle assessment of a theoretical urban under- ground oyster mushroom farm in Stockholm. Per kg packaged and delivered grey oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), the potential environmental impacts were estimated as the following - climate change: 2.45 kg CO2-eq, freshwater eutrophication: 6.76E-04 kg P-eq, fossils: 80 MJ, dissipated water: 3.29 m3 water-eq, and land use: 149 points. For the investigated impact categories the findings suggest that the three main environmental hotspots, in descending order, in general, are the farm’s electricity requirement, especially for fossils and dissipated water, the substrate materials, which is largely contributing to the land use impact, and the PET packaging of the final product, particularly for climate change and freshwater eutrophication. The results indicate that the cooling load for fruiting represents the majority of the farm’s electricity consumption. The spawn and wheat straw are the main contributors to the substrate mixture’s impact, and regarding climate iii change, the transportation by truck of the spawn and wheat straw pellets are im- portant factors. The life cycle of the PET packaging boxes and the PE growing bags have an especially important climate change contribution due to their production, transportation, and waste incineration.  By indicating which processes, energy, and material flows most contribute to urban underground oyster mushroom farming’s environmental impact, this study gives insights on improvement priorities and help steer the sector towards ecologically sustainable development. To guide ecodesign, future studies should explore and assess the environmental implications of different options, such as substrate materials, substrate preparation methods, packaging materials, and the reuse of different urban residues. / Global livsmedelsproduktion har erkänts som den enskilt största drivkraften bakommiljöförstöring och  överskridandet av planetens gränser. Att hållbart tillgodosehälsosam mat till en växande, mestadels urban befolkning kommer att kräva radikalaförändringar av livsmedelsystemet. Urban inomhusodling föreslås som ett lovande alternativ som året om, skyddat mot vädervariationer och klimatförändringar förser färska livsmedel kort efter skörd, minskar avståndet mellan produktion och konsumption och effektivt utnyttjar yta genom vertikal expansion. Utvecklingen av urban inomhusodling har traditionellt manifesterats som vertikala hydroponiskaodlingssystem av bladgrönsaker och örter, men på senare tid har intresset för stadsodling av svamp ökat, både i Sverige och internationellt. En kunskapslucka om dessa systems miljöpåverkan hämmar dock möjligheten att utveckla dessa på ett hållbart vis. Den här studien syftar till att fylla denna lucka genom att genomföra en bokföringsbaserad livscykelanalys från vagga-till-marknad av en teoretisk underjordisk stadsodling av ostronskivling i Stockholm. Per kg förpackad och leverera dostronskivling (Pleurotus ostreatus ), uppskattas den potentiella miljöpåverkan som följande klimatavtryck: 2,45 kg CO2-eq, sötvattensövergödning: 6,76E-04 kg P-eq, fossila resurser: 80 MJ, vattenanvändning: 3,29 m3 vatten-eq, och markanvändning: 149 poäng. För de fem undersökta miljökategorierna tyder resultatet på att de tre största bidragsfaktorerna, generellt och i fallande ordning är stadsodlingens elbehov, i synnerhet för fossila resurser och vattenanvändning, substratmixen,framförallt rörande markanvändning, och PET-förpackningen för slutprodukten, speciellt gällandes klimatpåverkan och sötvattensövergödning. Resultatet indikerar att kylbehovet under fruktifikationen står för huvuddelen av odlingsystemets elförbrukning. Myceliet och vetehalmen är de främsta bidragarna till substratmixens miljöpåverkan, och gällande klimatavtryck är transporten via lastbil av mycelieti och vetehalmpelletsen viktiga faktorer. Livscykeln för PET-förpackningen och PE-odlingspåsarna har ett särskilt viktigt bidrag till produktens klimatpåverkan på grund av deras produktion, transport och avfallsförbränning. Sammanfattningsvis kan denna studie, genom att indikera vilka processer, energi-och materialflöden som mest bidrar till miljöpåverkan av underjordisk stadsodling av ostronskivling, belysa prioriteringsomr ̊aden och därmed styra sektorn mot enekologiskt hållbar utveckling. F ̈or att vägleda ekodesign bör framtida studier belysa miljökonsekvenserna av olika alternativ så som substratmaterial, substratberedningsme-toder och förpackningsmaterial samt återanvändning av olika urbana avfallsflöden.

Humans are simultaneously facing challenges as climate change, epidemics and scarcity of food and water. It is estimated that by 2021 over 690 million of people will face hunger; by 2050 the global population will increase up to 10 billion with 68% of the population living in urban areas. By providing 30% of self-sufficient food in 2030, urban agriculture will be a practical concept to face these challenges. The work studies the role of agricultural land as a critical part for a resilient city. Parameters related to food production are also explored. As study case, this work aims to investigate the current food security of the Ho Chi Minh city (HCMC), offering productive green solutions at different scales from land-use planning, urban design to green roofs. For a production of 6.7 kg/day of vegetables a day, the costs of are approximately $10,000 for nearly 5.6 square meters of land; this points out A-Go-Gro technology as an effective measure for vertical farming. For example, 0.18 ha of green space can produce 2 tons of vegetables per day in the Lake View settlement (district 2 in HCMC). Moreover, due to green roofs, stormwater volumes directed into the sewer system are decreased by 65% and the penetration of electromagnetic radiation is reduced by 99.4%. / Loài người đang đồng thời đối mặt với những thách thức như biến đổi khí hậu, dịch bệnh, khan hiếm thực phẩm và nước. Ước tính đến năm 2021 có hơn 690 triệu người đói và đến năm 2050 dân số toàn cầu tăng lên gần 10 tỷ người, với 68% sống ở khu vực thành thị. Được sử dụng để tự cung tự cấp 30% lương thực vào năm 2030, nông nghiệp đô thị là một khái niệm hiệu quả cho những thách thức. Bài báo là nghiên cứu đất nông nghiệp như một phần quan trọng cho một thành phố có khả năng phục hồi. Các thông số liên quan đến sản xuất lương thực được nghiên cứu. Bài báo cũng tìm hiểu an ninh lương thực của thành phố Hồ Chí Minh hiện nay. Hơn nữa, bài báo đưa ra các giải pháp phủ xanh hiệu quả trên các quy mô khác từ quy hoạch sử dụng đất, thiết kế đô thị đến mái nhà xanh tại các hộ gia đình. Với chi phí 10.000 USD và gần 5,6 mét vuông đất trồng 6,7 kg rau mỗi ngày, công nghệ A-Go-Gro là một biện pháp hữu hiệu cho canh tác theo chiều dọc. Như vậy 0,18 ha không gian xanh có thể sản xuất 2 tấn rau mỗi ngày tại khu dân cư Lake View ở quận 2. Hơn nữa, bằng cách làm mái nhà xanh, nước mưa giảm đến 65% vào hệ thống cống và sự xâm nhập bức xạ điện từ giảm 99,4%.

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This thesis makes the connection between urban agriculture and a specific suite of ecosystem services and lays out a typology and toolkit for planners to take advantage of these ecosystem services. The services investigated here are: food production, water management, soil health, biodiversity, climate mitigation, and community development benefits. Research from a variety of fields was aggregated and synthesized to prove that urban agriculture can be beneficial for human as well as environmental health. A set of urban agriculture typologies was generated to illustrate best practices to maximize a particular set of ecosystem services. The typologies are: production farm, stormwater garden, soil-building garden, habitat garden, climate mitigation farm, cultural/educational garden, and ecosystem garden. Each typology was paired with a precedent study to demonstrate how that typology might be realized in the real world. Finally, a toolkit for planners was assembled to demonstrate some tools and techniques that planners might use to implement urban agriculture as a strategy for providing ecosystem services. Planners can utilize the toolkit to insert themselves into the urban ecosystem at multiple scales in a creative way to apply best practices and urban agriculture typologies in order to take advantage of the multiple benefits of urban agriculture.

L’agriculture intra et périurbaine est pratiquée dans la région urbaine de Dakar au Sénégal. Cependant, elle fait face à certaines menaces entraînant une réduction de ses espaces. Ce qui suscite la question de savoir l’importance qui serait accordée à ces espaces agricoles dans le contexte dakarois. La présente recherche vise ainsi à mieux comprendre ce phénomène. Dans ce cadre, le concept de multifonctionnalité a été adopté. Ce dernier postule que la reconnaissance de l’agriculture passe par celle des multiples fonctions qu’elle peut jouer au sein de la société. Ces dernières peuvent être d’ordre social, économique et environnemental. De plus, l’approche normative de ce concept a été adoptée posant que la multifonctionnalité de l’agriculture d’un territoire est fonction des enjeux territoriaux locaux. Donc elle ne peut être uniforme pour tous les territoires. Or ce concept a été plus utilisé dans des contextes occidentaux de sorte qu’il a été jugé « eurocentré ». Notre objectif était donc de d’explorer sous un angle particulier la multifonctionnalité de l’agriculture intra et périurbaine de Dakar, région urbaine d’un pays en développement. Dans ce cadre, nous nous sommes intéressée au concept de valeurs qui permet d’avoir une portée plus large des rôles que cette agriculture pourrait jouer. Pour y arriver, nous avons adopté un cadre théorique qui puise des champs de l’économie, des études paysagères, de l’écologie et de la géographie. L’objectif étant double : saisir les valeurs accordées à l’agriculture de Dakar, mais également comprendre le contexte d’émergence et de construction de ces valeurs afin de mieux comprendre ce phénomène d’évolution de l’agriculture. Notre approche devait donc également être multiacteur, car, dans l’approche normative de la multifonctionnalité, l’acteur agricole n’est plus le principal concerné par l’agriculture, mais tous les acteurs du territoire. En effet, la valeur de cette agriculture serait appréciée à partir des valeurs qu’elle représente pour l’ensemble des acteurs. Nos résultats nous ont montré que les acteurs urbains portent des valeurs qui apparaissent différentes selon leur lien avec ces espaces. Mais l’unanimité existe sur certaines valeurs de nature alimentaire et économique. Toutefois, de nouvelles valeurs de nature environnementale, esthétique et immatérielle apparaissent alors qu’elles étaient jusqu’ici peu mises de l’avant comme valeurs prioritaires dans le cadre de la multifonctionnalité d’une ville du Sud. Un autre élément déterminant des résultats est la compréhension des composantes du paysage ou le contexte d’émergence des valeurs. Ce contexte met en avant à la fois des éléments positifs, négatifs et ambivalents vis-à-vis de l’agriculture. Ainsi, les acteurs agricoles semblent plus évoquer les composantes positives tandis que d’autres acteurs tels que les techniciens et les citoyens évoquent plus des contraintes ou composantes négatives de nature foncière. / Intra- and peri-urban agriculture is practiced in the urban region of Dakar in Senegal. However, it faces some threats resulting in a reduction of its spaces. This raises the question of the importance that would be given to these agricultural areas in the Dakar context. This research aims to better understand this phenomenon. Within this framework, the concept of multifunctionality has been adopted. The latter postulates that the recognition of agriculture goes through that of the multiple functions that it can play within society. These can be social, economic and environmental. In addition, the normative approach of this concept has been adopted, positing that the multifunctionality of agriculture in a territory depends on local territorial issues. So it cannot be uniform for all territories. However, this concept has been used more in Western contexts so that it has been deemed “Eurocentric”. Our objective was therefore to explore from a particular angle the multifunctionality of intra- and peri-urban agriculture in Dakar, an urban region of a developing country. In this context, we are interested in the concept of values which allows us to have a broader scope of the roles that this agriculture could play. To achieve this, we have adopted a theoretical framework that draws from the fields of economics, landscape studies, ecology and geography. The objective is twofold: to grasp the values given to agriculture in Dakar, but also to understand the context of the emergence and construction of these values in order to better understand this phenomenon of the evolution of agriculture. Our approach should therefore also be multi-actor, because, in the normative approach of multifunctionality, the agricultural actor is no longer the main one concerned by agriculture, but all the actors of the territory. Indeed, the value of this agriculture would be assessed on the basis of the values it represents for all the actors. Our results have shown us that urban actors carry values that appear different depending on their link with these spaces. But there is unanimity on certain food and economic values. However, new values of an environmental, aesthetic and immaterial nature appear whereas they were hitherto little put forward as priority values within the framework of the multifunctionality of a city of the South. Another determining element of the results is the understanding of the components of the landscape or the context in which the values emerge. This context highlights both positive, negative and ambivalent elements vis-à-vis agriculture. Thus, agricultural actors seem to evoke more positive components while other actors such as technicians and citizens evoke more constraints or negative components of a land nature.

This study examines the integration of urban agriculture into smart cities in the Netherlands, with an emphasis on stakeholder roles and the institutional environment. The study investigates the complex interaction between local governments, businesses, academic institutions, community groups, and residents using the theoretical frameworks of Scott's institutional theory, stakeholder salience theory, and Moore's business ecosystem theory. The study uses semi-structured interviews with important stakeholders to identify each group's power, legitimacy, and urgency, as well as to investigate their relationships and collaboration. Key findings show that local governments play an important role in regulatory support, land use facilitation, and financial incentives, whereas businesses promote technological innovation and economic viability. Academic institutions make significant contributions to research and technological developments, while community groups promote social sustainability and local participation. Residents, as end users, affect urban agriculture by their engagement and demand. Institutional barriers such as regulatory hurdles, financial constraints, and cultural resistance hinder the integration of urban agriculture. Supportive policies, financial incentives, community engagement, and educational initiatives have been stated as crucial facilitators. To address these barriers, the study underlines the importance of streamlining regulatory processes, developing comprehensive food strategies, and increasing public awareness. Urban agriculture can be successfully integrated into smart city frameworks by leveraging the collaborative potential of varying stakeholders and building a supportive institutional environment. This integration fosters sustainable urban development, improves community well-being, and addresses food security, environmental management, and social cohesion issues. The study offers practical recommendations for policymakers and practitioners to build resilient, innovative, and inclusive urban ecosystems, adding valuable insights to the field of sustainable urban development.

This study evaluated the contribution of urban agriculture (community gardens) to food security in Emfuleni Local Municipality in Gauteng province. The objectives were to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of farmers in urban community gardens; followed by determining contribution of urban community gardens to food security with specific reference to food availability, food accessibility, food utilisation and food stability; evaluating the factors that influence food utilisation of the farmers in urban community gardens and lastly conducting SWOT analysis of urban community gardens. The sample size of 254 farmers was randomly selected from 418 farmers located in 30 urban community gardens in Emfuleni Local Municipality. Furthermore, the study adopted purposive sampling for deliberately selecting one key informant from 30 urban community gardens that participated in the study. Quantitative research approach was employed using a survey design. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured survey questionnaire. Quantitative data was analysed by the use of Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23.0. The analysis included both descriptive (mean, standard deviation, standard error or mean and others) and inferential statistics and table frequency. Qualitative data was analysed using code and themes; and converted into frequencies. The study revealed that there were more females (71.3%) that participated in the community gardens than males (28.7%); only 23.2% of youth (<35 years) participated in community gardens. Majority (59.4%) of respondents spoke Sesotho while majority (53.5%) were not married (single). The main source of income of most (78.7%) respondents was farming activities precisely urban community gardens. The study found that community gardens contribute to food availability with regards to providing freshly produce vegetables, high consumption of vegetables and ensured that families of the beneficiaries ate sufficient vegetables produced from the gardens. Although there is uncertainty among some of the respondents that vegetables produced were not sufficient, only few respondents were concerned. Majority (96.7%) of community gardens produced vegetables for selling and consumption. It was therefore found that, in relation to food accessibility, an average of 47% did not experience anxiety, uncertainty and had consumed sufficient quantities of vegetables from the community gardens. With regards to food utilisation, majority of the respondents were consuming vegetables as a relish whereas others consumed vegetables for various reason such salad, health reasons and others as presented in the results section. On vegetable consumption pattern, it is concluded that gender, age group, level of education, participation period in community gardens, family size, number of family member working, number of working hours in the community garden per day, number of day working in the community garden per month and annual income from community garden influenced vegetables consumption pattern of the respondents (utilisation) in the study area. Coping strategies which were mostly adopted by the respondents to ensure food stability were: reducing vegetable intake to ensure that children ate enough, purchasing of vegetables on credit, reducing vegetables in the daily meals and borrowing money to buy vegetables. Some of the challenges that hindered vegetable production in urban community gardens were theft of garden tools and crops produce, lack of fencing and eating of vegetables by stray animals. / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M. Sc. (Agriculture)