The need and challenge of sustaining industrial beings is a recent phenomenon. Hence the approaches in this regard are not yet profoundly defined to manage the protection and restoration of those beings. In this respect, this thesis searches for an integrated approach for sustaining industrial structures, sites, and landscapes which are typically significant for their heritage value in the urban context. To develop a thematically consolidated integrated framework, the study investigated &lsquo / conceptual&rsquo / , &lsquo / typological&rsquo / , &lsquo / analytical&rsquo / , and &lsquo / operational&rsquo / basis of the subject matter. This is maintained by scrutinizing the practicalities of the (western) countries that have already formulated advanced policies. The conceptual basis of the issue is revealed by examining the changing urban dynamics / the debate over &lsquo / continuity&rsquo / versus &lsquo / change&rsquo / main value typologies of the heritage resources and the process of obsolescence in the life-span of industrial beings. Taxonomy for the structures and spaces that constitute the object matter of the thesis formed the basis of an integral typology. This is supported by the specification of the characteristics of industrial beings and the opportunities they offer in the urban context. Correspondingly, strategic approaches and modes of intervention relevant for the different types of industrial beings are examined. The study exposed the analytical framework by assessing industrial beings according to diversity of functions, basic change of use, spatial scale of the projects, types of intervention and the design approaches. The scope of the issue in Turkey is revealed by identifying the present policy framework in accordance with the legislative and instrumental measures. This is complemented by an inventory for the significant industrial heritage sites. The findings demonstrated the particularity of the problematic in Turkey / the distinctive factors behind the emergence of obsolescence / the extremely divergent attitudes to and interests in obsolete industrial beings, as well as the complexity of the industrial sites. As a final task, the application(s) for the industrial sites along The Golden Horn were investigated. The Golden Horn case has also confirmed that such an integrated approach is required to protect and enhance industrial beings. In this manner the basic components of an integrated program considering the sites in the urban context and as problem areas of urban design are specified.

Transportation is a discussion of the utmost concern in Los Angeles. The automobile poses great detriment to the environment, people’s economic stability, and the health and safety of the community. A conversation that has, however, been absent from the discussion on transportation is the particular cultural and historical significance and value of the automobile to Los Angeles; it has been seldom discussed that the automobile has been extremely influential to the physical character of the city deems it an object worth preserving. Unlike the literature that exists, this thesis specifies and details ways in which the automobile has influenced and continues to influence the urban context and architecture of Los Angeles. Simultaneously, this thesis discusses the means by which the automobile can be preserved and repurposed into an object contributory to the city’s plans for a sustainable future. By the reevaluation and reinterpretation of the car and car culture, the city would be in effect capable of reclaiming its title as the model future city, a title it achieved and also eventually lost during the 20th century in large part because of the automobile. This thesis further contributes to the greater comprehension of the context of Los Angeles and revives a conversation about the city’s potential to be a precedent for other cities.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-06-14T20:01:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Arruda.pdf: 1074808 bytes, checksum: d735f06d96d102b1aa44256ad47f2962 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-14T20:04:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Arruda.pdf: 1074808 bytes, checksum: d735f06d96d102b1aa44256ad47f2962 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research addresses the debate about ecclesiology involving presuppositions that the Methodist paulistana context is not based only on doctrinal emphases of the historical meth-odism, but on an ecclesiology that was consolidated through the preaching of the revealed Word, the social concern of the Methodist movement In England and also on marks of educa-tion as the basis of this ecclesiological identity in the Methodist context. Our general objective is to study and observe Methodist ecclesiology in a missionary perspective in the urban con-text of São Paulo. Our methodology will be given in a comparative way of data subsidized by the chosen churches within their different contexts and ecclesiological proposals. We map data and measure results according to Marconi & Lakatos. We also use periodicals, bulletins and pastoral of bishops of the Methodist Church within the defined period, as well as con-temporary Methodist literature. As a reference of this research trajectory, the starting point for this ecclesiological identity is in the document of the Methodist Church called "Plan for Life and Mission" (PLM), this docu-ment is an orientation for the mission of the Church to be the center of everything that takes place in her community and that "its most important task is to distribute outside the limits of the temple what it has freely received from the Lord" (Canons, 25 art.). It is worth mentioning an ecclesiology that has been prioritized the references of "Gifts and Ministries", which trans-late the marks of a church with representation and voice of the laity, in the construction of a ministerial trajectory. Methodism is committed to the welfare of everyone; Not only spiritual, but also its social aspects. This comprehensive understanding of salvation causes the Method-ists to commit themselves to struggles to eliminate poverty, exploitation and all forms of dis-crimination. Thus, all people - and not just the pastor, the clergy - should develop Church Min-istries (the Universal Priesthood of all Believers). That is why a lay church and its ministerial structure in a missionary perspective. / A pesquisa aqui desenvolvida trata o debate a respeito da eclesiologia, em específico a Eclesiolo-gia Metodista Paulistana, abarcando pressupostos que, no contexto metodista são fundamentados por ênfases não apenas doutrinárias do metodismo histórico, sobretudo, de uma eclesiologia que se consolidou através da pregação da Palavra revelada, da preocupação social oriundo do movi-mento metodista na Inglaterra e também das marcas da educação como base desta identidade eclesiológica no contexto metodista. Nosso objetivo geral é estudar e observar a eclesiologia me-todista numa perspectiva missionária no contexto urbano de São Paulo. Nossa metodologia se dará de forma comparativa de dados subsidiados pelas igrejas escolhidas dentro de seus diferen-tes contextos e propostas eclesiológicas ora praticadas. Mapeamos dados e aferimos resultados conforme referencial de Marconi & Lakatos. Utilizamos também periódicos, boletins e pastorais de Bispos da Igreja Metodista dentro do referido período delimitado, além de literatura metodista contemporânea. Como referencial de uma trajetória de pesquisa, o ponto de partida para essa identidade eclesio-lógica está no documento da Igreja Metodista denominado “Plano para a Vida e Missão” (PVM), este documento é uma orientação para que a missão da Igreja seja o centro de tudo o que ocorre em sua comunidade e que a "sua principal tarefa é repartir fora dos limites do templo o que ela de graça recebe do Senhor" (Cânones, art.25). Há que se destacar, que a Eclesiologia Metodista Pau-listana está primada nos referenciais do projeto “Dons e Ministérios”, que traduzem as marcas de uma igreja com representação e voz dos leigos/as, na construção de uma trajetória ministerial. O metodismo tem compromisso com o bem estar da pessoa total; não só espiritual, mas também seus aspectos sociais. Essa compreensão abrangente da salvação faz com que os Metodistas se comprometam com as lutas que visam eliminar a pobreza, a exploração e toda forma de discrimi-nação. Assim, todas as pessoas - e não somente o pastor ou pastora, o clérigo/a - devem desen-volver os Ministérios da Igreja (Sacerdócio Universal de todos os Crentes). Por isso, uma igreja leiga e sua estruturação ministerial numa perspectiva missionária.

Este é um estudo etnomusicológico sobre as narrativas sônicas de uma Cohab, conjunto habitacional popular da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre/RS. Tais narrativas emergem das intersubjetividades de uma pesquisa etnográfica de rua e da escuta com o objetivo de compreender como seus habitantes interpretam a dimensão sônica e como ela dinamiza suas experiências urbanas. Dialogando com as tendências mais recentes dos Sound Studies, desde uma escala etnográfica do local ao “fora da norma”, discuto como a multiplicidade e a intensidade sonora vividas localmente estão imbricadas em narrativas globais em favor de uma diversidade cultural, retomando e gerando constrangimentos e conflitos nesse cenário popular urbano. Seguindo percursos dentro dessa multiplicidade, acompanho como a produção musical de rappers testemunha o cotidiano da cidade, descortinando conflagrações urbanas entre as escalas micro e macrossocial. Ao apontar um ethos sônico cohabeiro, busco transcender propostas teóricas anteriores com relação à esfera sonora e dialogar com aquelas mais contemporâneas da Etnomusicologia. / This is an ethnomusicological study on sonic narratives in a working class neighbourhood in the greater Porto Alegre area, Southern Brazil. These narratives arise from the intersubjectivities of a street ethnography aiming to understand how social actors listen to and interpret the sonic dimension and how it streamlines their urban experiences. In line with the latest trends of Sound Studies from an ethnographic scale of the local to the “awkward”, I discuss how the locals’ sonic multiplicity and intensity are embedded in global narratives in favor of a cultural diversity that resumes and generates constraints and conflicts in that urban scenario. Among this multiplicity, I followed rappers’ musical production that testifies the daily life of the city unveiling urban conflagrations. By pointing a “cohabeiro” sonic ethos, I intend to transcend previous theoretical propositions related to the sound level by itself and to dialogue with those more contemporaneous ethnomusicological perspectives.

Este é um estudo etnomusicológico sobre as narrativas sônicas de uma Cohab, conjunto habitacional popular da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre/RS. Tais narrativas emergem das intersubjetividades de uma pesquisa etnográfica de rua e da escuta com o objetivo de compreender como seus habitantes interpretam a dimensão sônica e como ela dinamiza suas experiências urbanas. Dialogando com as tendências mais recentes dos Sound Studies, desde uma escala etnográfica do local ao “fora da norma”, discuto como a multiplicidade e a intensidade sonora vividas localmente estão imbricadas em narrativas globais em favor de uma diversidade cultural, retomando e gerando constrangimentos e conflitos nesse cenário popular urbano. Seguindo percursos dentro dessa multiplicidade, acompanho como a produção musical de rappers testemunha o cotidiano da cidade, descortinando conflagrações urbanas entre as escalas micro e macrossocial. Ao apontar um ethos sônico cohabeiro, busco transcender propostas teóricas anteriores com relação à esfera sonora e dialogar com aquelas mais contemporâneas da Etnomusicologia. / This is an ethnomusicological study on sonic narratives in a working class neighbourhood in the greater Porto Alegre area, Southern Brazil. These narratives arise from the intersubjectivities of a street ethnography aiming to understand how social actors listen to and interpret the sonic dimension and how it streamlines their urban experiences. In line with the latest trends of Sound Studies from an ethnographic scale of the local to the “awkward”, I discuss how the locals’ sonic multiplicity and intensity are embedded in global narratives in favor of a cultural diversity that resumes and generates constraints and conflicts in that urban scenario. Among this multiplicity, I followed rappers’ musical production that testifies the daily life of the city unveiling urban conflagrations. By pointing a “cohabeiro” sonic ethos, I intend to transcend previous theoretical propositions related to the sound level by itself and to dialogue with those more contemporaneous ethnomusicological perspectives.

Este é um estudo etnomusicológico sobre as narrativas sônicas de uma Cohab, conjunto habitacional popular da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre/RS. Tais narrativas emergem das intersubjetividades de uma pesquisa etnográfica de rua e da escuta com o objetivo de compreender como seus habitantes interpretam a dimensão sônica e como ela dinamiza suas experiências urbanas. Dialogando com as tendências mais recentes dos Sound Studies, desde uma escala etnográfica do local ao “fora da norma”, discuto como a multiplicidade e a intensidade sonora vividas localmente estão imbricadas em narrativas globais em favor de uma diversidade cultural, retomando e gerando constrangimentos e conflitos nesse cenário popular urbano. Seguindo percursos dentro dessa multiplicidade, acompanho como a produção musical de rappers testemunha o cotidiano da cidade, descortinando conflagrações urbanas entre as escalas micro e macrossocial. Ao apontar um ethos sônico cohabeiro, busco transcender propostas teóricas anteriores com relação à esfera sonora e dialogar com aquelas mais contemporâneas da Etnomusicologia. / This is an ethnomusicological study on sonic narratives in a working class neighbourhood in the greater Porto Alegre area, Southern Brazil. These narratives arise from the intersubjectivities of a street ethnography aiming to understand how social actors listen to and interpret the sonic dimension and how it streamlines their urban experiences. In line with the latest trends of Sound Studies from an ethnographic scale of the local to the “awkward”, I discuss how the locals’ sonic multiplicity and intensity are embedded in global narratives in favor of a cultural diversity that resumes and generates constraints and conflicts in that urban scenario. Among this multiplicity, I followed rappers’ musical production that testifies the daily life of the city unveiling urban conflagrations. By pointing a “cohabeiro” sonic ethos, I intend to transcend previous theoretical propositions related to the sound level by itself and to dialogue with those more contemporaneous ethnomusicological perspectives.

This master s dissertation refers to a research in Visual Poetics/Art and Technology whose interest lies in the creation of urban interventions and their artistic derivations through actions and objects projected by analog and digital resources, which intend to establish relations of contagion with the context of insertion. As accounts in a possible arrangement, the text is characterised by the distribution of artistic propositions in accordance with topics covered in three chapters. Such an approach begins with a discussion of elements that are fundamental and leading of actions in the city, where contagion is circumscribed in the quality of operating concept linked to site-specific procedures. The process of realisation of the artistic procedures follows premises of the cartographic method and of the principles of poietic as from a trajectory that pervades philosophical remarks on the diagram, the encounter, and the combination. Subsequently, considerations are developed regarding the urban milieu and the practices that take the everyday as their field of action, connected to the actions produced during this research. Besides routines of observation on the street, of emphatic link with the photographic register, the object as a tridimensional category in visual arts is explored and highlights a way of constructing through projections on digital graphic softwares so that they are, in some cases, materialised and installed in architectural monuments in the urbe. As a result of the research, eight propositions in art are presented, which comprehend the usage of different technical resources, being these anchored on frameworks and references that take as their problems the ethical-aesthetic usage of language, the crossing of several places, and the art implied in the social-political sphere. / A presente dissertação de mestrado refere-se a uma pesquisa em Poéticas Visuais / Arte e Tecnologia cujo interesse está na criação de intervenções urbanas e suas derivações artísticas por meio de ações e objetos projetados com recursos analógicos e digitais, os quais buscam estabelecer relações de contágio com o contexto de inserção. Como relatos em um arranjo possível, o texto caracteriza-se pela distribuição de propostas artísticas conforme assuntos destacados em três capítulos. Tal abordagem se inicia por uma discussão dos elementos basilares e condutores das ações na cidade, em que se delimita o contágio na qualidade de conceito operatório vinculado a procedimentos site specific. O processo de realização das propostas artísticas segue premissas do método cartográfico e dos princípios da poiética a partir de um trajeto que perpassa apontamentos filosóficos sobre o diagrama, o encontro e a combinação. Em seguida, desenvolvem-se considerações acerca do meio urbano e das práticas que tomam o cotidiano como campo de atuação, atreladas às ações produzidas durante a pesquisa em questão. Além de serem executadas rotinas de pontuações na rua, de enfático vínculo com o registro fotográfico, o objeto, enquanto categoria tridimensional das artes visuais, é explorado e destaca um modo de construção mediante projeções em aplicativos gráficos digitais para, em alguns casos, serem materializados e instalados sobre dados arquitetônicos da urbe. Como resultado da pesquisa, são apresentadas oito proposições em arte as quais compreendem o uso de diferentes recursos técnicos, estes ancorados por aportes e referenciais que tomam como problemas o uso ético-estético da linguagem, o atravessamento de lugares diversos e a arte implicada no âmbito sócio-político.

À présent, la réhabilitation des bâtiments est entendue comme une opportunité d’adapter les immeubles existants aux transformations urbaines. Ces modifications ont un impact sur la performance environnementale du parc immobilier, et la ventilation naturelle est l’un des aspects les plus affectés. La densification du tissu urbain est responsable, dans certains cas, de la réduction de la vitesse de l’air, qui peut rendre difficile la dissipation de la chaleur, du bruit et des polluants. Sous un climat chaud et humide, ces facteurs provoquent fréquemment l’adoption d’une climatisation mécanique, surtout dans les bâtiments de bureaux. Étant donné l’importance du sujet, ce travail a pour objectif de discuter les défis et le potentiel d’adopter la ventilation naturelle dans les projets de réhabilitation des bâtiments de bureaux en milieu urbain dense. On soutient l’hypothèse que le projet de réhabilitation peut promouvoir l'utilisation efficace de la ventilation naturelle dans les bâtiments de bureaux, à travers son adéquation au contexte urbain et environnemental présent. La demarche adoptée est composée de quatre étapes. Tout d’abord, on effectue une revue de la littérature sur la réhabilitation des bâtiments pour comprendre le contexte spécifique sur lequel on travaille le thème de la «ventilation naturelle». Ensuite, on analyse l’état de l'art sur la ventilation naturelle dans le cadre de la réhabilitation dans les contextes nationaux et internationaux afin d'identifier les avancées atteintes. Après, on réalise une revue de la littérature sur les effets de l'urbanisation sur l’écoulement de l’air. Pour clore, on propose une réhabilitation d’un bâtiment de bureaux dans le centre-ville de Rio de Janeiro, qui permettra de vérifier les bénéfices d’une solution de ventilation pour le confort des occupants. Le travail souligne la complexité de trouver des solutions de réhabilitation qui permettent d’augmenter le débit d’air dans les bâtiments tout en conciliant l’intégralité de leur patrimoine architectural, l’adaptation aux nécéssités présentes et la possibilité des transformations futures. Le défi augmente dans les milieux urbains denses, où le bruit, la pollution de l’air et la faible perméabilité du tissu urbain peuvent poser des limitations. Dans le cadre des recherches en Europe, Asie et Amérique du Nord, plusieurs réhabilitations ont été réalisées pour analyser la performance des solutions de ventilation. Les ventilations hybride et nocturne sont les plus indiquées. Au Brésil, les recherches sur ce sujet restent balbutiantes et la climatisation mécanique est la solution 9 prédominante dans les rénovations des espaces corporatifs. L’étude de cas montre, à l’aide des modélisations CFD, que la densification de la région analysée a réduit la vitesse et le débit d’air des étages et, par conséquent, a diminué les heures de confort thermique. Les étages plus bas sont les moins favorisés par le vent et le bruit. Ce diagnostic montre la nécessité d’amplifier le débit d’air du bâtiment pendant son occupation et de rendre possible la ventilation nocturne pour dissiper la chaleur accumulée pendant la journée. Dans ce sens, on propose l’ouverture de la partie fixe supérieure de toutes les fênetres, une intervention qui préserve les caractéristiques originales des façades et ne nuit pas à la sécurité du bâtiment lorsqu’il est inoccupé. Les résultats indiquent que cette intervention a augmenté les heures de confort thermique des occupants entre 0,5 et 35%, selon l’étage et de l’indicateur utilisé dans l’interprétation des résultats. Cela renforce l’hypothèse que la ventilation naturelle, toute seule, n’est pas sufisante pour préserver le confort des occupants pendant toute l’année. Cependant, elle peut être complétée par la ventilation mécanique, a fin de concilier le bien-être des usagers et la réduction de la consommation d’énergie des bâtiments / Nowadays, retrofitting is understood as an opportunity to adapt existing buildings to the urban transformations of its surroundings. The changes in the urban fabric can cause impacts to the building environmental performance and, generally, natural ventilation is one of the most affected aspects. The densification process is responsible, in some cases, for the reduction of wind speed, which can disturb the dissipation of heat, noise and pollutants. In hot and humid climate, these factors cause frequently the adoption of mechanical ventilation, mainly in office buildings. Given the relevance of the subject, this work aims to discuss the challenges and potential of adopting natural ventilation in the retrofit of office buildings located in dense urban areas. Our hypothesis is that the retrofit project can promote the efficient use of natural ventilation in office buildings, through its adaptation to the present urban and environmental conditions. The methodology includes 4 stages. First, we carry out a literature review about building retrofits to understand the specific context with which we are dealing the subject of “natural ventilation”. Next, we analyze the state of the art of natural ventilation in the retrofit context to identify the main findings. Then, we investigate the effects of urbanization on the airflow pattern. Finally, we propose retrofitting an office building in downtown Rio de Janeiro to verify the benefits offered by a ventilation solution to the occupants’ thermal comfort. We highlight the complexity of developing solutions that increase the airflow in buildings while balancing the protection of its past, the response to the present requirements and the possibility of future changes. This challenge increases in dense urban areas, where noise, air pollution and low permeability of the urban fabric can place some limitations. As part of the research carried out by European, Asian and North American countries, several renovations were conducted to analyze the performance of ventilation solutions. Hybrid and night ventilation were indicated as the most appropriate ones. In Brazil, investigations in this subject remain incipient and air conditioning is the predominant solution in office spaces. By means of CFD simulations, the case study shows that the densification of the analyzed region reduced the wind speed and airflow in all floors and, therefore, reduced the thermal comfort hours. The lower floors are the least favored by the wind and the noise. This diagnostic points out the need to increase buildings airflow during its occupancy and allow night ventilation to dissipate the heat gains accumulated during the day. In this way, we propose to open the upper fixed 11 portion of all windows, a solution that protects the original façade features and do not harm the buildings security when it is not occupied. Thermal simulations indicate that this procedure increases the thermal comfort annual hours in 0,5-35%, depending on the floor and the adaptive comfort model used to interpret the results. We conclude that natural ventilation itself is not sufficient to ensure occupants comfort throughout the year, however it can be complemented by mechanical ventilation in order to balance thermal comfort and energy efficiency. / Atualmente, a reabilitação é entendida como uma oportunidade de adaptar os edifícios existentes às transformações urbanas sofridas pelo entorno. Tais modificações geram impactos ao desempenho ambiental do imóvel, e a ventilação natural é um dos aspectos mais afetados. O adensamento do tecido urbano é responsável, em alguns casos, pela redução da velocidade do ar, que pode dificultar a dissipação do calor, ruído e poluentes. Nos climas quentes e úmidos, esses fatores provocam frequentemente a adoção de refrigeração mecânica, especialmente em edifícios de escritórios. Dada a relevância do tema, este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir os desafios e potencialidades de adotar a ventilação natural no projeto de reabilitação de edifícios de escritórios situados em meios urbanos densos. Assume-se como hipótese que o projeto de reabilitação pode promover uma utilização eficiente da ventilação natural nos edifícios de escritórios, por meio de sua adequação ao contexto urbano presente. A metodologia adotada é composta por quatro etapas. Inicialmente, realiza-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a reabilitação de edifícios a fim de compreender o contexto específico sobre o qual será trabalhado o tema da ventilação natural. Em seguida, analisa-se o estado-da-arte da ventilação natural no contexto da reabilitação, buscando identificar os principais avanços obtidos no cenário nacional e internacional. Depois, efetua-se uma revisão da literatura sobre os efeitos da urbanização no escoamento do ar. Finalmente, propõe-se uma reabilitação de um edifício de escritórios no centro do Rio de Janeiro, para verificar os benefícios de uma solução de ventilação no conforto dos ocupantes. O trabalho destaca a complexidade de desenvolver soluções reversíveis que possibilitem aumentar a vazão de ar nos edifícios e preservar suas características construtivas. O desafio é ainda maior em meios urbanos densos, onde o ruído, a poluição do ar e a baixa permeabilidade do tecido urbano podem impor limitações. As pesquisas desenvolvidas na Europa, Ásia e América do Norte destacam as ventilações híbrida e noturna como as soluções mais indicadas. No Brasil, os trabalhos sobre o tema ainda são incipientes, e a refrigeração mecânica é a solução predominante nas reabilitações de espaços corporativos. O estudo de caso indica, por meio de simulações fluidodinâmicas e térmicas, que a densificação da área analisada reduziu a velocidade e vazão do ar no edifício, diminuindo as horas de conforto térmico. Os pavimentos7mais baixos são os menos favorecidos pelos ventos e ruído. Este diagnóstico indica a necessidade de aumentar a vazão de ar durante a ocupação e viabilizar a ventilação noturna para dissipar o calor acumulado durante o expediente. Neste sentido, propõe-se a abertura das folhas fixas sobre as janelas existentes, o que não compromete a preservação das características originais das fachadas e a segurança do edifício quando desocupado. Os resultados indicam que esta intervenção aumenta entre 0,5 e 35% as horas de conforto dos ocupantes. Conclui-se que a ventilação natural, por si só, não satisfaz o conforto térmico durante o ano todo, mas pode ser complementada pela ventilação mecânica, de modo a conciliar eficiência energética e bem-estar dos usuários.

As an effect of the neoliberalist development, the public sector has outsourced the provision of some public services to the private and the third sector. This has led to the expansion of the latter, and a more central position of the actors related to it; among them the social entrepreneur. A social entrepreneur has the objective of creating social impact, while adopting a more business-like approach. This is often a way of achieving financial sustainability or competitive advantage.The aim of this thesis is twofold; first of all, to explore the concept of social entrepreneurship, what it entails and how it is applied. Secondly, it is viewed from the more concrete perspective of the role of a social entrepreneur. In order to operationalise the research, the role of a social entrepreneur is contemplated on in relation to one specific actor, namely Stadsbruk. They are an incubator for commercial urban farmers, with ambition of creating social impact on several levels. The discussion treats how they, as a social entrepreneurial actor, stand in relation to the public sector, the power structure it creates and their position in the urban context, primarily concerning aspects of space and power.The findings of this study indicate that there needs to be a balance between entrepreneurial ambitions and objectives of creating a social impact for an actor to qualify as a social entrepreneur. As the field of research on social entrepreneurship is in a pre-paradigmatic state, it is reasonable to expect that the concept will be more clearly defined if or when the paradigm is set. Moreover, theories on narratives shaping the paradigm of social entrepreneurship suggest that there are different trajectories. However, one might also consider re-evaluating the concept of a traditional entrepreneur; the social entrepreneur could simply be a more holistic approach to entrepreneurship in general. Finally, the activities of a social entrepreneur are often related to that of the public sector. The results of the research imply a power structure, in which the social entrepreneur (in the case of this study Stadsbruk) are subordinate the public sector, due to structures of dependency, etc. This also relates to Massey’s theory on power relations in connection to space; power-geometry. An actor like Stadsbruk are positioned in the urban context, in which to struggles and relations of power and aspects of space are inevitable.

Den förtätade staden ses idag som en självklar del av en hållbar stadsutveckling. Vi lever i en urbaniseringstid och frågor kring hur vi kan skapa en förtätad stad av god kvalitet står högt på agendan. När allt fler människor lever i staden skapas ökad efterfrågan på samhällsservice i staden, som till exempel barnomsorg. I Sverige är det kommunen som ansvarar för att tillgodose medborgarna med denna service. Den svenska förskolan, som är den institution där detta behov till stor del ska tillgodoses, har i sin tur krav på god pedagogisk verksamhet samt en bra miljö för barnen, såväl inne som ute.Den här uppstasen handlar om hur förskolans utemiljö konstrueras i den urbana kontexten. Förskolans utemiljö i staden studeras utifrån de strategier som skapas i och med målsättningar kring både en förtätad stad och en förskola med goda utemiljöer. Genom en kvalitativ analys skapas en komplex bild av alla de strategier som genereras på olika nivåer i den offentliga sektorn, samt hur dessa strategier förhåller sig till varandra.Uppsatsens slutsats landar i hur strategierna påverkas av NPM-influenser och hur gräsrotsbyråkraten väljer att använda sig av sitt handlingsutrymme. Det visar sig också att strategierna verkar skapa en diskrepans mellan de delar som utgör helheten för en bra pedagogisk verksamhet. / The dense city is now seen as a self-evident part of a sustainable urban development. We live in a time of urbanization, and questions about how we can create a dense city of good quality are high on the agenda. As more people live in the city the demand for public services, such as childcare, also increases in the city. In Sweden, the municipality is responsible for meeting the public with this service. The Swedish preschool which is the institution where this needs are supposed to be met, have in turn, their demands on sound pedagogical activity and a good environment for children, both indoors and outdoors.This paper is about how the preschool outdoor environment is created in the urban context. The preschool outdoor environment in the urban context is studied from the strategies created by the goals around both a dense city and a preschool with good outdoor environments. Through a qualitative analysis appears a complex picture of all the strategies that are generated at different levels in the public sector, and how these strategies relate to each other.Conclusion of the essay lands in how the strategies are influenced by NPM and how the grassroots bureaucrat chooses to use its freedom of choice. It also turns out that the strategies seem to create a discrepancy between the spheres that make up the big picture for a good preschool.